Shimoga CSP

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD
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CITY SANITATION PLAN SHIMOGA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 14
CSTF MEMBERS ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
FOREWORD (by CSTF Chairperson) ................................................................................................................. 17
ASCI TEAM MEMBERS ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.1.
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................. 19
1.2.
Objectives of City-wide Sanitation Plan ............................................................................................ 19
1.3.
Context ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
1.4.
City Sanitation Planning in SHIMOGA ................................................................................................ 22
1.5.
PROCESS, DETAILED STEPS and Limitations ................................................................................. 25
1.5.1
ACTIVITY UPDATE ON SHIMOGA CSP ..................................................................................... 32
1.6.
VERIFICATION OF MoUD CHECKLIST ............................................................................................... 34
1.7.
CHAPTER PLAN........................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41
State Urban Sanitation Policies & Programmes A Review ........................................................................ 41
2.1.
National urban sanitation policy (NUSP) ......................................................................................... 41
2.1.1
NUSP the background.................................................................................................................. 41
2.1.2
Components of National Urban Sanitation Policy ............................................................... 41
2.1.3
National Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian Cities.................................................. 41
2.2.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE RULES, 2000 ......................................................................................... 44
2.3.
KARNATAKA URBAN DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION POLICY, 2002 .................... 45
2.4.
Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation (KUIDFC) .... 46
2.5.
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) .............................................................................................. 48
2.6.
Asha Kiran Mahiti (AKM) ........................................................................................................................ 48
2.7.
JnNURM .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
2.8.
Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) .. 49
2.9.
Rajiv Awas Yojana ...................................................................................................................................... 49
2.10. Urban Statistics for HR and Assessments (USHA) ...................................................................... 51

2.11. Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP).............................................. 52
2.12. 13th CENTRAL FINANCE COMMISSION (CFC)............................................................................... 53
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2.13. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat ......................................................................................... 53
Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Profile of Shimoga City Municipal Corporation ................................................................................................ 54
3.1.
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 54
3.2.
Location and regional linkages ............................................................................................................. 54
3.3.
Climate ............................................................................................................................................................ 55
3.4.
geology ............................................................................................................................................................ 56
3.5.
brief History ................................................................................................................................................. 56
3.6.
economy ......................................................................................................................................................... 56
3.7.
Demography ................................................................................................................................................. 56
3.8.
Slums and squatter settlements ........................................................................................................... 61
3.9.
Existing Landuse......................................................................................................................................... 64
3.10. MUNICIPAL Governance.......................................................................................................................... 64

Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Environmental Sanitation an Assessment ....................................................................................................... 68
4.1.
Sanitation Situation Analysis ................................................................................................................. 68
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 68
4.1.1
Household Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 68
4.1.2
Slum sanitation .................................................................................................................................. 70
4.1.3
Open defecation areas .................................................................................................................... 75
4.1.4
community toilets............................................................................................................................. 76
4.1.5
Public toilets ....................................................................................................................................... 78
4.1.6
school sanitation ............................................................................................................................... 81
4.1.7
Wastewater treatment in Shimoga ........................................................................................... 82
4.1.8
Septage Management ...................................................................................................................... 83
4.1.9
STANDARDIZED SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKING INDICATORS ............................. 84
4.1.10
Waste water projections ................................................................................................................ 84
4.1.11
Ongoing and upcoming projects ................................................................................................. 85
4.2.
STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 87
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 87
4.2.1
Natural Drainage System ............................................................................................................... 87
4.2.2
Review of the existing system ..................................................................................................... 87
4.2.3
Water logging and flooding areas .............................................................................................. 88
4.2.4
Standardized Service Level indicators ..................................................................................... 90
4.3.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 91
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4.3.1
Primary collection and coverage ................................................................................................ 91
4.3.2
Street sweeping and drain cleaning .......................................................................................... 92
De-siltation of Roadside drains ...................................................................................................................... 93

4.3.3
Waste generation, Segregation, quantity and characteristics ........................................ 94
4.3.4
Secondary Collection ....................................................................................................................... 94
4.3.5
Transportation................................................................................................................................... 94
4.3.6
Treatment & Disposal ..................................................................................................................... 95
4.3.7
Service level benchmarking indicators ................................................................................... 96
4.3.8
Solid waste projections .................................................................................................................. 97
4.4.
Water supply ................................................................................................................................................ 98
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.1
Source of water .................................................................................................................................. 98
4.4.2
Existing transmission, distribution and storage capacities ............................................ 98
4.4.3
Service coverage ............................................................................................................................... 99
4.4.4
Tariff structure and consumer mix ........................................................................................... 99
4.4.5
Standardized Service Level indicators ................................................................................... 100
4.4.6
Future demand and gap ............................................................................................................... 100
4.4.7
New and upcoming projects....................................................................................................... 101
Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 103

Institutional capacity and finance ........................................................................................................................ 103
5.1.
Municipal finance (2008 2011) ...................................................................................................... 103
Chapter 6 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 110

Sanitation Situation and Ranking ......................................................................................................................... 110
6.1.
SANITATION SITUATION W.R.T. NATIONAL SANITATION RANKING PARAMETERS 110
Chapter 7 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 114

City-wide Sanitation ................................................................................................................................................... 114
7.1.
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 114
7.2.
VISION AND CITY- WIDE SANITATION PLANNING ................................................................... 114
7.2.1
VISION STATEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 114
7.2.2
Principles of CSP ............................................................................................................................. 115
7.2.3
Assumptions, Norms and units costs ..................................................................................... 117
7.2.4
Various occurrence of issues versus consequences in Shimoga ................................. 118
7.3.
`Subsector Strategies .............................................................................................................................. 121
7.3.1
Open defecation free status by ensuring access to all (including poor and slum
dwellers as well as visiting population). .................................................................................................. 121
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7.3.2
Excreta Disposal and Waste Water Management ............................................................. 137
7.3.3
Improvement of Integrated Solid Waste Management ................................................... 148
7.3.4
Improvement of STORM WATER MANAGEMENT IN Shimoga.................................... 152
7.4.
Enabling and Sustaining Strategies .................................................................................................. 153
7.4.1
Awareness raising, hygiene promotion and community participation. ................... 153
7.4.2
Financing ReQUIREMENTS & Mechanisms ......................................................................... 159
7.4.3
Institutional Arrangement and Responsibility ................................................................... 162
7.5.
Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................................................................... 166
7.5.1
Monitoring and Review ................................................................................................................ 166
7.5.2
Launching Reward scheme: ....................................................................................................... 167
7.5.3
Incentives and Disincentives by MC/NPS............................................................................. 168
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................................................. 170

ANNEXURE ................................................................................................................................................................ 173
Annexure1: Technology Option in Urban Sanitation ............................................................................... 173
Annexure 2: Good practices ............................................................................................................................... 178
Annexure 3: Reviewed Policies, Legal and Administrative Framework and Programmes...... 181
Annexure 4: Building Application Receipt ................................................................................................... 184
Annexure 5: CSTF constitution in shimoga .................................................................................................. 185
Annexure 6: First CSTF Workshop Proceedings, shimoga .................................................................... 186
Annexure 7: second CSTF Workshop Proceedings, shimoga ............................................................... 189
Annexure 8: Secondary Data Formats Profiling of the ULBs............................................................. 191
ANNEXURE 9: Primary data survey formats ............................................................................................... 205
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:Broad framework of CSP ............................................................................................................................ 28
Table 2: Research techniques with the tasks identified ................................................................................ 29
Table 3: Surveys and sample numbers ................................................................................................................. 30
Table 4: Chronological details of activities concerning Shimoga CSP...................................................... 32
Table 5: CSP Content self-assessment................................................................................................................... 34
Table 6: Guide for self-assessment of CSP CONTENT ..................................................................................... 37
Table 7: CSP Process Self-Assessment .................................................................................................................. 38
Table 8: Guide for self-assessment of CSP PROCESS....................................................................................... 39
Table 9: City Colour Codes: Categories ................................................................................................................. 43
Table 10: Cities and City Colour Codes ................................................................................................................. 43
Table 11: Schedule details of MSW rules, 2000 ................................................................................................ 44
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Table 12: Population growth and trends, Shimoga CMC ............................................................................... 57
Table 13: Future population projections using various methods ............................................................. 58
Table 14: Future population projections ............................................................................................................. 58
Table 15: Wardwise population distribution and growth potential ........................................................ 59
Table 16: Distribution of wards according to growth potential ................................................................ 60
Table 17: Details of slum areas, Shimoga CMC .................................................................................................. 62
Table 18: Existing land use analysis of Shimoga 2001 ............................................................................... 64
Table 19: Sanitation Arrangements, Shimoga ................................................................................................... 69
Table 20: Details of sanitation in slum areas, Shimoga CMC ...................................................................... 71
Table 21: Details of OD areas, Shimoga CMC...................................................................................................... 75
Table 22: Details of Community toilets, Shimoga CMC .................................................................................. 76
Table 23: Details of community toilets in Shimoga CMC............................................................................... 78
Table 24: Details of schools in Shimoga CMC ..................................................................................................... 81
Table 25: Sanitation facilities in Govt. schools, Shimoga .............................................................................. 81
Table 26: Sewerage and Sanitation Service Level Benchmarks, Shimoga CMC .............................. 84
Table 27: Waste water projections, Shimoga CMC .......................................................................................... 84
Table 28: Proposed population projection and waste water generation ............................................... 85
Table 29: Details of storm water drains, Shimoga CMC ............................................................................... 87
Table 30: HHs in water logging areas, Shimoga CMC ..................................................................................... 89
Table 31: Storm Water Drainage system Service Level Benchmarks, Shimoga CMC ................... 90
Table 32: Details of vehicles used for D2D waste collection ....................................................................... 91
Table 33: Details of street sweeping...................................................................................................................... 92
Table 34: Details of cleaning of drains .................................................................................................................. 93
Table 35: Details of Vehicles used for Secondary waste transportation ................................................ 95
Table 36 : Solid Waste Management Service Level Benchmarks, Shimoga CMC ............................. 96
Table 37: Projection of solid waste generation for future ............................................................................ 97
Table 38: Details of types of connections ............................................................................................................ 99
Table 39: Water tariff................................................................................................................................................... 99
Table 40: Water Supply Services Service Level Benchmarks, Shimoga CMC ................................. 100
Table 41: Projections for Water Demand ......................................................................................................... 100
Table 42: Details of the project ............................................................................................................................. 101
Table 43: Estimate of income (function wise) ................................................................................................ 104
Table 44: Estimate of expenditure (function wise) ...................................................................................... 106
Table 45: Sanitation Ranking for Shimoga City Municipal Council ......................................................... 111
Table 46: Goals for City-wide Sanitation Planning, Shimoga .................................................................... 114
Table 47: Components of City Wide Sanitation Strategies ......................................................................... 116
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Table 48: Norms for Household Sanitation ...................................................................................................... 117
Table 49: Indicative figures in Household Sanitation Arrangements over CSP Implementation
Period ............................................................................................................................................................................... 122
Table 50: showing Operation and maintenance of the toilets Community toilet .......................... 125
Table 51: Estimation of Proposed Pay and Use complex (Each unit) .................................................... 125
Table 52: Indicative investment requirements, O&M Costs And User Charges For Public/
Community Sanitary Conveniences ..................................................................................................................... 126
Table 53: Determination of location of proposed community toilet complexes, Shimoga CMC . 127
Table 54: Toilet requirements in schools as per norms, Shimoga CMC ................................................ 131
Table 55: Addressing access to various categories of uses ....................................................................... 133
Table 56: Management Strategies ....................................................................................................................... 134
Table 57: Intended benefits for the six technology systems. .................................................................... 138
Table 58: Waste water treatment options for Non UGD areas ................................................................. 138
Table 59: Starters for UGD ....................................................................................................................................... 140
Table 60: Degree of Treatment Needed for Land Application .................................................................. 143
Table 61: Cost of Construction of the Wastewater Treatment system ................................................. 146
Table 62:Cost of Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................................. 146
Table 63: Land Requirement .................................................................................................................................. 147
Table 64: Projection of solid waste generation for future .......................................................................... 148
Table 65: ISWM Action Plan ................................................................................................................................... 149
Table 66: IEC and Advocacy Plan for Environmental Sanitation ............................................................. 154
Table 67: Methods and implementation of awareness activities ............................................................ 156
Table 68: Phase wise distribution of works .................................................................................................... 157
Table 69 Financial Requirements and Mechanisms...................................................................................... 159
Table 69: Comparison of Standards (issued by CPCB) with effluent values ....................................... 167
Table 70:Recommended sizes of septic tanks ................................................................................................. 174
Table 71: Reviewed Policies, Legal and Administrative Framework and Programmes ................ 181
Table 72: Functions of ULB...................................................................................................................................... 182
Table 74 CSTF constitution letter ......................................................................................................................... 185
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: CSP Implementation Roadmap ............................................................................................................ 24
Figure 2: Process of Data Assimilation ................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 3: Annual temperatures and rainfall, Shimoga ................................................................................... 55
Figure 4: Decadal population growth from 1971 to 2011 (%) ................................................................... 57
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Figure 5: Organizational Structure, Shimoga CMC .......................................................................................... 66
Figure 6: Percentage distribution of HHs w.r.t. type of toilets ................................................................... 68
Figure 7: Percentage distribution of slum HHs w.r.t. type of toilets ........................................................ 70
Figure 8: Percentage distribution of HHs using community toilets w.r.t. toilet conditions ........... 77
Figure 9: Percentage distribution of HHs w.r.t. type of waste disposal .................................................. 91
Figure 7: Satisfaction levels of HHs w.r.t. SWM, Shimoga ............................................................................. 92
Figure 11: Quantity of waste Generated & Collected ...................................................................................... 94
Figure 12: Comparison between income and expenditure of Shimoga CMC regarding sanitation
aspects .............................................................................................................................................................................. 109
Figure 13: Components of CSP strategies .......................................................................................................... 120
Figure 14: Connecting to UGD typical layout ................................................................................................ 141
Figure 15: Proposed institutional set-up for sanitation .............................................................................. 165
Figure 16: Receipt for building application for ULBs ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Location of Shimoga City ............................................................................................................................. 55
Map 2: Regional Linkages, Shimoga City.............................................................................................................. 55
Map 3: Ward-wise population density and growth potential ..................................................................... 60
Map 4: Location of slum areas, Shimoga CMC ................................................................................................... 61
Map 5: Open defecation areas, Shimoga CMC .................................................................................................... 75
Map 6: Location of community and public toilets, Shimoga CMC .............................................................. 80
Map 7: Proposed zones for augmentation of UGD system, Shimoga CMC ............................................. 86
Map 8: Storm water drainage system, water logging and flooding areas, Shimoga CMC ................ 89
Map 9: Proposal for augmentation of water supply, Shimoga CMC ....................................................... 102
Map 10: Probable location of proposed community toilets ....................................................................... 129
LIST OF INFORMATION BOXES

