Unit III Lecture II

Unit-III
Literature Review
Mr Zafar Iqbal
MSN,MPH,BSN
Lecturer KMU-INS
Acknowledgement: Dr Dildar Muhammad
Associate Professor/Director KMU-INS
Objectives
At the end of this session, students will be able:
•To discuss the purposes of Literature Review
•To identify sources of Literature
•To differentiate the types of Literature

Overview
It is not enough simply to study. First, one

must determine what to study and what not
to study; when to study and when not to
study; and who to study under and who not
to study with.
Peck, 1995
What is literature Search & Review?
• As part of your project or dissertation, you will need to
undertake a Literature Search.
• This is a search designed to identify existing research and

information about your chosen topic.
• From the materials you find you will produce a Literature

Review.
literature Review
• This is a written piece summarizing and analyzing the

literature you have found through your search.
Literature Review
• Well-written analytical narration that brings a reader up-to-
date on what is known on a given topic, also
• It also provide fresh insights that advance knowledge
• Resolve conflicts between studies
• Identify new ways to interpret research results
• Creating a path for future research

Purpose of Literature Review
• A Review of literature provides you with the current
theoretical and scientific knowledge about a particular
problem.
• It result in a synthesis of what is known and unknown on

the topic under study.
Why to do Literature Review
• Prevent from duplicating work that has been done before.

• Helps to find out what others have learned and reported on
the problem you want to study.
• May assist in refining statement of the problem.
• Helps to become more familiar with the various research
approaches that might be used in your study.
• Provide with convincing arguments for why particular
research project is needed.
Sources of Information
1. Grey Literature – Unpublished information (use in

systematic reviews)
2. Blue Literature – Reports, proposals, thesis, conference

proceedings
3. White Literature – Published material

Literature Review in Published Studies
It provides a background for the problem studied, such

reviews include:
1. A description of the current knowledge of practice
problem,
2. Identification of the gaps in this knowledge base, and
3. The contribution of the present study to the building of
knowledge in this area.
Scope of Literature Review
• The scope of literature review must be both broad enough
to allow the reader to become familiar with the research
problem and narrow enough to include only the most
relevant and current sources.
• Relevant studies are those with a direct bearing on the

problem of concern.
• Current sources are those published within five years prior
to acceptance of the manuscript for publication.
Theoretical and Data Based Literature
• Theoretical literature includes concepts analyses, models,

theories, and conceptual frameworks that support a
selected research problem and purpose.
• Theoretical and conceptual sources are described and

summarized to reflect the current understanding of the
research problem and to provide a basis for the study
framework.
Data Based Literature
• Data Based Literature consists of reports, published studies
and unpublished studies, such a master theses and doctoral
dissertations.
• Data Based publications are peer reviewed before being

published, its means that scholars familiar with the topic
has validated accuracy and appropriateness of the
methodology used in the study. Thus the paper is
considered trustworthy.
Primary & Secondary Sources
Primary sources:
• A primary source is written by the person who originated

or is responsible for generating the ideas published.
• In data-based publications, a primary data-based source is

written by the persons who conducted the research.
• A primary theoretical source is written by the theorist who

developed the theory or conceptual content.
Primary & Secondary Sources
Secondary Sources:
• A secondary source summarized or quotes content from
primary sources. Thus, authors of secondary sources
paraphrase the works of researchers and theorist.
• Secondary sources are used only if primary sources cannot

be located or if the secondary source provides creative
ideas or a unique organization of information not found in
a primary source.
Purpose of Literature Review
in
Quantitative & Qualitative
Researches
Purpose of L.R. in Quantitative Researches
• Direct the planning and completion of the study.

