3.1 Motion and Uncertainty Powerpoint

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Motion and Uncertainty Analysis

A-Level Physics
1. Development of 3.1 Motion and Displacement, velocity and
practical skills in uncertainty acceleration
physics 3.2 Forces Velocity, acceleration and
2. Foundations of displacement graphs
3.3. Work, Energy
Physics and power Uncertainty and error analysis
3. Forces and 3.4. Materials SUVAT
motion Acceleration of free fall
3.5 Newton’s laws
4. Electrons, waves and momentum Stopping distance
and photons
5. Newtonian world Projectiles
and astrophysics
6. Particles and
medical physics
Displacement, velocity and
acceleration
Describe the difference between
distance, displacement, speed and velocity

Calculate speed and velocity

Define and calculate acceleration


Learning Outcome: Describe the distance between distance, displacement, speed
and velocity
D
Distance, d (m) – The length travelled from one
position to another (Scalar)

Displacement, s (m)- The distance travelled in a


particular direction (Vector)
Learning Outcome: Describe the distance between distance, displacement, speed
and velocity

Speed is the distance travelled in a particular time (m/s)


Increasing the speed means increasing the distance
travelled in the same time.

When the speed of an object remains the same we describe


this as constant speed.

Speed measured in m/s


Distance measured in m
Time measured in s
Learning Outcome: Describe the distance between distance, displacement, speed
and velocity

Velocity is the distance travelled in a particular direction


(or displacement) in a particular time (m/s)
Increasing the velocity means increasing the distance
travelled in the same time or changing the direction.

When the velocity of an object remains the same we


describe this as constant velocity.

Velocity (v) measured in m/s


Velocity = Displacement
Displacement (s) measured in m
Time
Time (t) measured in s
Learning Outcome: Define and calculate acceleration

Acceleration
Acceleration (m/s2) is the rate at which velocity
changes.

When an object’s velocity increases we call this


acceleration.

When an object’s velocity decreases we call this


deceleration

A negative acceleration can mean an object is getting


slower or getting quicker in the opposite direction!
Learning Outcome: Define and calculate acceleration

Acceleration
Acceleration (m/s2) is the rate at which velocity
changes.

a = acceleration measured in m/s2


v = final velocity (m/s)
u = initial velocity (m/s)
t = time (s)
Velocity, acceleration and
displacement graphs
Describe displacement-time graphs and
information that can be gathered

Describe velocity-time graphs and the


information that can be gathered

Convert between graph types


Learning Outcome: Describe displacement-time graphs and information that can
be gathered

To find the gradient Slowing Constant speed forwards


(speed) of a curve, draw a down
tangent to the line Constant speed
Constant backwards
1.2m/s
speed,
any
1.6m/s
Speeding
up
direction
Stationary

A distance time graph just shows total distance travelled- this value can never decrease

A displacement-time graph shows direction as well, any decreasing value shows the
object travelling in the opposite direction. A negative value shows it’s returned to its start
point (0) and continues travelling backwards

Gradient = speed (distance- time graph) or velocity (speed time-graph)


Learning Outcome: Describe velocity-time graphs and the information that can be
gathered

Decelerating Velocity (m/s)


(Slowing down) Accelerating forwards
Accelerating
(Speeding up) Decreasing
Speed (m/s)

rate of Decelerating
acceleration forwards
1.2m/s
Constant speed,
1.6m/s
Increasing rate
of acceleration
any direction Area =
displacement
Stationary Accelerating
backwards
A speed time graph just shows speed travelled- this value can decrease

A velocity-time graph shows direction as well, any negative value shows the object
travelling in the opposite direction (as it is shown by a negative gradient on a
displacement- time graph).

Gradient = acceleration Area under graph = distance or displacement


Learning Outcome: Convert between graph types
A B C D
A) Bob walks away along a
straight line at a constant
speed
B) Bob constantly increases his
speed in the same direction
C) Bob throws a ball upwards on
Earth (ignoring air resistance)
and then catches it as it falls
back down
D) Bob goes for a walk in a
straight line, but gets tired
so stops for a rest before
resuming at a constant speed
Analysing error and uncertainty

Describe types of measurement error

Calculate absolute and percentage


uncertainties

Plot worst fit lines to establish uncertainty


and find percentage difference
Learning Outcome: Describe types of measurement error

Measurement errors- difference between measured and true value

Systematic error Random error


Causes readings to differ from the true Causes reading to be
value by a consistent amount each time spread about the true
due to methods/instruments used. Can’t value. Present when
be dealt with by repeats any measurement is
made, and can be
Zero error- a measuring system gives a reduced by taking more
false reading when the true value is zero measurements
Learning Outcome: Describe types of measurement error
Learning Outcome: Describe types of measurement error