information Box 1: National Urban Sanitation Policy (Nusp) ..................................................................... 20
Information Box 3: Functions Of Ulbs According To 12th Schedule .......................................................... 65
Information Box 4: Definitions Of Household Sanitation Arrangements According To Census
2001 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Information Box 5: Guidelines Of Total Sanitation Campaign(Tsc) For School Sanitation............ 82
Information Box 6: Septic Tank Maintenance Norms .................................................................................... 83
Information Box 7: Sewerage And Sanitation The Key Observations .................................................. 83
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Information Box 8: Storm Water Drainage The Key Observations ....................................................... 90
Information Box 9: Functions Of Ulbs As Per Msw Rules 2000.................................................................. 96
Information Box 10: Solid Waste Management The Key Observations ............................................... 96
Information Box 11: Water Supply System The Key Observations ....................................................... 99
Information Box 12: Assumptions For City Sanitation Plan ...................................................................... 117
Information Box 13: Finance Options Models For Community Latrines .............................................. 130
Information Box 14: Proposed Scheme For Mechanical Aid For Cleaning Of Sewers And Septic
Tanks (Smacss)............................................................................................................................................................. 160
Information Box 15: Tools To Measure 100% Sanitation Milestone Achievements ....................... 166
Information Box 16: The Condominial Sewerage System In Brazil ........................................................ 179
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ABBREVIATIONS
ASCI
BOD
BOT
BPL
BSUP
CAA
CD&MA
COD
CPHEEO
CSP
CT
CTF
DMA
DMHO
DPR
ELSR
FGD
FY
GIS
GoK
GoI
HHs
HSC
IEC
ILCS
JnNURM
MAUD
MSL
MSW
CMC
NRW
NUSP
ODF
O&M
PHED
PSP
RVM
RWA
SI
SLB
SJSRY
SSA
SSHE
STP
Administrative Staff College of India

Biological Oxygen Demand
Buy-Own-Operate
Below Poverty Line
Basic Services to the Urban Poor
Constitution Amendment Act
Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
City Sanitation Plan
Community Toilets
City sanitation Task Force
Directorate of Municipal Administration
District Medical Health Officer
Detailed Project Report
Elevated Service Reservoir
Focus Group Discussions
Financial Year
Geographic Information System
Government of Karnataka
Government of India
Households
House Service Connections
Information, Education, Communication
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Municipal Administration and Urban Development
Mean Sea Level
Municipal Solid Waste
City Municipal Council, Shimoga
Non Revenue Water
National Urban Sanitation Policy
Open Defecation
Operations and Maintenance
Public Health and Engineering Department
Public Stand Posts
Rajiv Vidya Mission
Residents Welfare Association
Sanitary Inspector
Service Level Benchmarking
Swarna Jayanti Shehri Rojgar Yojana
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
School Sanitation and Hygiene Education
Sewage Treatment Plant
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SWM
ULB
UGD
WC
Solid Waste Management

Urban Local Body
Under Ground Drainage
Water Closet
Units of Measure
lpcd
litres per capita per day
m
metre
MLD
Million Litres per Day
MT
Metric Tons
sq.m
square metre
TPD
Tonnes per Day
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document presents City Sanitation Plan (CSP) of Shimoga City Municipal Council. Shimoga
is one of the 8 cities whose CSPs have been prepared by ASCI in partnership with Directorate of
Municipal Administration (DMA), Government of Karnataka and City Managers Association,
Karnataka (CMAK)
The CSP process in Shimoga endeavors to identify the various areas that are affected by various
issues with different sectors of sanitation, (viz. sewerage, solid waste management, storm water
drainage and water supply) and also to provide guidance towards the solutions of the said
issues.
This has been made possible through an extensive participatory approach including field visits,
repeated discussions with various stakeholders, sample surveys, etc. Acquiring and assimilation
of varied secondary information also formed an important part of the process.
The plan preparation process was carried out using methodology requiring wide range of data
in various areas and population groups, to develop robust analysis and produce outputs. The
data collection included both primary and secondary sources and detail analysis of them.
The analysis in turn has paved the way for the preparation of the proposal for various strategies
to alleviate the sanitary conditions of the place, so that Shimoga may well overcome the various
plaguing issues and thereby a healthy sanitized environment prevails for the citizens.
The report has two major sections
A.
B.
The Situational Analysis

The Sanitation Strategies.
The former section deals with depicting the city and its present status with regards to
sanitation. The aim is to highlight the existing conditions regarding access and coverage of
sanitary facilities, identify the gaps and striking issues, and understand the behavioral aspects of
various sections of the society. This section is covered from Chapter 1 to Chapter 5.
The latter section thereafter provides strategies and solutions to bridge the identified gaps,
mitigate the existing issues, and provide ways and means to aid the sustenance of the existing
and proposed strategies and projects. There have been presented in Chapter 6.
A.
Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the CSP process, its background, and the objectives behind it.
This is followed by the step-by-step methodology of the CSP process, as well as the status of the
CSP for the particular city. The process of collection of baseline information both primary and
secondary, has been explained at length. The chapter also presents a review of the policies &
programmes that are prevalent and followed in the state to improve the sanitation conditions in
the urban areas. It gives detailed insight into the NUSP and the sanitation ranking of cities, the
MSW 2000 rules, the ILCS projects, and other such projects which have been taken up for the
improvement of access and coverage of sanitary facilities.
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Chapter 2 deals with the City Profile where the various aspects of the city are discussed in
order to get a fair idea about the city itself. Aspects such as location, regional linkages,
demography, economic, landuse and housing profiles, the urban governance, the slums and
squatter settlements are discussed in brief.
Chapter 3 forms the central focus of Section A i.e. The Situational Analysis. The aim of the
chapter is to present a clear picture of the existing systems of sanitation in the city. It contains
four sectors Sewerage and sanitation, Storm water system, Solid waste Management and the
Water supply system of the city. Within each sector, the gaps and issues in access and coverage
are identified, the problem areas are clearly demarcated, the performance of each of the sectors
is evaluated through Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) indicators, and projections are also
made for the future years.
Chapter 4 aims to evaluate the institutional capacity and the financial structure, to find out if
the ULB along with the associated organizations is able to cater to the sanitation needs of the
society, with regards to both adequate qualified personnel and adequate financial sources.
Chapter 5 presents the evaluation of the sanitation condition of Shimoga City Municipal Council
on the basis of the indicators and the scoring methodology used by MoUD for the sanitation
ranking of cities.
B.
The Sanitation Strategies
The strategies are presented in Chapter 6. It provides the vision for the CSP and its goals, and
the basic guiding principles on which the strategies are based. Thereafter, strategies have been
provided to improve coverage and access to sanitation facilities, to implement effectively the
various proposals, and options and mechanisms for effectively financing the strategies and
proposals along with proper phasing
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Water is Life and Sanitation is Dignity.

The above quote well impresses upon one the fact that sanitation is the most important aspect
for a healthy and dignified living.
Often sanitation is considered to be synonymous to solid waste management, especially in the
ULBs. To set right this flawed concept, sanitation ideally can be defined as safe management of
human excreta, including its safe confinement treatment, disposal and associated hygienerelated practices. With increasing urbanization sanitation is becoming a severe problem in all
cities in our country.
Hence there arises a need for integrated solutions to take account of the various elements of
environmental sanitation, fecal management and disposal, solid waste management; generation
of industrial and other specialized / hazardous wastes; drainage; as also the management of
drinking water supply. This is the main aim and purpose behind the preparation of City
Sanitation Plans.
We take an opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all the people who have helped and
supported us throughout the process which made the completion of the report possible.
Extensive and rigorous discussions with the APMDP and the ULB officials gave a well formed
shape to the effort. Hence, their help and co-operation is very much solicited for the success of
the CSP.
The City Sanitation Plan for the city of Shimoga looks forward to develop effective strategies for
safe disposal of solid and liquid waste generating throughout the city by suggesting
environment friendly low cost technical options for the same.
Prof. Srinivasa Chary Vedala

