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    4.13 Polycyclic Wps Office

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    4.13 Polycyclic Wps Office

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    Sheyenne Casona Arigo
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    5 views15 pages

    4.13 Polycyclic Wps Office

    Uploaded by

    Sheyenne Casona Arigo

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    4.

    12 THE
    IMPORTANT OF
    DIRECTING
    EFFECT IN
    SYNTHESIS
    • -The directing effect refers to the influence
    that existing substituents on an aromatic
    ring have on the position of a subsequent
    electrophilic substitution reaction.
    • Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS)
    - is a fundamental reaction in organic
    chemistry that involves the replacement of a
    hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring by an
    electrophilic species.
    • The electrophilic species
    • -that can participate in these
    reactions include halogens (e.g., Cl, Br),
    nitro groups (NO2), acyl groups (e.g.,
    acetyl, benzoyl), alkyl groups, and
    various other electrophilic reagents.
    • Activating substituents:
    • Activating substituents are functional
    groups or atoms that increase the
    reactivity of a compound towards
    electrophilic aromatic substitution
    reactions,making it more susceptible to
    electrophilic attack.

    • The most common activating


    substituents are:
    • Hydroxyl group (OH)
    • Deactivating substituents:
    • are functional groups or atoms that
    decrease the reactivity of a compound
    towards electrophilic aromatic
    substitution reactions. In other words,
    they make the aromatic ring less
    susceptible to electrophilic attack.

    • The common deactivating substituents


    are:
    • -Nitro group (NO2)
    • -Cyano group (CN)
    • Ortho-para directing groups:

    • - Certain substituents, such as -OH, -OR, -NR2


    are known as ortho-para directing groups.

    • These groups direct the incoming electrophile to


    the ortho (adjacent) or para (opposite) positions
    relative to the existing substituent.

    • Meta-directing groups:
    • - Other substituents, such as -NO2, -CN, -
    COOR, and halogens, are considered meta-
    directing groups.
    •Lewis acid catalysts -

    • work by activating the electrophile,


    making it more reactive towards
    the aromatic ring.
    4.13 POLYCYCLIC
    AROMATIC
    HYDROCARBONS
    AROMATIC
    HYDROCARBONS
    - Is the type of organic compound that contains
    one or more aromatic rings.
    - which are characterized a cyclic, planar
    structure with delocalized system of π- electrons.

    Aromantic ring
    -typically six membered ring containing
    alternating single and double bonds such as the
    benzene ring.
    Benzened ring
    - Is unsaturated but in the majority of
    reaction of aromatic compounds the
    unsaturation of benzene ring is retained.

    Benzene
    -Is the simplest and most well- known
    aromatic hydrocarbon.
    -benzene gives aromatic compound
    enhanced stability
    Benzenoids

    • Non Benzenoids
    POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
    HYDROCARBONS
    -Are a class of organic compounds that consits of
    multiple aromatic ring fused together.
    -PAHs have a fused ring structure
    -PAHs are composed of two or more fused benzene
    rings, forming a polycyclic structure.
    Aromaticity
    - Is the unusual stability of certain fully conjugated cyclic system.

    Example: Naphthalene

    - Naphthalene is the simplest PAH, consisting of two fused benzene rings.


    - The molecular formula of naphthalene is C10H8.
    - The structure of naphthalene is planar, with the two benzene rings
    sharing two carbon-carbon bonds.
    - This fused ring structure results in a conjugated system of π-electrons,
    which contributes to the stability and aromaticity of the molecule.
    • Physical properties :
    • - It has a distinctive, pungent odor often
    associated with mothballs.
    • - Naphthalene is relatively volatile and
    has a relatively high melting point
    (80.2°C) and boiling point (218°C).
    • - It is hydrophobic and insoluble in water,
    but soluble in organic solvents.

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