Name that error- Systematic or random

Bob measures a table, his first measurement is 51 cm, the second


is 53 cm, the true value is 52cm

Bob measures out some liquid in a measuring cylinder he gets


three measurements of 503 ml, but the true measurement was
500 ml

Bob weighs out some gold on a mass balance, the mass is 56 g, he


removes all the gold and the mass balance reads 3g.
Learning Outcome: Calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties

Absolute and percentage uncertainties in single measurements

The absolute uncertainty in a measurement is based on the


resolution of the measuring equipment

e.g. the measuring


cylinder has a
resolution of 1 ml,
every measurement
will have an
uncertainty of ±0.5 ml
Learning Outcome: Calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties

Absolute and percentage uncertainties in single measurements


The percentage uncertainty is the absolute uncertainty expressed
as a percentage of the measurement taken
e.g. the measuring cylinder has a resolution of 1 ml, every
measurement will have an absolute uncertainty of ±0.5 ml
If we measure out 10 ml of liquid the percentage
uncertainty is: (0.5/10) x 100 = 5%
If we measure out 100 ml of liquid the percentage
uncertainty is: (0.5/100) x 100 = 0.5%

The percentage uncertainty depends on the measurement


Learning Outcome: Calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties

Absolute and percentage uncertainties in multiple measurements


The absolute uncertainty in multiple measurements is half the range
E.g. Bob measures the length of a piece of string and obtains 3
measurement of 33.4 cm, 33.6 cm and 33.5 cm.
The mean of these measurements is 33.5 cm
The range of these measurements is 0.2 cm, so the absolute
uncertainty in the mean is expressed as: 33.5 ± 0.1 cm
Learning Outcome: Calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties

Absolute and percentage uncertainties in multiple measurements


The absolute uncertainty in multiple measurements is half the range
E.g. Bob measures the length of a piece of string and obtains 3
measurement of 33.4 cm, 33.6 cm and 33.5 cm.
The mean of these measurements is 33.5 cm
The range of these measurements is 0.2 cm, so the absolute
uncertainty in the mean is expressed as: 33.5 ± 0.1 cm

The percentage uncertainty is the absolute uncertainty as a


percentage of the mean: (0.1/33.5) x 100 = 0.3%
Learning Outcome: Calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties

Combing absolute and percentage uncertainties


If you add two measurements together the absolute uncertainties
are added
e.g. 12 ± 0.5 cm and 13 ± 0.25 cm = 25 ± 0.75 cm
Learning Outcome: Calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties

Combing absolute and percentage uncertainties


If you add two measurements together the absolute uncertainties
are added
e.g. 12 ± 0.5 cm and 13 ± 0.25 cm = 25 ± 0.75 cm

If you multiply or divide two measurements together the


percentage uncertainties are added
e.g. 12 ± 0.5 cm (4.2%) x 13 ± 0.25 cm (1.9%)
Total percentage error = 4.2 + 1.9 = 6.1%
= 156 ± 9.5 cm2 (rework percentage uncertainty as absolute)
Learning Outcome: Calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties

Combing absolute and percentage uncertainties


If you add two measurements together the absolute uncertainties
are added
e.g. 12 ± 0.5 cm and 13 ± 0.25 cm = 25 ± 0.75 cm
If you multiply or divide two measurements together the
percentage uncertainties are added
e.g. 12 ± 0.5 cm (4.2%) x 13 ± 0.25 cm (1.9%)
Total percentage error = 4.2 + 1.9 = 6.1% = 156 ± 9.5 cm2
If a measurement is raised to a power then the percentage
uncertainty is multiplied by the power
12 ± 0.5 cm (4.2%)3 = 4.2 x 3 = 12.6% = 1728 ± 217 cm3
Learning Outcome: Plot worst fit lines to establish uncertainty

Error bars show ± of the absolute uncertainty in a measurement


Learning Outcome: Plot worst fit lines to establish uncertainty

A line of worst fit is a line that gives the maximum/minimum


possible gradient while still being inside the error bars
Learning Outcome: Plot worst fit lines to establish uncertainty

A line of worst fit is a line that gives the maximum/minimum


possible gradient while still being inside the error bars

The percentage uncertainty can be found out by:


% uncertainty = worst fit gradient – best fit gradient x 100
best fit gradient
Learning Outcome: Work out percentage difference

Percentage difference = Difference between measured and true x 100


True value
Analysing error and uncertainty
Measurement errors Absolute and percentage uncertainties in multiple measurements