Dean & Director
Centre for Energy, Environment,Urban Governance & Infrastructure Development
(CEEUG&ID),
Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI)
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CSTF MEMBERS
The City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) plays a very important part in the formulation and
implementation of the CSP in a city. The importance of CSTF and their functions were clearly
portrayed to the authorities at DMA, CMAK and the officials from various ULBs at the State Level
Launch Workshop on 25th November, 2010. Based on the discussions from the workshop, the
ULBs formed the CSTF for their respective cities. The list of CSTF members went through quite a
number of revisions. The final list of CSTF members for Shimoga CMC is as follows.
Shimoga City Municipal Council City Sanitation Task Force Committee
Sl.
No
1
Mobile No
Office
Address
Off. Phone-No
E-Mail Id
98451
38753
91649
50700
CMC, Shimoga
08182-222414
comm_cmcshimog
a@yahoo.com
Mr. Girish
97418
80755
Vinobha
Nagara,
Shimoga
0818 248235
girishbettadapur@
rediffmail.com
Mr.
Surendrnat
h Shetty
94808
13132
DC Office
Compound,
Shimoga
08182-220246
eesmg@kuwsdb.or
g
AEE, Karnataka
Mr. Madhu
Slum Clearance
Kumar
Board, Shimoga
98451
71283
2nd Cr,
Basaveshwara
Nagara,
Shimoga
08182-271307
kscbaee.smg@gma
il.com
Mr.
Janardhan
94804
31983
Annayya Farm,
Santhekadur,
Shimoga (Thl.)
08182-271307
janna.janni@gmail.
com
Mr.
Shashikuma
r M.
99455
40244
Navale,
Shimoga
08182-276707
CMC, Shimoga
08182-222414
manukumar1983
@yahoo.com
CMAK,
Bangalore
080-25590333
CMC, Shimoga
Designation
Name
Commissioner,
Mr. Jayanna
CMC, Shimoga
B.
Chairman
DD, Town
Planning,
Shimoga Urban
Development
Authority,
Shimoga
EE, Karnataka
Urban Water
Supply &
Drainage
Board, Shimoga
Repst. from
Parisara
Adhyayana
Kendra, Santhe
Kadur, Shimoga
(Tha)
Repst. from
Javaharlal
Neharu
National
College of
Engineering,
Shimoga
Environmental
Mr. Manu
Engineer,
Kumar B. P.
Shimoga
Research
AssociateCMAK
Mr.Parmesh
ar Kori
Repst. from
Labor Union
Mr.
Siddapaa
98453
57549
91649
50611
914118971
4
900887312
9
99721
80538
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Repst. from
Labor Union
Repst. from
Chamber of
10
Commerce,
Shimoga
Repst. from
Nagarika
11 Hitharakshana
Vedike,
Shimoga
Mr.
Ramayya
99011
87488
CMC, Shimoga
Mr.
Ashwathnar
ayan Shetty
93793
77902
Beyond City
Club, Shimoga
Mr.
Vasantha
Kumar
94490
43777
Others Supporting Staff for Coordination

District
12 Commissioner,
Shimoga
Project
13 Director, DUDC,
Shimoga
Community
Development
14
Officer, UPA
Cell DUDC,
IT- Staff , CMC,
15
Shimoga
Community
16 Affairs Officer,
CMC, Shimoga
Mr.
Ponnuraj
98455
98981
DC Office,
Shimoga
08182-271101
rajponnu@yahoo.c
om
Mr.
Devarajayy
a
94815
00351
DUDC, DC
Office, Shimoga
08182-225355
dudc_smg@yahoo.
co.in
Mr.
Kashinath
99453
87650
DUDC, DC
Office, Shimoga
08182-227490
samanvaya.ngo@g
mail.com
Ms.
Poornima
Mr.
Subramany
a
98860
21280
CMC, Shimoga
08182
99455
81081
CMC, Shimoga
08182-222414
08182-272354
itstaff_ulb_shimoga
@yahoo.com
08182-220588
itstaff_ulb_shimoga
@yahoo.com
08182-226414
itstaff_ulb_shimoga
@yahoo.com
08182-260090
shimoga@kspcb.go
v.in
Special Invites
17
18
19
20
21
Mr. K. S
President, CMC,
Gangadhara
Shimoga
ppa
Mr.
Vice-President,
Sathyanara
CMC, Shimoga
yan B.
Standing
Committee
Mr. Mohan
Chairman, CMC, Reddy
Shimoga.
Repst. from
Mr.
KSPCB,
Harishankr
Shimoga
a
Repst. from
Mr.
Print & TV
Manjunath
Media
98869
85609
CMC. Shimoga
94489
31978
CMC. Shimoga
94483
35334
CMC. Shimoga
94491
88462
97417
83999
SM Circle,
Shimoga
[Source: Shimoga CMC]
16 | P a g e
FOREWORD (BY CSTF CHAIRPERSON)
17 | P a g e
ASCI TEAM MEMBERS
The team which has put forth dedicated efforts towards the completion of this CSP report,
consists of the following people.
Prof. Srinivasa Chary Vedala, Dean and Director, Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban
Governance & Infrastructure Development
Mrs. Vasavi Narla, Assistant Professor
Mr. Anil Kumar Palakodeti, Senior Research Associate
Ms. Lakshmy Poorna, Senior Research Associate
Ms. Krithika Sridharan, Senior Research Associate
Ms. Sneha Mala Kesiraju, Senior Research Associate
Ms. Uzra Sultana, Senior Research Associate
18 | P a g e
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1.
BACKGROUND
The National Urban sanitation Policy launched during 2008 envisages All Indian cities and
towns become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure and sustain good public health
and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and
affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.
The overall goal of National policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally
sanitized, healthy and liveable cities and towns. Specific goals include:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Awareness Generation and Behaviour Change,

Open Defecation Free Cities,
Integrated City-Wide Sanitation,
Sanitary and Safe Disposal, and
Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations.
Against this background, and in recognition of its importance to national and state development,
the Integrated City-Wide Sanitation Plan for Shimoga City is prepared to provide city-wide
systematic approach and framework to achieve the goals contemplated under NUSP.
1.2.
OBJECTIVES OF CITY-WIDE SANITATION PLAN
The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant
physical environment in Shimoga city to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all
sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in the
city of Shimoga through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology
selection, construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M
issues, institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual
action, regulation and legislation.
The principal components of city-wide approach include:
(a) Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta,
industrial wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes;
(b) Storm water drainage;
(c) Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;
(d) Environmental sanitation education;
(e) Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;
(f)
Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.
19 | P a g e

INFORMATION BOX 1: NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (NUSP)
The Vision of the NUSP is:
All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable; and ensure and sustain
good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on
hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.
To transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities
and towns, the policy sets out the following goals:
A AWARENESS GENERATION AND BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
B OPEN DEFECATION FREE CITIES
C INTEGRATED CITY-WIDE SANITATION
1. Re-orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation
2. Sanitary and safe disposal: 100% of human excreta and liquid wastes must be disposed of
safely
3. Proper Operations and maintenance (O&M) of all sanitary installations
The policy envisages the preparation of State Sanitation Strategies within the overall National
Policy framework. In turn, cities are expected to prepare their city-wide sanitation plans that
need to be prepared in a consultative and participatory manner, and using an incremental
approach to addressing the issue of sanitation in a comprehensive city-wide manner.
[Source: NUSP, 2008.]
1.3.
CONTEXT
Karnataka has been declared as third most urbanized state in India due to rapid economic
growth and urban population increase witnessed in the last two decades. As per 2001 census,
34% of the state population lives in urban areas. Urban Local Bodies are responsible to maintain
water and sanitation services, once the infrastructure is created and handed over by Karnataka
Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS&DB). In the state, 36 ULBs are provided with
partial underground drainage facilities, covering 24% of the urban population. Others rely on
soak pits, septic tanks and community latrines. In few ULBs, low cost sanitation technology like
DEWATS, eco-sanitation etc. is being explored as pilot project.
As per 2001 census, only 25% of urban households do not have access to toilets while the
remaining 75% of households have accessibility to various types of latrines. About 42 and 39
percent of households have access to closed and open drainage system respectively.
The state needs to renew its focus towards this problem and hence there is dire need for proper
planning, management and execution of sanitation related activities at ULB levels with the
active involvement of stakeholders. In view of the different institutional structure and different
20 | P a g e

sets of issues involved in the delivery of the services in urban areas, the need for a separate
policy statement for sanitation sector is felt.
In spite of various programmes implemented by the State Government and the Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs) the problem of urban sanitation has not been resolved yet. Therefore, the State
Government, as a decisive step to resolve the problems pertaining to Urban Sanitation, has
initiated the Karnataka State Urban Sanitation Policy (KSUSP) and City Sanitation Plans in
consonance with the NUSP. CSPs are envisaged to be prepared in a consultative manner for
enhancing ownership among stakeholders in the city. The cities selected for the aforesaid
purpose are as follows:
Bellary
Belgaum
Gulbarga
Hubli-Dharwad
Mangalore
Mysore
SHIMOGA
Tumkur
Most of these towns also embarked on implementing Under Ground Drainage (UGD) system
with huge capital investments while accessing projects under different schemes. At this juncture
GoK felt the need to review sanitation situation, problems and opportunities to improve
sanitation in these cities/ towns particularly and in the state. This will mandate and guide State
and all ULBs to plan for delivering sanitary outcomes.
21 | P a g e
1.4.
CITY SANITATION PLANNING IN SHIMOGA
CSP tries to detail out how the city plan is to deliver the sanitary outcomes defined in NUSP and
state strategy, in coordination with other line departments to ensure a well collaborated
approach engaging all stakeholders including governmental and nongovernmental service
providers. The scope of CSPs broadly encompass following major tasks:
A.
COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data collection and review of available data from various sources as per demands of
CSP (the officials of City Municipal Corporations, Water Boards, or any other parastatal
agencies).
B.
PREPARATORY WORK (PROFILING OF ULB AND PREPARING CITY REPORT)
As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULBs (Refer Annexure 5) will be undertaken

using SLB indicators and City Ratings to highlight the open defecation free (ODF) status,
sanitation situation, health indicators and current projects. This will also guide further
investigation through field visits and primary data collection.
C.
STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS AND CITY SANITATION TASK FORCE (CSTF)

CONSTITUTION
As per the requirement of CSP, major role is to be played by the members of institutions,
organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local councilors, industry owners,
consultants, representatives of private sector, etc. Constitution of CSTF was facilitated by
drawing members from these groups in consensus with ULBs who will be constantly
supporting the CSP preparation by analyzing the strengths and competencies required to
overcome the current situation and for better sanitation facilities. Refer Annexure 4 and 4.a for
more information on CSTF and the workshop.
D.
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLING
Data collection to a limited extent through rapid field surveys, case studies, consultations,
transacts walks, FGDs, etc. to validate and supplement the secondary data(obtained in step 4.1)
The data will be collected as per formats/templates and questionnaires after brief orientation
to the stakeholders. Random stratified sampling in typical cases (slums, schools, wards
commercial places, public latrines, surface drains, solid waste arrangements, industries, health
and educational Institutions etc.) evenly distributed all over the town to cover all
representative types of situations.
E.
REVIEW/STUDY OF THE CURRENT PRACTICES
This includes a review of sector strategies in water , sanitation and solid waste management at
state and city level. DPRs prepared on these sectors will be studied in detail and analysed. Also
regional and state urban strategies to know the dynamics of urbanisation pattern will be
looked in to.
F.
CONDITION ASSESSMENT
Choices of toilet in the city and their effectiveness along with pictures on super structure,
below ground, design models and materials used for different uses like residential, industries,
public spaces and new areas. Field tests facilitation (soil percolation, waste water effluents,
22 | P a g e

water bodies contamination) in critical points in drains, ground water after a reconnaissance
survey which would also assist in gauging the situation where the information is not adequate.
G.
WARD PROFILING AS PER CITY SANITATION RANKING PARAMETERS
City as a number of spatial units will look at indicators pertaining to the practice of open
defecation, access to sanitation (individual, community and public), collection, treatment and
disposal of solid and liquid wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation
infrastructure, clear institutional roles and responsibilities and improvements in health and
environment as per the City Sanitation Rating.
H.
COMMUNICATION GAP AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT
IEC needs assessment will be carried out and broad communication strategy will be developed
in consultation with the ULB officials and other stakeholders.
I.
DEVELOPING A SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT
The situation analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local
conditions, and assessment of the present sanitation situation. It will include inputs from all
the above activities with the details of existing household sanitation arrangements, public
sanitary conveniences, wastewater disposal, solid waste management and water supply. The
report will also include an analysis of the ULB legal framework and byelaws, financial analysis
of the ULB, data on key public and environmental health, user charges, willingness to pay, etc.
J.
FORMULATION OF VISION
This involves understanding the major aspirations with respect to urban development in the
State through consultations and building an overarching vision that may be appropriate to the
articulations. This involves following;
Secondary information, data analysis and report review
Brainstorming with key stakeholders and focus groups
Understanding visions of concerned sectors and other constituents e.g., cities and
development agencies and concerned authorities.
K.
DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGY
This involves understanding the major issues of the sector, major priorities laid down and an
assessment of how the current arrangements are working with respect to urban development
in the city. Also, the key strengths, major weaknesses, potential opportunities as well as likely
threats would also be analysed to move towards the identification of the action
areas/intervention areas that form the strategy development. This involves:
Completion of information analysis, even with quick estimates, and review of
current policies and priorities
Consultations with key stakeholders/ focus groups concerning
Detailed discussion with departments/ agencies/ cities/ authorities
L.
PREPARATION OF DRAFT CSP
Finalization of CSP along with recommendations based on the situation and solutions for
making city open defecation free and totally sanitized, public toilet and community toilets
models and operational models; proto - type design recommendation for all typical situations,
waste disposal mechanisms, starters for sewerage layouts and estimation of requirement in
terms of capacities, quantity and finances.
23 | P a g e
M.
PREPARATION OF IMPLEMENTATION ROAD MAP
This involves identifying and documenting interventions for the improvement of sanitation.
The cost estimates of such interventions (only ball park figures); the institutional responsibility
as well as broad timelines for implementation will be indicated in the CSP.
Figure 1: CSP Implementation Roadmap
24 | P a g e
1.5.
PROCESS, DETAILED STEPS AND LIMITATIONS
The process detailed below has been completed for planning city wide sanitation and
wastewater management improvements offers since June 2010 and broad step-by-step
approach followed:
Step 1 Preparatory Works
Profiling Of City
Stakeholders Analysis
Step2
Ulbs, Water Boards, DUDA, Ngos etc
Stakeholder Analysis
Step 3
Sensitization/Orientation
Oranizing
Sensitization/Orientation
Workshop
Step 4 Constituting Teams
City sanitation task Force