• The major literature review is performed at the beginning of the
research process.
• A quantitative research cites relevant sources in its “introduction”,
“Methods”, “Results”, and “Discussion” section.
• The “Introduction” section uses relevant sources to summarize the
background and significance of the research problem.
• The “Review of Literature” section includes current knowledge of the
problem studied.
• The quantitative study develops its “Framework” section from the
literature depending on the focus of the study.
Purpose of L.R. in Quantitative Researches
• Information from literature review may be cited in various
part of the “Methodology” section to validate the methods
used in the study. (Design, sample, measurements
methods, treatment, and data collection process etc.)
• The “Results” section compares the analysis of the data in

the present study with the results of previous studies.
• The “Discussion” section of the research report provides

conclusions that are a synthesis of the findings from
previous research and those from the present study.
Purpose of Literature
Review
in
Qualitative
Researches
Purpose of L.R. in Qualitative Researches
• In qualitative research the purpose and timing of the

literature review vary according to the type of study to
be conducted.
• Phenomenologist believe that the literature should be

reviewed after data collection and analysis, so that
the information in the literature will not influence the
researcher’s openness.
E.g. Study of phenomenon of dying and literature of

Kubler and Ross five stages of grieving. (1969)
• Grounded theory researchers include minimal review

of relevant studies at the beginning of research
process.
• It make researcher aware of what studies have been

conducted, but the information from theses studies is
not used to direct data collection or theory
development for the current study.
• Ethnographic research is similar to that in

quantitative research.
• The literature is reviewed early in the research process

to provide a general understanding of the variables to
be examined in a selected culture.
• It also provides background for conducting the study

and interpreting the findings.
Critiquing(evaluate in a detailed and
analytical way) the Literature
Review in a Published study
Critiquing the Literature Review in a Published
study
• Critique for quality
• A good-quality literature review logically builds a case
for the study being reported.
• Reading the literature review provides a basic
understanding of the study problem and evidence
that the study conducted was appropriate.
• What is known and unknown on the topic.
• The literature cited are relevant and current (within 5
years).
Performing a Literature Review
• Using the Library for electronic journals

• Intranet journal catalog http://intranet/akulibrary/
• Commonly used by nurses: CINAHL
(http://www.cinahl.com ;)
• MEDLINE & PubMed
(http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi )
• http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
• http://www.emedicine.com/
Searching on the Internet
• PPT
Creswell’s 5 steps to conduct a literature review
Mnemonic :ill COW

Step 1: Identify Key Terms or
“Descriptors”
Step 2: Locate Literature
Step 3: Critically Evaluate and

Select Literature
Step 4: Organize the Literature
Step 5: Write a Literature Review 28

References
Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding nursing

research. (4th ed.).Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

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Unit-III

•To discuss the purposes of Literature Review

•To identify sources of Literature

•To differentiate the types of Literature

It is not enough simply to study. First, one

• This is a search designed to identify existing research and

• From the materials you find you will produce a Literature

• This is a written piece summarizing and analyzing the

• It also provide fresh insights that advance knowledge

• Resolve conflicts between studies

• Identify new ways to interpret research results

• Creating a path for future research

• It result in a synthesis of what is known and unknown on

• Prevent from duplicating work that has been done before.

1. Grey Literature – Unpublished information (use in

2. Blue Literature – Reports, proposals, thesis, conference

3. White Literature – Published material

It provides a background for the problem studied, such

• Relevant studies are those with a direct bearing on the

• Theoretical literature includes concepts analyses, models,

• Theoretical and conceptual sources are described and

• Data Based publications are peer reviewed before being

• A primary source is written by the person who originated

• In data-based publications, a primary data-based source is

• A primary theoretical source is written by the theorist who

• Secondary sources are used only if primary sources cannot

• Direct the planning and completion of the study.

• The “Results” section compares the analysis of the data in

• The “Discussion” section of the research report provides

• In qualitative research the purpose and timing of the

• Phenomenologist believe that the literature should be

E.g. Study of phenomenon of dying and literature of

• Grounded theory researchers include minimal review

• It make researcher aware of what studies have been

• Ethnographic research is similar to that in

• The literature is reviewed early in the research process

• It also provides background for conducting the study

• Using the Library for electronic journals

Mnemonic :ill COW

Step 2: Locate Literature

Step 3: Critically Evaluate and

Step 4: Organize the Literature

Step 5: Write a Literature Review 28

Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding nursing

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