Measurement errors- difference between measured and true Absolute and percentage uncertainties in single measurements The absolute uncertainty in multiple measurements is half the
value range
The absolute uncertainty in a measurement is based on the resolution
of the measuring equipment E.g. Bob measures the length of a piece of string and obtains 3
measurements of 33.4 cm, 33. 6 cm and 33.5 cm.
e.g. the measuring cylinder has a resolution of 1 ml, every
measurement will have an absolute uncertainty of ±0.5 ml The mean of these measurements is 33.5 cm

If we measure out 10 ml of liquid the percentage The range of these measurements is 0.2 cm, so the absolute
Systematic error Random error uncertainty in the mean is expressed as: 33.5 ± 0.1 cm
uncertainty is: (0.5/10) x 100 = 5%
Causes readings to differ from the Causes reading to be spread The percentage uncertainty is the absolute uncertainty as a
If we measure out 100 ml of liquid the percentage
true value by a consistent amount about the true value. Present percentage of the mean: e.g. (0.1/33.5) x 100 = 0.3%
uncertainty is: (0.5/100) x 100 = 0.5%
each time due to methods/ when any measurement is
instruments used. Can’t be dealt made, and can be reduced by
with by repeats taking more repeats Uncertainties on graphs
The percentage uncertainty depends on the measurement Error bars show the absolute uncertainty of measurements.

A line of worst fit is a line that gives the maximum/minimum


Zero error- a measuring system gives
possible gradient while still being inside the error bars
a false reading when the true value
is zero Combing absolute and percentage uncertainties
If you add or minus two measurements together the absolute
uncertainties are added

e.g. 12 ± 0.5 cm and 13 ± 0.25 cm = 25 ± 0.75 cm


If you multiply or divide two measurements together the percentage
uncertainties are added

e.g. 12 ± 0.5 cm (4.2%) x 13 ± 0.25 cm (1.9%)


Total percentage error = 4.2 + 1.9 = 6.1% = 156 ± 9.5 cm 2
% uncertainty in gradient= worst fit gradient – best fit gradient x 100
If a measurement is raised to a power then the percentage best fit gradient
uncertainty is multiplied by the power
Percentage difference
e.g. 12 ± 0.5 cm (4.2%)3 = 4.2 x 3 = 12.6% = 1728 ± 217 cm 3
Percentage difference = Measured value– true value x 100
True value
SUVAT equations

Define units and variables of suvat

Derive the SUVAT equations

Practise using SUVAT equations


Learning Outcome: Define units and variables of SUVAT

The SUVAT equations or the “equations of motion” are


4/5 equations which combine the following variables in
order to describe motion with constant acceleration

s = displacement (m)
u = initial velocity (ms-1)
v = final velocity (ms-1)
a = acceleration (ms-2)
t = time (s)
Learning Outcome: Derive the SUVAT equations

1.2m/s
1.6m/s
Learning Outcome: Practise using SUVAT equations

A duck waddles up to a lemonade stand starting at a speed of 0.5 ms-1


and a final speed of 1 ms-1. If the lemonade stand is 5 m away how long
would it take him?

s=5m
u = 0.5 ms-1
v = 1 ms-1
a=x
t= ?

s= 0.5 (u+v)t s= 0.5 (u+v)t


t= 2s/(u+v) 5= 0.5(u+v)t
t = 2 x 5 /(0.5+1) 5 = 0.5(0.5 +1)t
t = 10/1.5 5 = 0.75t
t = 6.67 s t = 6.67 s
Learning Outcome: Practise using SUVAT equations

If the store holder throws a grape to the duck when he is 5 m away


with an initial horizontal speed of 10 ms-1 and a final horizontal speed of
5 ms-1, how long will it take the grape to reach the duck?

s=5m
u = 10 ms-1
v = 5 ms-1
a=x
t= ?

s = 0.5(u + v)t s = 0.5(u + v)t


t= 2s/(u+v) 5 = 0.5(10+5)t
t=2 x 5/(10+5) 5 = 0.5 x 15 x t
t= 10/15 5 = 7.5t
t= 0.67 s t= 0.67 s
Learning Outcome: Practise using SUVAT equations
Another duck waddles up to a lemonade stand with an acceleration of
0.4 ms-2, her initial velocity is 0.6 ms-1 and final velocity is 1.8 ms-1. If
the lemonade stand is 4 m away has she reached it yet?