Core Team - Technical
Step 5 Initiating IEC

activites
Social marketing approaches

IEC training activities(ULB's, NGO's, volunteers,
health institution etc)
Step 6 Situation Analysis

and Mapping current status
Mapping current status

Identify Gaps
Step 7 Problem Analysis
Identifying stress zones

Assessment Of Options
Step 8 Developing And

Consolidating CSP
Planning For Solutions

Selecting Options, New Facilities , Behavior Change
Step 9 Formulation Of Action

Plans
Short, Medium & Long Term Goals/Measures To

Achieve City Sanitation
Step 10 Finalization Of CSP
Final Stakeholder Workshop
Step1: Profiling ULB

As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULBs using SLB indicators and City Ratings to
highlight the ODF status, sanitation situation, health indicators and current projects was
undertaken. Based on this, a City Profile Report was prepared and sent to Shimoga CMC
authorities
Step 2: Stakeholder Analysis
Residents, establishments and ULB officials. Resident includes all those living within city can be
classified as HIG, MIG, LIG and slum dwellers. In smaller towns a division into higher income
group, middle class and Slum dweller could be sufficient. Shop keepers and commercial
establishments constitute a separate group especially for generation of market waste.
25 | P a g e

Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for FGDs and implementation of
Communications strategies.
Key officials-Commissioners, sanitation inspectors, medical/health officers,

Councilors, Community elders,
City media: newspapers reporters,
RWA office bearers,
NGOs,
Safaikaramcharies union office bearers,
Heads of Commercial establishments and shopkeepers, including public places such as bus
stands
Slum residents
Residents from neighborhoods
School teachers, employees
School children
Parameters: three key parameters
Environmental Sanitation SWM: market waste, domestic waste, waste segregation at

source and at collection point, waste disposal measures
ODF: public toilets, individual latrines, toilet maintenance, disposal of human waste,
UGD: awareness, user charges,
Issues on these parameters as explored in primary data will create a basis for topics to
be raised in FDGs
Step 3: Sensitization / Orientation Workshop

With this background knowledge, a City level orientation workshop at city level involving
identified stakeholders was organised on March 25, 2011. Ms. Krithika Sridharan represented
the team from ASCI. It was attended by the Commissioner, other ULB officials from other
departments, and the various concerned stakeholders. The purpose of the workshop was to
highlight the need to engage with issues relating to access and arrangement especially in slums ;
awareness generation for changed behaviour and practices; community participation and
mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from policy to action on ground; and a
number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP and its various
steps of preparation.
26 | P a g e
Mr.B. Jayanna, Commissioner, addressing the

participants, March 25, 2011, Shimoga CMC
Participants of the CSP Orientation Workshop

on March 25, 2011, Shimoga CMC
The participants involved in group work
The participants presenting group work
Step 4: Constituting:
City Sanitation Task Force

Core Team Technical
a. City sanitation Task Force (CTF)

The first step in making the cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about
sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly,
amongst the people of the city. For this purpose, CSTF has to be constituted in the ULB and it has
to organize a multi-stakeholder, multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal
resolution to make the city 100% sanitized. CSTF has still to been constituted in Shimoga
Municipal Corporation.
The roles and responsibilities of CSTF include:
Launching the City 100% Sanitation Campaign

Generating awareness
Approving materials and progress reports
Approving the City Sanitation Plan
27 | P a g e
Providing overall guidance

Fixing of responsibilities on a permanent basis.
Step 5: Initiating IEC activities

The objective of well driven IEC has to be demand-driven with social marketing approaches to
increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviours, promote no subsidies for household
toilets in future and encourage diversity in technology and design. For this purpose ULBs may
utilise suitable player for inter-personal IEC and training from the existing system like; ward
development committees, health institutions, schools, National Service Scheme (NSC)
Volunteers, the private sector (retailers, contractors, suppliers, plumbers, masons),
neighbourhood committees and NGOs, Angan Wadi workers.
Step 6: Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status
The Situation Analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local
conditions, and assessment of the present sanitation situation has been undertaken and broad
framework is indicated below:
Table 1:Broad framework of CSP
Sectors
Spatial Units
Finances
Institutional
Service
levels
and
benchmarks for:
Sewerage
and
sanitation
Solid
Waste
Management
Water Supply
Storm Water and
Drainage
Health
Situation
Statistics and Anecdotal

Comment
Environmental Situation
Local and Downstream
and Groundwater.
Household
Sanitation
Slums
Public
Sanitary
Conveniences
School Sanitation
Institutional Sanitation
Map spatially
Any town specific areas.
Cost
Recovery
PolicyTariffs
Collections
Budget Transfers.
PPPs.
Study of current
programmes
(SJSRY, ILCS, etc)
Institutional
Arrangement
Policies,
Plans,
implementation,
management.
Staffing,
Organization
&
Competence
Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Formats, Transect Walks along with schedules of
interviews (Slums, industrial areas, water bodies), FGDs (3-4 nos.), Technical Analysis,
Impact, Indicators, Stakeholder Consultations at town level (2-3), etc
28 | P a g e

Table 2: Research techniques with the tasks identified
Tasks
Research Tools
Social and environmental issues
Literature review
Baseline survey
Case studies
Consultations/FGDs
Policies, acts, operational procedures to

address, mitigate and manage the social and
environmental issues.
Literature review
Survey
FGDs
Case studies
Discussions
Stakeholder consultations
CAN: Perception on sanitation, its maintenance

and investment (Analysis of data), mitigate
adverse/negative impacts.
Literature review
Secondary information review
Case studies
Analysis of Rapid survey data
FGDs
Stakeholder Consultations
Existing institutional arrangements in managing

and mitigating social and environmental issues.
Literature review
Stakeholder Consultations
FGDs
Survey data analysis
Process followed for data assimilation:
Figure 2: Process of Data Assimilation
a. Sample survey results for the basic services

Purpose: The objective of conducting the sample field survey was to assess the services at the
customer level / field level and validate the information given by the officials.
29 | P a g e

Methodology: A total of 1615 samples were taken across the different parts of the city to
validate the information. The distribution of the samples is given in the table as follows.
Areas covered: The survey took spatially from all parts of the city, but the main focus was given
to the following areas.
Table 3: Surveys and sample numbers
Sl.
No.
Type of surveys
Sample nos.
HH surveys
Community toilet
Public toilets
10
Commercial places
10
Schools
88
1503 (Non-slums: 172,

Slums: 1331,
River Thunga
SWM treatment plant
Slum Surveys
30 | P a g e
Step 7. Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options

Followed by situational analysis problem and challenges have been identified in coverage ,
access, treatment and disposal ,institutional , financial ,social and cultural aspects and capacity
concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation and wastewater management
options, including industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage treatment , conventional and low
cost, centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and combined and effluent disposal
options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools, public toilets, sanitation in
slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc.
Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and
institutional
solutions and will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and
environmental benefits, (iii) sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy
including land use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii)
wastewater as a resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and (x) political commitment.
Step 8. Developing And Finalization Of CSP
Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific
quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials based on stakeholder
consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital investments,
operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation.
Project priorities for sanitation need to consider:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
Serving the Unserved Urban Poor

Serving the Unserved Schools
Serving the Unserved Public Areas
Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring
Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private
developers)
Rehabilitation of existing facilities.
Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment).
Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority).
31 | P a g e
1.5.1 ACTIVITY UPDATE ON SHIMOGA CSP

Table 4: Chronological details of activities concerning Shimoga CSP
Progress made
1.
2.
3.
4.
State launch workshop

held at Bangalore on 25th
November 2010
Activity
The launch was aimed to sensitize
elected representatives and
administrative functionaries on
National Urban Sanitation Policy and
City Sanitation Plan. Honorable Minister
for Urban Development, Government of
Karnataka had participated in the
workshop and delivered key note
address.
State level technical

workshop
held at office of
Directorate of Municipal
Administration,
Government of
Karnataka on 7th
January 2011
The objective of the state level technical

workshop was focused on sharing the
understanding on the CSP and its
importance to the ULBs. It was
primarily focused on the present status
of solid waste management practices,
sewerage system, water supply, toilet
facilities in the city. It was also focused
on the methodology for the preparation
on CSP.
CSTF orientation
workshop
held at Conference Hall
of City Municipal Council,
Shimoga on March 25,
2011
The workshop was intended to

introduce the CSTF members the need
for the constitution of CSTF and their
role in the preparation of City Sanitation
Plan. This was followed by the group
activity among the CSTF members to
seek their views on the problems and
solutions in regard to the sanitation in
the city.
Preparation of Inception
Report
Submitted to DMA, GoK
in March 2011
Launch workshop,
Bangalore
Participants at technical
orientation workshop at
DMA, GoK
CSTF orientation
workshop at Shimoga
CMC
An Inception Report was prepared with

the progress made until the submission
of the same. In included the mention of
the activities since the State launch
workshop till the first workshop with
the CSTF members of the cities under
preparation of CSP. Also, illustrated the
way forward approach for the CSP.
Coverpage of the
Inception Report
5.
2nd round of CSTF

meeting held at the
The 2nd round meeting was intended to

share the progress made along with the
32 | P a g e

Conference Hall,
Shimoga CMC on March
25, 2011
clarification and understating of the

data to be validated. It covered the
methodology adopted for the primary
survey, focused group discussions,
situation analysis, etc., and the workable
suggestions from CSTF members were
taken into consideration while
following the methodology and drafting
CSP.
6.
Collection and review of

secondary data/reports
/documents
A review of reports or supporting

documents available with City
Corporation was done for
understanding of the existing status and
proposed infrastructure of the city.
7.
Preparation of GIS layers

with the available base
maps
The GIS base maps were collected from

the Karnataka Municipal Reforms Cell,
Directorate of Municipal
Administration, Government of
Karnataka. The maps were used to
locate the problematic areas like open
defecation, flood prone areas,
community toilets, etc.
8.
Primary survey
The primary survey was done to

understand the current situation of
sanitation and verify the secondary
information collected. The primary
survey has given an understanding of
areas of open defecation, flood prone
areas, water deficient areas, UGD
missing lines, etc. in preparing the CSP.
9.
Focused group
discussions
Conducting FGDs have provided to

identify problems at the source. 3 FGDs
have been conducted in slum areas,
market, residential areas and slaughter
house. The FGDs have given an
understanding to prepare the situation
assessment of the citys infrastructure
for CSP.
10. Draft City Sanitation Plan
Comprises basic city profile,

demographic details, SWM, water
supply, waste water treatment,
sewerage network in the city, situation
assessment, demand supply gap
assessment, municipal responsibilities,
financial assessment, etc. The
integration of the available information
along with the outcome of primary
survey and FGDs has been used to
prepare the draft CSP.
33 | P a g e
1.6.
VERIFICATION OF MOUD CHECKLIST
The MoUD has prepared a common checklist for the preparation of CSPs by various
organizations for cities in various parts of India. This Checklist will help cities assess the quality
of the draft version of the CSP. The indicators in the Checklist are drawn to measure whether
the key dimensions of sanitation are addressed in the contents; and ensure that the process
followed in the preparation of the CSP was consultative and has full ownership of the city
stakeholders. This is a self-assessment and needs to be done in-house by the ULB. The results
should indicate the gaps in contents and process that need to be remedied and thereby ensure
that CSP is ready for submission, and presentation as one of the model CSPs prepared for
implementation under the NUSP.
An attempt has been made by the ASCI team to prepare the CSP under the guidelines of the
MoUD checklist. The Checklist is in two parts: CONTENT and PROCESS. In the city selfassessment, please fill in YES or NO in the relevant column, and provide remarks in the column.
A. Content Self Assessment
Table 5: CSP Content self-assessment
No.
I
1)
Item
Yes/No
Remarks/Status
Baseline Data Collection & Situational Analysis in

terms of identification of short term or mid term
or long term measures
Has the city carried out a baseline data collection

