Communication

Dr. Pavitra Mishra

Communication
•The transfer and understanding of
meaning.

•Functions
• Control member behavior
• Foster motivation for what is to
be done
• Provide a release for emotional
expression
• Provide information needed to
make decisions
Knowledge Management
• A process of organizing and distributing an organization’s
collective wisdom so the right information gets to the right
people at the right time.

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The
Communication • The steps between a source and a receiver that result in
the transference and understanding of meaning

Process
 The sender – initiates message

Encoding – translating thought to message

The message – what is communicated

Key Parts of The Channel – the medium the message travels through

Communication Decoding – the receiver’s action in making sense of the message

Process
The receiver – person who gets the message

Noise – things that interfere with the message

Feedback – a return message regarding the initial communication

 - The medium selected by the sender through
which the message travels to the receiver

Types of Channels:
• Formal Channels
Communicatio Are established by the organization and transmit
messages that are related to the professional
n Channels activities of members
• Informal Channels
Used to transmit personal or social messages
in the organization. These informal channels
are spontaneous and emerge as a response to
individual choice
Direction of Communication
 • Oral
– Advantages: Speed and feedback
– Disadvantage: Distortion of the message
• Written
– Advantages: Tangible and verifiable

Mode of – Disadvantages: Time consuming and lacks

feedback

Communication • Nonverbal
– Advantages: Supports other communications
and provides observable expression of emotions
and feelings
– Disadvantage: Misperception of body language
or gestures can influence receiver’s interpretation
of message
 • Body Movement
– Unconscious motions that provide meaning
– Shows extent of interest in another and
relative perceived status differences

• Intonations and Voice Emphasis

– The way something is said can change
Non-verbal meaning

Communication • Facial Expressions

-Show emotion

• Physical Distance between Sender and Receiver

– Depends on cultural norms
– Can express interest or status
 Three Common Formal Small Group
Networks

• Chain
– Rigidly follows the chain of command

• Wheel
– Relies on a central figure to act as the conduit for all
communication
– Team with a strong leader

• All Channel
– All group members communicate actively with each other
– Self-managed team
Small Group
Network
Effectivenes
s

Small group effectiveness

depends on the
desired outcome variable
 Three main Grapevine characteristics
• Informal, not controlled by management
• Perceived by most employees as being

The Grapevine more believable and reliable than formal

communications
• Largely used to serve the self-interests of
- organization’s those who use it

informal Results from

• Desire for information about important
communication situations
• Ambiguous conditions

network • Conditions that cause anxiety

Insightful to managers

Serves employee’s social needs

Suggestion for reducing negative consequences of
rumors

1 2 3 4
Provide Information Explain actions & Refrain from Maintain open
• rumors thrive in absence decisions shooting the comm. channels
of formal • That may appear messenger • Encourage employees to
communication inconsistent, unfair, or come up with concerns,
• Respond to them calmly,
secretive rationally, & respectfully suggestions, & ideas
Choice of Communication Channel

• The model of “Media richness” helps explain an individual’s choice of communication channel
– Channels vary in their capacity to convey information

• A ”rich” channel is one that can:

– Handle multiple cues simultaneously
– Facilitate rapid feedback
– Be very personal

• Choice depends on whether the message is routine

• High performing managers tend to be very media-sensitive
Barriers to effective
communication
• Filtering
– A sender’s manipulation of information so that it will be seen
more favorably by the receiver
• Selective Perception
– People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience, and attitudes
• Information Overload
– A condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual’s
processing capacity
• Emotions
– How a receiver feels at the time a message is received
will influence how the message is interpreted
 • Language
– Words have different meanings to different
people

• Communication Apprehension
– Undue tension and anxiety about oral
communication, written communication, or both
…Continued
• Silence
–Lack of information; regarding discrimination,
harassment, corruption etc.

• Lying
– Outright misrepresentation of information or
lying.
Global
• Cross-cultural factors increase communication difficulties

• Cultural Barriers

Implications – Semantics: some words aren’t translatable

– Word Connotations: some words imply multiple meanings beyond their
definitions
– Tone Differences: the acceptable level of formality of language
– Differences in tolerance for conflict & methods for resolving conflicts

• Cultural Context
– The importance of social context to meaning
– Low-context cultures (like the US) rely on words for meaning
– High-context cultures(like China, Japan) gain meaning from the
whole situation
Communication Barriers and Cultural
Context
High-Context Cultures
Cultures that rely heavily on nonverbal and subtle
situational cues to communication.

Low-Context Cultures
Cultures that rely heavily on words to convey
meaning in communication.
Explicit and Implicit Communication
High-context/implicit Japanese
communication
cultures Arabs
Latin Americans
Italians
English
French
North Americans
Scandinavians
Low-context/explicit
Germans
communication
Swiss Germans cultures

Adapted from Figure 7–1: Explicit/Implicit Communication: An International Comparison

 • Know yourself
• Foster a climate of respect, fairness, &
democracy
• Learn the cultural context of each person
A cultural • When in doubt, listen
guide • State facts, not your interpretation
• Consider other person’s viewpoint
• Proactively maintain the identity of the
group
Gender
Differences in
Communicatio
n
Improving Interpersonal Communication

• Getting your message across

• Active Listening
 Politically correct communication
• Certain words stereotype, intimidate, and insult individuals.
• In an increasingly diverse workforce, we must be sensitive to how words
might offend others.
• Removed: handicapped, blind, and elderly
• Replaced with: differently abled, visually impaired, and senior.
• Removing certain words from the vocabulary makes it harder to
communicate accurately.
• Removed: death, garbage, quotas, and women.
• Replaced with terms: negative patient outcome, postconsumer
waste materials, educational equity, and people of gender.
You tube links :

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wUCyjiyXdg&app=desktop
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFLjudWTuGQ&app=desktop