s=?
u = 0.6 ms-1
v = 1.8 ms-1
a = 0.4 ms-2
t= x

v2=u2 + 2as v2=u2 + 2as


s= v2-u2/2a 1.82= 0.62 + (2 x 0.4)s
s = 1.82-0.62/2 x 0.4 3.24 = 0.36 + 0.8s
s = 2.88/0.8 2.88 = 0.8s
s = 3.6 m s = 3.6 m
Stopping distances
Define thinking, braking and stopping
distance

Explain factors that affect thinking and


braking distance

Calculate stopping distances


Learning Outcome: Define stopping, thinking and braking distance

Thinking and braking distance


Thinking distance: Braking distance:
The distance travelled
between a driver seeing + The distance travelled
between the driver
a hazard and applying applying the brakes and
the brakes the car stopping
=
Stopping distance:
The total distance travelled between the driver
seeing the hazard and the car coming to a stop
Learning Outcome: Factors that affect stopping distance

Drugs Road conditions

Thinking Braking
Distance Distance

Speed Car
Distractions
condition
Learning Outcome: Calculate thinking distance
Calculating thinking distance
During the time taken for a driver to react to a hazard we assume the
speed is constant

Distance= speed x time

Thinking distance= speed x reaction time


s1 = ut0

Answer the following questions:


1. A driver has a reaction time of 2 s, their speed is 15 ms-1, what is
their thinking distance?
2. A driver has a thinking distance of 150 m, if their speed is 30 ms-1,
what is their reaction time?
Learning Outcome: Calculate thinking distance

Calculating thinking distance


1. A driver has a reaction time of 2 s, their speed is 15 ms-1 what is
their thinking distance?
s1 = ? u = 15 t0 = 2
s1 = ut0
= 15 x 2
= 30 m

2. A driver has a thinking distance of 150 m, if their speed is 30 ms-1,


what is their reaction time?
s1 = 150 u = 30 t0 = ?
s1 = ut0 t0 = s1 ÷ u
= 150 ÷ 30
=5s
Learning Outcome: Calculate braking distance

Calculating braking distance


During the time taken for a driver to brake they will decelerate from
their initial speed (u) to a stop (v)

10
Area under graph =
0.5 x base x height =
0.5 x 20 x 10 =
100 m

20
Learning Outcome: Calculate braking distance

Calculating braking distance


During the time taken for a driver to brake they will decelerate from
their initial speed (u) to a stop (v)

Braking distance can also be calculated using suvat equations:

v2=u2+2as s =(v2-u2)/2a

Answer the following questions:


1. A driver travelling at 10 m/s decelerates at 2.5 ms-2 before coming
to a stop. What is their braking distance? 20 m
2. A duck waddling at 0.5 m/s decelerates at 0.1 ms-2 before coming
to a stop, what would their braking distance be? 1.25 m
Projectiles
Describe projectile motion

Divide projectile velocity into horizontal


and vertical components

Solve problems involving horizontal


projectiles using SUVAT
Learning Outcome: Describe projectile motion

Projectile motion is motion involving a horizontal and


vertical component
Horizontal displacement is always positive (1 direction)
There is only acceleration in the vertical component (g)
Learning Outcome: Divide projectile motion into horizontal and vertical
components

8 ms-1 8 ms-1
8 ms-1
0 ms-1 8 ms-1

9.81 ms-1
8 ms-1
19.62 ms-1

29.43 ms-1 39.24 ms-1


Each bullet represents 1 second
Learning Outcome: Divide projectile motion into horizontal and vertical
components
v= 8 ms-1 v = 12.65 ms-1
8 ms-1 8 ms-1 v = 21.19 ms-1
8 ms-1
v = 30.50 ms-1
0 ms-1 8 ms-1

Actual (resultant) 9.81 ms


-1 v = 40.05 ms-1
8 ms-1
velocity at any given
time can be found by 19.62 ms-1
resolving vx and vy
using pythagoras 29.43 ms-1 39.24 ms-1
v= √ vx2 + vy2
Learning Outcome: Divide projectile motion into horizontal and vertical
components
θ=0° θ = 50.8 °
8 ms-1 8 ms-1 θ = 67.8 °
8 ms-1 θ =74.8 °
0 ms-1 8 ms-1

9.81 ms-1 θ = 78.5°


8 ms-1
The angle, θ, from the
horizontal can be 19.62 ms-1
found by:
θ = tan (vy/vx)
-1 29.43 ms -1
39.24 ms-1
Learning Outcome: Solve problems involving horizontal projectiles using SUVAT

What features of horizontal and vertical motion are standard


for all horizontally fired projectiles?