(secondary and primary) and Situation Analysis of
different aspects of sanitation viz:
(Score
overall Yes
if at least
nine
indicators
below score
Yes, else
No)
i. Access to household level sanitation arrangements

in general residential and slum areas
No
ii. Community and Public Toilets location and

status
No
iii.Safe collection and conveyance of human excreta

(on-site and sewerage) infrastructure and
management (including status of de-sludging
services)
Yes
iv. Treatment and safe disposal of human excreta
Yes
v. Solid waste collection, transport and safe disposal
Yes
vi. Drainage and flooding
Yes
Secondary
information collected
to be verified.
Primary data
collection in process
Primary surveys for
status verification is in
process
Primary surveys for

process
34 | P a g e

Information on water
quality not available
Information on
institutional
arrangements not
available for
sanitation, water and
drainage.
Information on
finances and O&M not
available for any
sector.
Projections of
different categories
not done
vii. Drinking water quantity, quality and coverage
No
viii. Institutional arrangements and finances for

capital creation and O&M
management of environmental services
(water, sanitation, solid waste, drainage)
No
ix. Current population and socio-economic

categories; and projections by different categories
No
x. Arrangements and practices of commercial, public

and other institutions in respect of sanitation and
solid wastes
No
Primary surveys for

process
xi. Maps and physical features of settlements

(wards, slums, etc.) and key city infrastructure
(water, sewerage, drainage, roads, treatment plants,
water and sewage pumping stations, etc.)
No
Preparation of maps to
commence after
primary surveys have
been completed.
xii. Data on health-related indicators of sanitation

and water supply
No
xiii. Other important and locally relevant details

(specify)
Yes
2)
Has the draft CSP identified specific data gaps and

developed a plan for detailed data collection?
Yes
II
Institutional Roles and Issues
3)
Has the city identified an institutional home/s for

sanitation planning, implementation, monitoring
and regulation?
Yes
Has the draft CSP proposed specific actions to

resolve institutional gaps and overlaps for:
(Score
overall Yes
if at least
five
indicators
below score
Yes, else
No)
4)
a. Planning and financing
No
b. Creation of physical infrastructure
No
c. O&M Management
No
d. Training and Capacity Building
No
Preparation of Draft
CSP is in process
35 | P a g e

e. Monitoring of Outcomes
No
f. Communications
No
g. Regulation
No
III
City-wide Sanitation Campaign
5)
Does the draft CSP contain a plan for the launch of a

100% Sanitation
Yes
Campaign in the city?

IV
Technology Options and City-wide design
6)
Has draft CSP detailed and evaluated different

technology options (on or off-site as well for
collection, transport and safe disposal i.e. fullcycle) for sanitation?
7)
Do the proposed sanitation interventions

(rehabilitation, retrofitting or new investments)
consider the whole city? (not just a part thereof)
Urban Poor and Unreached
8)
9)
10)
VI
11)
12)
13)
14)
Has the draft CSP identified the locations or

settlements of the urban poor and other unreached
population segments with have no or limited access
to sanitation?
Does the draft CSP identify actions for assisting
unreached/poor households
with individual, community or public sanitation
facilities (in that order); and efficient disposal from
these facilities?
Has the draft CSP identified or
proposed sources of financing the CSP
(schemes, grants, loans, etc.) for
extending access to sanitation and related behavior
change communication activities?
Financing and O&M management
Does the draft CSP consider an appropriate timeframe and spatial and demographic dimensions to
remain relevant (at least for the 12th Five Year
Plan period, even if investment numbers are
indicative or work-in-process)?
Were the different sanitation options
(hardware plus software) evaluated on the basis of
financial viability? (i.e.
Cost Benefit Analysis done)
Whether O&M implications of each of the
investment options evaluated i.e. implications on
tariff increases and willingness to pay for services;
personnel number and capacities etc.?
No
CSP is in process
No
CSP is in process
Yes
Yes
No
CSP is in process
Yes
No
CSP is in process
No
CSP is in process
No
CSP is in process
Has the draft CSP considered options
36 | P a g e

for partnering with private sector,
NGOs etc. for implementation or O&M management
of sanitation facilities?
VII
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21
22)
Yes
Expedient and Other Actions

Has the draft CSP identified the steps
for implementing improved
enforcement of existing laws and provisions? (e.g.
prohibiting hazardous
discharge of untreated sewage, scrutiny
about sanitation arrangements before
issue of building permits)
Have gaps and overlaps in existing regulations
identified for resolution?
(e.g. provisions in development regulations or
building bye-laws to promote sanitation including
safe disposal)
Does the draft CSP have a plan for improving
septage management?
No
CSP is in process
No
CSP is in process
Yes
Whether the draft CSP includes an

Implementation Plan and Timeline?
No
Whether the draft CSP has a disaster preparedness

component?
Whether the draft CSP identifies Short
term/Medium Term/Long Term Measures to
achieve identified
outcomes?
Does this draft CSP leads to improvement of service
levels with respect of SLB related to MSW/Storm
Water Drainage/Solid Waste Management?
Yes
Outline of expected improvements on rating as per

NUSP?
CSP is in process
Yes
Yes
(Score
overall Yes
if at least
nine
indicators
below score
Yes, else
No)
Table 6: Guide for self-assessment of CSP CONTENT

Minimum required score
Acquired score
Please ensure that the draft CSP scores:

At least one yes in each of the 7 sections in the table
And
An overall minimum score of 12 yes in the total of 18
indicators.
A total of 21 yes out of 22

indicators scored
37 | P a g e

B. Process Self-Assessment
Table 7: CSP Process Self-Assessment
No
Item
Yes/No
Stakeholder Participation
1)
A multi-stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force has

been formed and has met at least sufficient
consultations have been held?
Yes
2)
All agencies working in the City (ULB, State

Government, NGOs, private sector involved in
planning, implementation,
management or
regulation of
environmental services (water,
sanitation, solid waste, drainage), representatives
of different community groups, and key wastegenerating segments have been consulted in the
process of preparation of the draft CSP?
Yes
3)
Number of Area
consulted?
Sabhas/Mohallas/RWAs etc.
Yes
4)
Whether sufficient consultations have been held

with urban poor groups in the city? Indicate the
number.
Yes
II
Ownership of the Draft CSP
5)
Has the draft CSP gone through an appropriate

process of "appraisal" or "agreement" at the ULB
and the City
Sanitation Task Force?
Yes
6)
Is the draft CSP aligned to other plans of the city

(CDP, Master-plan, Development Plan, etc.) and
differences if any, highlighted for resolution in the
CSP?
7)
Are there are any current or pending/ proposed

projects (under various schemes) that are in conflict
with the recommendations and decisions in the
CSP? Have these been highlighted for resolution?
No
III
Communications
Yes
8)
Has the CSP process formally recognized the

importance of communicating with stakeholders,
right from the beginning of the process, and drawn
up as a Communications Plan?
9)
Have the basic steps of the communication plan

started being implemented?
No
10
Level of awareness in the city about CSP

(Indicate Yes/No)?
IV
Links with Related Exercises
No
Remarks
CSP is in process
No conflicts
CSP is in process
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11)
If the city is participating in the Service Level

Benchmarking (SLB) exercise, have the relevant
indicators been measured and uniformity ensured
between that and the CSP?
Yes
Table 8: Guide for self-assessment of CSP PROCESS

Minimum required score
Please ensure that the draft CSP scores:
At least two yes in sections i and ii, and
At least one yes in sections iii and iv in the table.
1.7.
Acquired score
A total of 4 yes in sections i
and ii
A total of 2 yes in sections iii
and iv
CHAPTER PLAN
This section intends to present a brief overview of the CSP report, giving an idea of the content
and the purpose of the various chapters. The report has two major sections
A.
B.
The Sanitation Strategies.
The former section deals with depicting the city and its present status with regards to
sanitation. The aim is to highlight the existing conditions regarding access and coverage of
sanitary facilities, identify the gaps and striking issues, and understand the behavioral aspects of
various sections of the society. This section is covered from Chapter 1 to Chapter 5.
The latter section thereafter provides strategies and solutions to bridge the identified gaps,
mitigate the existing issues, and provide ways and means to aid the sustenance of the existing
and proposed strategies and projects. There have been presented in Chapter 6.
C.
Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the CSP process, its background, and the objectives behind it.
This is followed by the step-by-step methodology of the CSP process, as well as the status of the
CSP for the particular city. The process of collection of baseline information both primary and
secondary, has been explained at length. The CSP process at Shimoga has then been evaluated
on the basis of the CSP checklist as prepared by MoUD, GoI.
Chapter 2 presents a review of the policies & programmes that are prevalent and followed in
the state to improve the sanitation conditions in the urban areas. It gives detailed insight into
the NUSP and the sanitation ranking of cities, the MSW 2000 rules, the ILCS projects, and other
such projects which have been taken up for the improvement of access and coverage of sanitary
facilities.
Chapter 3 deals with the City Profile where the various aspects of the city are discussed in
order to get a fair idea about the city itself. Aspects such as location, regional linkages,
39 | P a g e

demography, economic, landuse and housing profiles, the urban governance, the slums and
squatter settlements are discussed in brief.
Chapter 4 forms the central focus of Section A i.e. The Situational Analysis. The aim of the
chapter is to present a clear picture of the existing systems of sanitation in the city. It contains
four sectors Sewerage and sanitation, Storm water system, Solid waste Management and the
Water supply system of the city. Within each sector, the gaps and issues in access and coverage
are identified, the problem areas are clearly demarcated, the performance of each of the sectors
is evaluated through Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) indicators, and projections are also
made for the future years.
Chapter 5 aims to evaluate the institutional capacity and the financial structure, to find out if
the ULB along with the associated organizations is able to cater to the sanitation needs of the
society, with regards to both adequate qualified personnel and adequate financial sources.
D.
The strategies are presented in Chapter 6. It provides the vision for the CSP and its goals, and
the basic guiding principles on which the strategies are based. Thereafter, strategies have been
provided to improve coverage and access to sanitation facilities, to implement effectively the
various proposals, and options and mechanisms for effectively financing the strategies and
proposals along with proper phasing
40 | P a g e
Chapter 2
State Urban Sanitation Policies & Programmes A Review
2.1.
NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (NUSP)
2.1.1 NUSP THE BACKGROUND

All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure and
sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special
focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.
Keeping this vision in view, the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) has been formulated by
the Government of India in 2008 with a vision to provide appropriate sanitation facilities in all
cities and towns, through policy, institutional, technical and financial interventions. Some of the
areas to address under NUSP include open defecation free towns, providing access to toilets for
poor people, waste water and solid waste treatment and disposal and achieving public health
outcomes and environmental standards.
2.1.2 COMPONENTS OF NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY

Govt. of India shall support the following components:
Awareness Generation
Institutional Roles
Reaching the Un-Served and Poor Households
Knowledge Development
Capacity Building
Financing
National Monitoring & Evaluation
Coordination at the National Level
2.1.3 NATIONAL AWARD SCHEME FOR SANITATION FOR INDIAN CITIES

