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    Gastrointestinal Physiology I

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    mohamedsaithaf2000
    The physiology of the Gastrointestinal system; Part I

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    Gastrointestinal Physiology I

    Uploaded by

    mohamedsaithaf2000
    5 views19 pages
    The physiology of the Gastrointestinal system; Part I

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    The physiology of the Gastrointestinal system; Part I

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    5 views19 pages

    Gastrointestinal Physiology I

    Uploaded by

    mohamedsaithaf2000
    The physiology of the Gastrointestinal system; Part I

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Physiology of the

    Gastrointestinal System
    Parts of the gastrointestinal system
    Parts of the GIT System
    ● Oral cavity (teeth, tongue, salivary glands and tonsils)
    ● Pharynx
    ● Esophagus
    ● Stomach
    ● Small intestine
    ● Large intestine
    ● Accessory organs
    ○ Liver
    ○ Gallbladder
    ○ Pancreas
    Functions of the Digestive system
    ● Ingestion

    ● Digestion
    ○ breaks down food into smaller molecules
    ○ 2 types
    ■ Mechanical digestion - physically breaking down food into smaller
    pieces
    ■ Chemical digestion - breakdown of food molecules by enzymes

    ● Absorption
    ○ Digested molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream through the
    walls of the small intestine
    ● Motility
    ○ Digestive system moves food along the digestive tract through peristalsis
    ○ Peristalsis involves rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the walls of
    the digestive tract

    ● Secretion
    ○ secrete various substances (enzymes, acids, and mucus)
    ○ help with the digestion and absorption of food
    ○ salivary glands, stomach glands, liver, and pancreas

    ● Storage and Elimination


    ○ stores food temporarily in the stomach and small intestine before it is fully
    digested and absorbed
    ○ Waste products are excreted
    Functions of the Oral cavity

    ● Ingestion
    ● Taste
    ○ by the taste buds in the tongue
    ● Mastication
    ○ break food into smaller pieces
    ○ tongue and cheeks help place the food between the teeth
    ● Digestion
    ○ Salivary amylase begins carbohydrate digestion
    ○ Salivary lipase begins lipid digestion
    Functions of the Oral cavity Contd

    ● Swallowing/deglutition
    ● Communication
    ○ lips, cheeks, teeth, and tongue are involved in speech
    ● Protection
    ○ saliva provide lubrication
    ○ Salivary lysozyme destroys microorganisms in the ingested food
    ○ Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium prevents abrasion
    Saliva / Sputum
    ● 1–1.5 L of saliva is produced per day
    ● Constituents of saliva
    ○ Water
    ○ Mucus - lubricates food, protects oral cavity from digestion by enzymes
    ○ Bicarbonate ions - neutralizes bacterial acids
    ○ Amylase - digestion of carbohydrates
    ○ Lipase - digestion of lipids
    ○ Lysozyme - destroys microorganisms in the ingested food
    Phases of swallowing
    ● Divided into 3 phases
    ○ Oral phase
    ○ Pharyngeal phase
    ○ Esophageal phase

    Oral phase
    ● Voluntary phase
    ● a bolus of food is formed in the mouth and pushed into the oropharynx
    Phases of swallowing Contd
    Pharyngeal phase
    ● Involuntary phase
    ● Stimulate swallowing center in the brainstem
    ● Inhibits respiration
    ● Raises the larynx
    ● Closes the glottis
    ● Opens the upper esophageal sphincter
    ● Bolus moves from the oropharynx into the esophagus
    Esophageal phase
    ● Involuntary phase
    ● Bolus moves through the esophagus and into the stomach by peristalsis
    Functions of the esophagus
    ● Propulsion
    ○ Moving of food bolus from pharynx to the stomach via peristalsis
    ○ Lower esophageal sphincter prevents reflux of the stomach contents into
    the esophagus

    ● Protection
    ○ Mucus is produced by esophageal glands
    ○ Provides lubrication
    ○ Protects the lower esophagus from stomach acid
    Peristalsis
    ● Involuntary contraction (wave-like) and relaxation of longitudinal and circular
    muscles of the digestive tract
    ● Heps to propagate the food through the digestive tract
    ● Reverse peristalsis / antiperistalsis - peristalsis occurring towards backward
    direction
    ○ Eg: vomiting
    Functions of stomach

    ● Store and mix the chyme


    ● Chyme = food entering stomach + stomach secretions
    Secretions of the stomach
    ● Stomach/gastric secretions include
    ○ Mucus
    ○ Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
    ○ Gastrin - peptide hormone responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal
    growth, gastric motility, and secretion of HCl into the stomach
    ○ Histamine
    ○ Intrinsic factor (necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the
    ileum)
    ○ Pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)
    Production of HCl

    ● Produced by parietal cells


    ● Produces the low pH of the stomach (normal pH - 1 to 3)
    ● Functions of HCl
    ○ Destroying pathogens ingested
    ○ Stops carbohydrate digestion by inactivating salivary amylase
    ○ Denaturation of proteins so that proteolytic enzymes can reach internal
    peptide bonds
    ○ Convert pepsinogen into pepsin
    Regulation of stomach secretion

    ● 3 phases
    ○ Cephalic phase
    ● Begins before food enters the stomach
    ● Taste, smell and tactile sensations stimulate
    the medulla oblongata
    ● Parasympathetic action potentials are sent
    to the stomach via vagus nerve
    ● Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl,
    pepsinogen and gastrin
    Gastric phase

    ● Begins with arrival of food in the stomach


    ● Distension of the stomach stimulate the medulla oblongata
    ● The medulla oblongata stimulate secretion of gastrin and histamine
    ● Distention of the stomach also activates local reflexes that increase stomach
    secretions

    Intestinal phase
    ● Commence with food entering into the duodenum
    ● Then gastric secretion is inhibited by 3 mechanisms
    ○ Presence of low ph chyme / fat in duodenum
    ○ Secretion of Secretin
    ○ Secretion of Cholecystokinin
    Gastric mucosal barrier
    ● Allows to safely contain the gastric acid required for digestion
    ● 3 components
    ○ Epithelial cell lining
    ■ Cells in the epithelium of the stomach are bound by tight junctions
    ○ Mucus covering
    ■ Derived from mucus secreted by surface epithelial cells
    ■ Forms a protective gel-like coating over the entire surface of the gastric mucosa
    ■ It protects the gastric mucosa from autodigestion by pepsin and
    ■ Erosion by acids and other caustic materials that are ingested
    ○ Bicarbonate ions
    ■ Secreted by the surface epithelial cells
    ■ Bicarbonate ions act to neutralize harsh acids
    Homework

    List the factors that increase and decrease the


    lower esophageal sphincter tone

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