Horizontal: Vertical:
s = sh s = sv
u = uh u=0
v = uh v = vv
a=0 a = 9.81
t=t t=t
Learning Outcome: Solve problems involving horizontal projectiles using SUVAT
A Nerf gun is fired at 8 ms-1 from a height of 5 m, how long
does it take to hit the floor
8 ms-1

Horizontal: Vertical: Vertical:


s=s s=5 s = ut + ½ at2
u=8 u=0 5 = 0t + 0.5 x 9.81 x t2
v=8 v=v 5 = 0.5 x 9.81 x t2
a=0 a = 9.81 t2 = 1.02
t=t t=t t=1s
Learning Outcome: Solve problems involving horizontal projectiles using SUVAT
A Nerf gun is fired at 8 ms-1 from a height of 5 m, what
horizontal distance does it travel?
8 ms-1

Horizontal: Vertical: Horizontal:


s=s s=5 s = ut + ½ at2
u=8 u=0 s = 8 x 1 + 0.5 x 0 x 12
v=8 v=v s=8m
a=0 a = 9.81
t=1 t=1
Learning Outcome: Solve problems involving horizontal projectiles using SUVAT
A Nerf gun is fired at 8 ms-1 it hits the floor after 3.5 seconds. What is
its velocity and angle to the floor on impact
Horizontal: 8 ms-1 Vertical:
sh = x sv = x
uh = 8 ms-1 uv = 0 ms-1
vh = 8 ms-1 vv = vv
ah = 0 ms-2 av = 9.81 ms-2
t = 3.5 s t = 3.5 s
av= (vv – uv)/t
vv = avt + uv = (9.81 x 3.5) + 0= 34.34 ms-1
v= √ vh2 + vv2 = √82 + 34.342 = 35.35 ms-1
θ = tan-1 (vv/vh) = tan-1 (34.34/8) = 76.89
Projectiles at angles
Describe projectile motion at an angle

Divide projectile motion at an angle into


horizontal and vertical components

Solve problems involving angled projectiles


using SUVAT
Learning Outcome: Describe projectile motion at angles

Horizontal displacement is always positive


Acceleration only acts in the vertical direction, in the
opposite direction to initial displacement
Horizontal velocity remains constant
Vertical velocity decreases to zero and then increases back
to the original (assuming overall vertical displacement = 0)
Learning Outcome: Divide projectile motion into horizontal and vertical
components
u sin θ

-1
ms
u
θ
u cos θ

Each bullet represents 1 second


Learning Outcome: Divide projectile motion into horizontal and vertical
components
u sin θ

-1
ms
u
θ
u cos θ

If u = 8 ms-1, what would be the horizontal


and vertical component of the velocity at 0,
2 and 4s, θ= 40
Learning Outcome: Divide projectile motion into horizontal and vertical
components

6.13 ms-1
5.14 ms-1

-1
s 6.13 ms-1

-14.48 ms-1
8 m

-34.1 ms-1
θ
6.13 ms-1

If u = 8 ms-1, what would be the horizontal


and vertical component of the velocity at 0,
2 and 4s, θ= 40
Learning Outcome: Divide projectile motion into horizontal and vertical
components
u sin θ

-1
ms
u
θ
u cos θ
Horizontal Vertical(up) Vertical(down)
S = sh s = sv s= sv
u = u cos θ u = u sin θ u=0
v = u cos θ v=0 v = u sin θ
a=0 a = -9.81 a = 9.81
t=t t = 0.5t t= 0.5t
Learning Outcome: Solve problems involving angled projectiles using SUVAT

a) What would be the maximum height


reached?
u sin θ

-1 Vertical (up)
8 ms s = sv
Θ=40 u = 8 cos 40 = 5.14
v=0
u cos θ a = -9.81
t= x

v2= u2 + 2as
0 = 5.142 + (2 x -9.81 x s)
19.62s = 26.42
1.35 m
Learning Outcome: Solve problems involving angled projectiles using SUVAT
b) How long would the bullet take to hit
the ground

Vertical (up)
u sin θ

-1
m s s = 1.35
8 u = 5.14
Θ=40
v=0
u cos θ a = -9.81
t= x

v = u + at
0 = 5.14 + -9.81t
9.81t = 5.14
t_top = 0.52 s
t_total = 1.04 s
Learning Outcome: Solve problems involving angled projectiles using SUVAT

c) How far away does the bullet


land?
u sin θ

-1

8 ms Horizontal
Θ=40 s=s
u = 8 sin 40 = 6.13
u cos θ v = 6.13
a=0
t= 1.04

s = ½ (u + v)t
s = 0.5 (6.13+6.13)1.04
s = 6.38 m

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