Goal
In order to rapidly promote sanitation in urban areas of the country (as provided for in the
National Urban Sanitation Policy and Goals 2008), and to recognize excellent performance in
this area, the Government of India intends to institute an annual award scheme for cities. The
award is based on the premise that improved public health and environmental standards are
the two outcomes that cities must seek to ensure for urban citizens. In doing so, governments in
states and urban areas will need to plan and implement holistic city-wide sanitation plans,
thereby put in place processes that help reach outputs pertaining to safe collection, disposal and
disposal (including conveyance, treatment, and/ or re-use without adverse impacts on the
environment in and around the cities). It may be noted that the awards will not recognize mere
inputs, hardware or expenditure incurred in urban sanitation but assess how these lead to
achievements of intermediate milestones toward the final result of 100 % safe disposal of
wastes from the city on a sustainable basis. Cities will need to raise the awareness of city
stakeholders (households, establishments, industries, municipal functionaries, media, etc.) since
41 | P a g e

improved sanitation can ensure improved public health and environmental outcomes only if
considerable changes in behaviour and practice take place across the spectrum of society.
Concept of Totally Sanitized Cities

A totally Sanitized City will be one that has achieved the outputs or milestones specified in the
National Urban Sanitation policy, the salient features of which are as follows:
Cities must be open defecation free
Must eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and provide adequate personnel
protection equipment that addresses the safety of sanitation workers.
Municipal wastewater and storm water drainage must be safely managed
Recycle and reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable applications should be
implemented wherever possible.
Solid Waste collected and disposed off fully and safely
Services to the Poor and Systems for Sustaining Results
Improved Public Health Outcomes and Environmental Standards
Rating and Categorization of Cities

The rating of cities in regard to their performance in sanitation improvements will be based on
set of objective indicators of outputs, processes and outcomes.
Three Categories of Indicators

The rating exercise will involve three categories of indicators:
1. Output Indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in
different dimensions of sanitation ranging from behvioural aspects and provision, to safe
collection, treatment and disposal without harm to the citys environment. There are nine
mainoutput-indicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points.
2. Process Related: indicators pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced
by the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are seven main process-indicators
accounting for 30 points of the total of 100 points.
3. Outcome Related: indicators include the quality of drinking water and that of water in
water-bodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne
diseases in the city over a time period. There are three main outcome-indicators accounting for
20 points of a total of 100 points1.
Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes are regularly collected by city
authorities but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data available. This rating
exercise will help in highlighting the need for regular data-collection and monitoring of
indicators.
On the basis of the said rating scheme, cities will be placed in different categories as presented
in Table 6. National rating survey data will utilize these categories for publication of results.
42 | P a g e

Table 9: City Colour Codes: Categories
No.
Category
Description
Red
Less than 33 Marks
Cities on the brink of public health and

environmental emergency; needing immediate
remedial action
Black
34 66 Marks
Needing considerable
Improvements
Blue
67 to 90 Marks
Recovering but still diseased
Green
91 to 100 Marks
Healthy and Clean city
On the basis of plans prepared and implemented, cities will be able to measure the results of
their actions, and be able to clearly chart out their improvements over time compared to their
baseline situation.
On achievement of remarkable results, i.e. coming into the Green category (Healthy and Clean
City), cities will typically become eligible for the national award. Other cities showing
remarkable incremental performance or selective achievements may also be given special or
honorary awards. Cities in different size-classes may also be considered for category-wise
awards.
Based on results of the Rating survey and selection of awardees, cities will be invited to
participate in a National Urban Sanitation Award ceremony.
A rating has been done by MoUD, GoI, for 436 Class I cities in India. None of the cities fall in the
green category. The distribution of the 436 cities in the said categories has been presented in
the table as follows.
Table 10: Cities and City Colour Codes
No.
Category
No. of cities
Red
Less than 33 Marks
204 cities
Black
34 66 Marks
228 cities
Blue
67 to 90 Marks
4 cities
Green
91 to 100 Marks
0 cities
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2.2.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE RULES, 2000
The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999 were published under the
notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In exercise
of the powers conferred by section 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of
1986), the Central Government hereby made the rules to regulate the management and
handling of the municipal solid wastes, 2000.
Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) are applicable to
every municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solids. The Rules contains four Schedules namely;
Table 11: Schedule details of MSW rules, 2000
Schedule-I
Schedule-II
Relates to implementation Schedule

Specifications relating to collection, segregation, storage, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW).
Schedule-III
Specifications for land filling indicating; site selection, facilities at the site,
specifications for and filling, Pollution prevention, water quality monitoring,
ambient air quality monitoring, Plantation at landfill site, closure of landfill site
and post care.
Schedule-IV
Indicate waste processing options including; standards for composting, treated l

lactates and incinerations.
The MSW Rules (2000) very categorically state the roles and responsibilities of ULBs, the State
Govt., the Union Territory Administrations and the Pollution Control Boards. The roles of the
ULBs as stated are as follows:
1. Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be
responsible for the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any
infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.
2. The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in Form-I,
for grant of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including
landfills from the State Board or the Committee in order to comply with the
implementation programme laid down in Schedule I.
3. The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation
schedule laid down in Schedule I.
4. The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report
a. to the Secretary-in-charge of the Department of Urban Development of the
concerned State or as the case may be of the Union territory, in case of a
metropolitan city; or
b. to the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case of all other
towns and cities, with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the
30th day of June every year.
44 | P a g e
2.3.
KARNATAKA URBAN DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION
POLICY, 2002
Good quality reliable drinking water supply and sanitation are essential basic needs of every
citizen. Increasing urbanization has resulted in greater pressure on the existing urban water
supply and sanitation systems leading to increasing demand on the one hand to augment the
source and improve distribution and on the other to increase the coverage of underground
drainage (UGD). At the same time, as stated in the State Water Policy brought out by the
Department of the Water Resources, there is an urgent need to conserve the limited water
resources of the State to ensure sufficient availability of water for various needs as well as for
the future. The Government of Karnataka in partnership with urban local bodies in the State, the
Karnataka Urban Water Supply & Drainage Board (KUWS&DB) and the Bangalore Water Supply
and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) will continue and strengthen its efforts to provide all residents of
urban areas of the State, piped water supply and sanitation services at or near their dwellings.
The efforts of the Government of Karnataka and its partner agencies will be to:
1. Ensure universal coverage of water and sanitation services that people want and are
willing to pay for and
2. To do so in a manner that preserves the sustainability of the precious water resources of
the State, project and enhances the commercial and economical sustainability of the
operations at the same time
3. Ensure a minimum level of service to all citizens.
The Government of Karnataka will continue to be responsible for:
Ensuring provision of the bulk of the resources required for capacity creation
Regulation, monitoring and evaluation of the efficiency of operations, including
prescribing reporting requirements, procurement procedures, etc.,
Setting minimal service standard
Encouraging the use of public private partnerships as well as private sector
participation to achieve the sector goals
Promotion of the economic and commercial viability of water supply systems and the
exploitation of economies of scale and scope by appropriate aggregation options
Institution of necessary incentives for urban local bodies and other service providers to
implement sector reforms
Ensuring co-ordination and collaboration among the various agencies both at the policy
and operational level through the establishment of appropriate committees and
agencies.
45 | P a g e
2.4.
KARNATAKA URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
AND FINANCE CORPORATION (KUIDFC)
State Government has appointed Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development & Finance
Corporation (KUIDFC) as the State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) under JnNURM to assist Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs), place proposals to SLSC for approval, manages grants, release funds to
ULBs, maintain revolving fund and monitor the physical & financial progress and reforms
implementation as committed in the Memorandum of Agreement.
Funds under the scheme would be released by the Central Government to the Nodal Agency
which in turn would release to the Implementing Agency in the form of loan, soft loan-cumgrant or grant.
As per the guidelines, at least 25% (for UIG) & 10% ( for BSUP) of the funds released are to be
recovered and ploughed into a Revolving Fund by the nodal agency for financing of further
infrastructure projects and the fund may be upgraded to a state level infrastructure fund.
66 Projects with an investment of Rs. 4602.40 crore have been approved so far. Of this, Central
Government share is Rs. 2002.83 crore and State Government share is Rs. 709.53 crore, against
which the GoI has already released Rs. 1035.50 crore and GoK has contributed its share of Rs.
475.25 crore. Against the total releases of Rs. 1508.75 crore, an amount of Rs. 2503.59 crore has
already been spent (including ULB/IA share). 21 projects have been completed. 50.50% of
approved investment is for Water, Sewerage & Drainage Sector, 0.70% for Solid Waste
Management, 29.70% for Roads and Road related Infrastructure, 0.80% for Heritage & Tourism
and 18.30 % for provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor. For the urban poor, 28,118 dwelling
units will be built in 110 slums which would benefit about 1, 40, 590 people. Till date,
construction of 9548 dwelling units has been completed. 19 DPRs for an estimated investment
of Rs. 1670.07 crore are pending approval of the GoI requiring an ACA of Rs. 962.05 crore.
Further 22 DPRs are under various stages of preparation with an estimated cost of Rs. 4265.57
crore.
PROJECTS
Externally aided projects
Completed
ADB assisted Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Project (KUIDP)
Ongoing
ADB assisted Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management
Project (KUDCEMP)
World Bank assisted Karnataka Urban Water Supply Improvement Project (KUWASIP)
ADB assisted North Karnataka Urban Sector Investment Programme (NKUSIP)
World Bank assisted Karnataka Municipal Reforms Project (KMRP)
Other Projects
Centrally sponsored Mega City Scheme
Greater Bangalore Water and Sanitation Project (GBWASP)
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2.4.1. KARNATAKA URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT PROJECT (KUDCEMP)
The Project will support the Government's priority investment in the urban sector, based on an
urban sector development strategy that focuses on improving the welfare of the urban poor and
the devolution of municipal management responsibility from states to urban local bodies. This
integrated urban development project will help meet basic human needs by developing urban
services for water supply and sanitation, solid waste and wastewater management, and slum
and environmental improvements. The Project will also support street improvements and
traffic management, and strengthen other municipal services required to improve the quality of
life in urban areas. The Project will provide assistance in capacity building and community
participation at the state and local levels and in Project implementation.
COMPONENTS OF KUDCEMP
Part A: Capacity Building, Community Participation and Poverty Alleviation
Training and technical assistance to urban local body staff
Community awareness and participation programme
Slum improvement and sites and services for low income groups
Part B: Water Supply Rehabilitation and Expansion
Rehabilitation of existing water supply systems
Providing new water supply schemes to increase the capacity and supply levels
Leak detection and rectification
Promotion of cost recovery
Part C: Urban Environmental Improvement
Waste water management
Underground drainage
Sanitation
Storm water drainage
Solid waste management
Land fill
Vehicles
Awareness
Community involvement
Traffic Management
Roads
Junction improvement
Rehabilitation of existing markets and other municipal facilities
Part D: Street and Bridge Improvement of existing roads
Construction of new roads
Associated road side drainage works
Part E: Coastal Environmental Management
Preparation of coastal resource management and conservation plans
47 | P a g e
Industrial pollution control and environmental monitoring programme

Urban water front rehabilitation plan for Shimoga
Coastal erosion prevention through mangrove afforestation
Part F: Implementation Assistance

Support for systematic implementation of the project by appointing consultants for
design, construction, supervision and project management and procuring necessary
equipment and vehicles
KUDCEMP TOWNS
Ankola
Bhatkal
Dandeli
Karwar
Kundapura
Mangalore
Puttur
Sirsi
Udupi
Ullal
2.5.
INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION (ILCS)
The programme envisages construction of new sanitary latrines in households not having
latrines by adopting the low-cost leach pit system, with an objective to eliminate dry latrines
and manual scavenging. The scheme is being implemented with 63% Hudco loan, 32%
Government of India subsidy and 5% of contribution of beneficiary. Initially during the year
1992 the Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme was taken up in 34 municipalities,
subsequently extended the programme covering all the Urban Local Bodies in a phased
programme. The scheme was implemented in all 113 Urban Local Bodies with HUDCO financial
assistance.
2.6.
ASHA KIRAN MAHITI (AKM)
Asha Kiran Mahiti is a web-based application of the Karnataka Municipal Reforms Cell,
Directorate of Municipal Administration, Government of Karnataka. It has taken a major step in
the direction of mapping 3,400 notified and non-notified slums all over Karnataka and has the
socio-economic database of six lakh slum households across Karnataka. Based on this, it needs
to generate the social indicators, evolve plans and set targets for improvement in each of them
and measure the audit outcomes periodically.
2.7.
JNNURM
The aim of JnNURM is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified
cities. Focuses on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms,
community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens.
48 | P a g e

Objectives of JnNURM:
a. Focused attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered
under the Mission;
b. Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew
of reforms for long-term project sustainability;
c. Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;
d. Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and
urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanization;
e. Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal
access to the urban poor;
f. Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion;
and
g. Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other
existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.
2.8.
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT SCHEME FOR
SMALL & MEDIUM TOWNS (UIDSSMT)
UIDSSMT aims at improvement in urban infrastructure in towns and cities in a planned manner.
It shall subsume the existing schemes of Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns
(IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP).
Objectives of UIDSSMT scheme are:
1. Improve infrastructural facilities and help create durable public assets and quality
oriented services in cities & towns
2. Enhance public-private-partnership in infrastructural development and
3. Promote planned integrated development of towns and cities.
2.9.
RAJIV AWAS YOJANA
Scheme Objectives
The Government has initiated a new scheme called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum
dwellers and the urban poor. This scheme aims at providing Central support to States that are
willing to assign property rights to slum dwellers. The Governments effort would be to create a
Slum-free India through the implementation of RAY.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) has prepared Guidelines for
Slum Free City Planning to assist the preparatory activities under RAY and this has been
circulated to all States/UTs. RAY calls for a multi-pronged approach focusing on the following
aspects:
Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail the same
level of basic amenities as the rest of the town/city.
Redressing the failures of the formal system that lead to the creation of slums; and
49 | P a g e

Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the
urban poor and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their
sources of livelihood and employment.
Under the Slum Free City Planning guidelines, there is a requirement for the Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) to build an inventory of existing spatial data available with various agencies. Often ULBs,
other than metropolitan cities, do not have centralized spatial data. Under RAY, it is planned to
have Technical Cell, which will have responsibilities to coordinate and collect data from state
governments, NRSC/ISRO, Survey of India, National Informatics Centre (NIC) etc. If the city base
map is not available, a base map of the city would be generated using standard guidelines set
forth under the project.
As given in the Slum Free City Planning (SFCP) guidelines, the preparation of Slum-free City Plan
will broadly involve survey of all slums notified and non-notified; mapping of slums using the
state-of-art technology; integration of geo-spatial and socio-economic data; and identification of
development model proposed for each slum. To achieve these things, a systematic approach is
essential which will be useful for various other developmental planning initiatives for the urban
poor. The present technical manual details the steps to be followed for slum mapping using
satellite data, GPS, Total Station Survey in preparing GIS database, MIS development of nonspatial data collected and integration of GIS with MIS to enable generating Plan of Action (PoA)
for slum free cities.
Rajiv Awas Yojana envisages that each State would prepare a State Slum-free Plan of Action
(POA). The preparation of legislation for assignment of property rights to slum dwellers would
be the first step for State POA. The POA would need to be in two parts,
Part-1 regarding the upgradation of existing slums and Part-2 regarding the action to prevent
new slums. In Part-1 the State would need to survey and map all exiting slums in selected cities
proposed by the State for coverage under RAY. In Part-2 the Plan would need to assess the rate
of growth of the city with a 20 year perspective, and based on the numbers specify the actions
proposed to be taken to obtain commensurate lands or virtual lands and promote the
construction of affordable EWS houses so as to stay abreast of the demand. This part would
need also to make necessary legislative and administrative changes to enable urban land
expansion, and in town planning regulations to legislate reservations for EWS/LIG housing in all
new developments.
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a Slum-free India
through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive
manner. It calls for a multi-pronged approach focusing on:
Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail of the
same level of basic amenities as the rest of the town;
Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums; and
Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the
urban poor and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their
sources of livelihood and employment.
50 | P a g e

Slum-free City Cell in Urban Local Body headed by the Municipal Commissioner/Executive
Officer will be primarily responsible for the preparation of Slum-free City Plans based on
guidelines provided by the concerned State Government and support extended by the Nodal
Agency for Rajiv Awas Yojana at the State level.
2.10.
URBAN STATISTICS FOR HR AND ASSESSMENTS (USHA)
Scheme Objectives
The Central Sector Scheme of Urban Statistics for HR and Assessments (USHA) aims at the
development and maintenance of national a database, MIS and knowledge repository relating to
urban poverty, slums, housing, construction and other urbanization-related statistics. Its key
objective is to support the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation and other Ministries
with an information base and knowledge inputs for the purpose of planning, policy-making,
project design, formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, particularly in the
context of programmes relating to urban poverty, slums and housing. It seeks to specially
support the effective implementation of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) and Integrated Housing & Slum Development
Programme (IHSDP). The four pillars of USHA are: database including MIS & sample surveys;
action research; impact assessment; and capacity building/training.
USHA will coordinate applied research and capacity building activities pertaining to urban
poverty, slums, housing, construction and other urbanization-related statistics in collaboration
with reputed research and training institutions at national, regional and state levels and experts.
Scheme Components
The following components are envisaged under the Urban Statistics for HR and Assessments
(USHA) Scheme for which funding support will be provided:
Data Centre and MIS on Urban Poverty, Slums, Housing, Building Construction and
related Urbanisation Statistics.
Knowledge Centre/National Resource Centre for Urban Poverty and Slums
Sample Surveys in areas of Urban Poverty, Slums, Housing & Building Construction
Socio-Economic Research Studies in areas of Urban Poverty, Slums, Housing &
Building Construction
Capacity Building & Training in areas of Urban Poverty, Slums, Housing & Building
Construction Statistics
Publicity & Awareness
51 | P a g e
2.11.
INTEREST SUBSIDY SCHEME FOR HOUSING THE URBAN
POOR (ISHUP)
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MH&UPA), Government of India has
designed an Interest Subsidy Scheme as an additional instrument for addressing the housing
needs of the EWS/LIG segments in urban areas. The Scheme envisages the provision of interest
subsidy to EWS and LIG segments to enable them to buy or construct houses.
BROAD FEATURES OF THE SCHEME
2.1 Purpose - The Scheme will provide home loan with Central Government subsidy to
EWS/LIG persons for acquisition of house as also for construction of house to such beneficiary,
who does not own a house in his/her name or in the name of his/her spouse or any dependent
child. Such beneficiaries who own land in any urban area but do not have any pucca house in
their name or in the name of their spouse or any dependent child will also be covered under the
Scheme.
2.2 Eligibility - The economic parameter of EWS is defined as households having an average
monthly income upto Rs.3,300 and the economic parameter of LIG is defined as households
having an average monthly income between Rs.3,301 upto Rs.7,300. This will be subject to
revision by the Steering Committee of the Scheme from time to time.
2.3 Loan amount admissible - The scheme will provide a subsidized loan for 15 20 years for
a maximum amount of Rs.1,00,000 for an EWS individual A maximum loan amount of
Rs.1,60,000 for a LIG individual for a house at least of 40 sq.mts will be admissible. However,
subsidy will be given for loan amount upto Rs. 1 lakh only. Additional loans, if needed would be
at unsubsidized rates.
In identifying beneficiaries, the ULB or the local agency identified by the State should as far as
possible identify clusters in which land has been allotted and housing can be supported through
this scheme within such clusters. The Preference under the Scheme (subject to beneficiaries
being from EWS/LIG segments) should be given to the following in accordance with their
proportion in the total population of City / urban agglomerate during the 2001 Census.
i. Scheduled Caste;
ii. Scheduled Tribe;
iii. Minorities;
iv. Persons with disabilities; and
v. Women beneficiaries.
52 | P a g e
2.12.
13TH CENTRAL FINANCE COMMISSION (CFC)
Importantly, the report of 13th CFC released in February 2010 recommended general
performance grants and special area performance grants to be linked to performance of ULBs.
Moreover, allocations to ULBs would now be linked to divisible pool replacing the previous adhoc allocation. It has recommended grants of Rs. 23,111 crores to ULBs during 2010-15, a fourfold growth over the 12th CFC allocation. The 13th CFC recommends state governments and ULBs
to focus on improved property tax revenues, urban service standards, strengthened local body
framework, improved municipal accounting, introduce system of independent ombudsmen, and
put in place a system of electronic transfer of grants to ULBs among other things.
2.13.
NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
One of the eight Missions as part of the Prime Minister action plan for climate change, is on the
National Mission on Sustainable Habitat was assigned to this Ministry. MOUD formulated the
Mission document through several round of consultations and discussions. The document was
finally approved by the Prime Ministers Council on Climate Change in June 2010. The objective
of the Mission is to promote sustainability of habitats through improvements in energy
efficiency in buildings, urban planning, improved management of solid and liquid waste
including recycling and power generation, modal shift towards public transport and
conservation. It also seeks to improve ability of habitats to adapt to climate change by
improving resilience of infrastructure, community based disaster management and measures
for improving advance warning systems for extreme weather events.
Under this cities are eligible for implementing demonstration projects in SWM, storm water
management, Waste water treatment. MoUD is also identifying capacity needs and earmarked
lot of funds for this purpose.
53 | P a g e
Chapter 3
Profile of Shimoga City Municipal Corporation
3.1.
INTRODUCTION
Shimoga district is located in the southern part of Karnataka state. The district is famous for its
art, culture and natural resources. The countrys famous Jog falls is quite known. The city has
mainly developed as a trading center for the agricultural products, which are predominantly
grown in the district. The location of the industrial estate in Machenalli triggered the industrial
growth. The city is also an administrative center. It is also the center for trade and commerce,
education and industries.
3.2.
LOCATION AND REGIONAL LINKAGES
Located in the central part of Karnataka state, Shimoga district is landlocked, i.e. neither does it
have a coastline, nor does it border any other state of India. It is bounded by Haveri District to
the northeast, Davanagere District to the east, Chikmagalur District to the southeast, Udupi
District to the southwest, and Uttara Kannada to the northwest. Shimoga lies between the
latitudes 13O55'N and 75O34' E at a mean altitude of 569 meters above sea level.
Shimoga is around 274 km on road from Bangalore. From the state capital Bangalore,
Shivamogga can be reached on road by car or bus by taking the National Highway, NH-206. All
major and minor towns of Karnataka have bus access to Shimoga. It is also a hub which connects
Northern Karnataka to Dharmasthala.
Shimoga Town has a railway station and there are frequent trains from Bangalore and Mysore.
However, direct trains to Shimoga from other parts of India are non-existent or
infrequent. Birur Junction which is well connected to most parts of India by rail (especially
from Mumbai), is approximately at a distance of 70 km from Shimoga and can be used as an
alternative to reach Shimoga. Currently under construction are railway lines connecting
Shivamogga to Honnavar and Goa in the Konkan region.
54 | P a g e
Map 1: Location of Shimoga City
3.3.
Map 2: Regional Linkages, Shimoga City
CLIMATE
The climate of Shimoga is tropical wet and dry with summer average temperature 20 -35
Degree Centigrade. This means that the winter and the early part of summer are typically dry
periods. Majority of the rainfall occurs between June and early October.
Figure 3: Annual temperatures and rainfall, Shimoga

[Source:
http://weather.in.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3a30675&q=Shimoga
%2c+Karn%C4%81taka&setunit=C]
55 | P a g e
3.4.
GEOLOGY
The major soil forms found in the Shimoga district are Red gravelly clay soil, Red clay
soil, Lateritic gravelly clay soil, Lateritic clay soil, Medium deep black soil, Non-saline and saline
Alluvo-Colluvial soil and Brown forest soil Major minerals found in this district
are Limestone, White Quartz, Kaolin, Kyanite and Manganese.
3.5.
BRIEF HISTORY
The name of the city is derived from the term Shiva-Mukha, meaning Face of Shiva. An
alternative etymology is that the name is derived from the term Sihi-Moge, meaning Sweet Pot.
The district formed the southern tip of Emperor Ashoka's Mauryan Empire in third century BC.
It was ruled during later centuries by the Kadambas (4th century), Chalukyas (6th century),
Gangas, Rashtrakutas (8th century), Hoysalas (11th century), and the Vijayanagara rulers
(fifteenth century). The city got an independent identity under the Keladi Nayaka rule during
16th century, reaching its pinnacle under the rule of Shivappa Nayaka. From the late 17th
century onwards, the city was a part of the Kingdom of Mysore until the independence of India
in 1947, when Mysore merged into the Republic of India.
On 1 November 2006, the government of Karnataka announced the renaming of Shimoga to
Shivamogga, along with nine other cities in the state, but the renaming is yet to get approval
from the Central Government.
3.6.
ECONOMY
Agriculture and animal husbandry are the major contributors to the economy of Shimoga. Rice,
Arecanut, Cotton, Maize and Ragi are the major crops cultivated in this district. Karnataka is the
largest producer of areca nut in India, majority of which is cultivated in the Shimoga district.
The farmers from Shimoga are said to be very innovative and have managed to cultivate crops
like Vanilla and Jatropha previously unheard of in India; yielding high monetary benefits.
3.7.
DEMOGRAPHY
3.7.1. POPULATION GROWTH AND TRENDS

Shimoga is the district headquarters with a population of 322428 (census 2011), the number of
households being 76013.
The city showed an increase in population growth between 1991 and 2001 because of the
amalgamation of the surrounding areas into the city area and the consequent increase of the
area of the city from 16.26 sq.km to 50 sq.km, which is the present area of the city. The
population growth between 2001 and 2011 is 18%.
56 | P a g e
Table 12: Population growth and trends, Shimoga CMC
Sl.
No
Year
Total
Population
Decadal
population
growth rate
Total
Households
Area of city
(nos.)
(%)
(nos)
(sq.km)
1961
63764
12024
2.3
1971
102709
61
19067
5.96
1981
151783
48
25748
16.26
1991
193028
27
34667
16.26
2001
274105
42
59005
50.00
2011
322428
18
76013
50.00

70
60
Decadal population growth rate in %
61
50
48
42
40
30
27
20
18
10
0
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Figure 4: Decadal population growth from 1971 to 2011 (%)
3.7.2. POPULATION DENSITY

The total area of the town is 50 sq km, with a gross density of 6449 persons per sq km which is
higher than the district population density.
3.7.3. POPULATION PROJECTIONS

Population projections have been made by using different methods based on the growth rate of
past three decades. The corresponding results are indicated in Table 13.
57 | P a g e

Table 13: Future population projections using various methods
Population in
2010
2011
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
[Source: ASCI]
By
Geometric
Increase
method
408,746
427302
510,343
637,194
795,574
993,321
1,240,219
1,548,487
1,933,377
By
Incremental
Increase
method
333,439
340,734
371,318
412,708
457,609
506,021
557,944
613,378
672,323
By
Arithmetical
Increase
method
321,432
326,690
347,724
374,017
400,310
426,602
452,895
479,187
505,480
Average of
Three
Methods
354,539
364909
409,795
474,640
551,164
641,981
750,353
880,351
1,037,060
We see that the population projections done using Arithmetic Increase method is quite in line
with the past growth trends. Hence for all purposes, the population projection by Arithmetic
Increase Method will be considered. This is presented in the table as follows. Shimoga city
population is likely to be 505480 by the year 2045.
Table 14: Future population projections
Population in
By Arithmetical Increase
method
2010
2011
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
321,432
326,690
347,724
374,017
400,310
426,602
452,895
479,187
505,480
3.7.4. SEX RATIO

Males constitute 51.11 per cent of the total population and females constitute 48.89 per cent.
The sex ratio is 956 (Census of India 2001), lower than the district sex ratio 977 in 2001.
3.7.5. LITERACY
Shimoga has an average literacy rate of 83.79 per cent, higher than the district average of 78.27
per cent.
58 | P a g e
3.7.6. WARDWISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH POTENTIAL

The inner areas are grown and have high densities hence the scope for future growth is limited.
To plan the infrastructure etc. different wards are categorized from low to very high growth
potential zone as indicated in table below.
Table 15: Wardwise population distribution and growth potential
Ward No
Population in
2011
Area
sq km
Density
Growth potential
17278
9.04
1911
9896
3.088
3205
Very High
Very High
9144
4.257
2148
Very High
7898
6.637
1190
Very High
13334
8.276
1611
Very High
11182
0.704
15884
Medium
8250
0.445
18539
Medium
7733
0.388
19930
Medium
7436
0.57
13046
Medium
10
9086
0.587
15479
Medium
11
7332
0.251
29211
Low
12
7322
0.291
25162
Low
13
8113
0.421
19271
Medium
14
7944
1.667
4765
Very High
15
7331
3.646
2011
Very High
16
14679
3.326
4413
Very High
17
10629
1.202
8843
High
18
10149
0.275
36905
Very low
19
7428
0.386
19244
Medium
20
7694
0.801
9605
High
21
7513
0.238
31567
Very low
22
6225
0.202
30817
Very low
23
12157
0.793
15330
Medium
24
10741
0.87
12346
Medium
25
9682
0.558
17351
Medium
26
8075
0.72
11215
Medium
27
7281
0.615
11839
Medium
28
14441
0.639
22599
Low
29
6689
0.251
26649
Low
30
6407
0.174
36822
Very low
31
10638
3.933
2705
Very High
32
7795
0.368
21182
Low
59 | P a g e

33
7078
0.149
47503
Very low
34
10420
2.452
4250
Very High
7428
35
[Source: Shimoga CMC, ASCI]
3.957
1877
Very High
Table 16: Distribution of wards according to growth potential
Density Range
(persons/sq.km)
1-5000
Growth potential
Wards
Very high
1,2,3,4,5,14,15,16,31,34,35
5000-10000
High
17,20,
10000-15000
Medium
9,24,26,27
15000-20000
Medium
6,7,8,10,13,19,23,25
20000-25000
Low
28,32,
25000-30000
Low
11,12,29
30000-35000
Very low
21,22
Very Low
35000-40000
18,30,33
Map 3: Ward-wise population density and growth potential

[Source: ASCI]
60 | P a g e
3.8.
SLUMS AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
Slums Existing Scenario

In Shimoga there are 55 slums. Asha Kiran Mahiti (a web-based project on slums of Karnataka
prepared by Municipal Reforms Cell, Karnataka) has identified 55 slum areas 41 notified and
14 non-notified. The total population living in the slums is 68355 and. The total number of slum
households is 15646. The total area of all slums is 0.693s.q k.m
Slum areas, Shimoga CMC

[Source: ASCI primary surveys, 2011]
Map 4: Location of slum areas, Shimoga CMC

[Source: ASCI]
61 | P a g e

Table 17: Details of slum areas, Shimoga CMC
Sl. No
Ward. No
Slum Type
1
2
3
1
2
3
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
19
17
22
16
25
31
34
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
Non-Notified
13
34
Non-Notified
14
15
16
17
18
1
2
2
2
3
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
19
Notified
20
Notified
21
Notified
22
23
24
25
26
6
5
7
7
8
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Slum Name
Land Ownership
Bomman Katte
Shanti Nagar -I
Shanti Nagar -II
Indira Extension(Sule
baylu)
Basavanagudi - Bovi
Colony
Nirmala Hospital
Kanch Kamakshi Nagara
Kumbara Gundi
Gopala
Ashok Nagar
Halemandli
Madaripalya
Ganeshbhavan Oposite
Vidyanagar
Venkatapur Bovi Colony
Chikkamati 1st Stage
Seva Lal Nagar
Chikkamaddi 2nd Stage
Chwdeshwari Colony
Mallikarjuna Nagar
(Shanthinagra)
Gundappa Shed
Indira Nagar Extention
Gudekalu
Kallahalli
Kashipura Tamil Colony
Nagendra Colony
Huccharaya Colony
Ameer Ahmed Colony
Local Body
Local Body
Local Body
0.0107
0.0108
0.0067
Slum
Popn
1335
4710
1941
Local Body
0.0314
Local Body
Slum Area
Slum HHs
BPL Popn
BPL HHs
294
1111
432
1110
4391
1811
241
1035
398
881
228
847
218
0.0113
972
240
822
204
Local Body
Local Body
Local Body
Local Body
Local Body
Local Body
Local Body
0.0142
0.0113
0.0148
0.0006
0.0647
0.0043
0.0246
504
886
1325
692
1717
2027
2056
118
215
299
157
439
425
480
500
525
1167
641
1076
1119
1528
117
128
269
144
281
252
349
Local Body
0.0067
461
113
391
96
Other
State Government
State Government
State Government
State Government
0.0035
0.0225
0.0045
0.0169
0.0033
310
692
206
519
375
83
184
50
133
94
256
495
159
413
333
69
131
42
103
85
Local Body
0.0113
1008
228
874
200
Private
0.0077
594
158
360
97
Local Body
0.0045
1038
259
935
235
Central Government
Central Government
Other
Other
Private
0.0051
0.0033
0.0046
0.0062
0.0222
194
343
417
702
1116
49
82
105
162
251
155
331
366
692
813
39
79
92
160
187
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27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
8
8
8
10
11
15
16
16
16
17
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
37
26
Notified
38
19
Notified
39
20
Notified
40
41
42
43
44
30
23
23
1
23
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
Notified
45
24
Notified
46
16
Notified
47
27
Notified
48
27
Notified
49
31
Notified
50
31
Notified
51
13
Notified
52
34
Notified
53
34
Notified
Total
[Source: Asha Kiran Mahiti, 2010]
Tamilian Colony
Hanumantha Nagar
Vinayaka Nagar
Tank Mohalla V.K. Colony
Angalayana Keri
MRS Opposite
J.P. Nagar
Vishveshwaraya Nagar
Gutyappa Colony
Handi Jogara Hatti
Right Side Of Sharavathi
Nagar
Venkatesh Nagar Channel
Savarline Road Meggan
Hospital
Bayala Kumbara Keri
Left Side Of Tippunagar
Ambedkar Nagar
Ambedkar Nagar Colony
Lower Tunga Nagar
Tippu Nagar Keri
Frontyard right side
Gopala Survey No 10
Millaghatta stage1
Millaghatta stage2
New Mandli
Upper Tunga Nagar
Vidya Nagar
Rajiv Gandhi Extension
New Bhovi Colony
Private
State Government
Private
Local Body
Other
Private
Private
State Government
Private
Private
0.0081
0.0066
0
0.0006
0.0647
0.0043
0.0246
0.0067
0.0091
0.003
633
549
843
2840
3136
319
2925
633
1102
95
153
145
216
598
693
81
651
148
289
23
445
506
503
1596
1824
213
2605
614
609
30
106
134
129
325
401
56
582
145
162
7
State Government
0.0132
1933
460
1102
267
Private
0.0029
418
107
389
98
Local Body
0.003
1626
386
488
120
Local Body
Local Body
State Government
State Government
Private
0.0047
0.0288
0.0288
0.0088
0.0206
964
6736
951
671
8
223
1340
212
157
2
923
5203
924
519
3
211
1064
206
124
1
State Government
0.0194
4895
1080
4246
944
State Government
Local Body
Local Body
Private
Private
Local Body
Local Body
Local Body
0.0109
0.0107
0.0108
0.0067
0.0314
0.0142
0.0113
0.0148
0.696
364
4370
18
818
1721
294
1336
1136
68355
82
955
3
217
390
70
316
260
15646
358
3421
18
699
1501
257
1319
1036
53461
81
747
3
185
337
63
314
236
12299
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3.9.
EXISTING LANDUSE
The landuse of Shimoga CMC area shows almost about 50% of land area under residential
landuse. Traffic and transporation covers about 22%.
Table 18: Existing land use analysis of Shimoga 2001
Sl. No.
Land use
% of Land use
1.
Residential
49.04
2.
Commercial
5.38
3.
Industrial
4.16
4.
Public & Semi Public
7.38
5.
Transportation & Communication
21.93
6.
Parks, Playgrounds and open spaces
10.54
7.
Utilities and services
1.93
Total
100.0
[Source: Master Plan- 2021, Shimoga Local Planning Area]
3.10.
MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE
The City Municipal Council (CMC) Shimoga was constituted in 1918.The CMC has 35 wards and
equal number of councilors and 5 Numbers of Nominee Councilors Shimoga CMC stretches to an
area of 50.00 SqKms. The key institutions in Shimoga comprise of Shimoga City Municipal
Council, Shimoga Urban Development Authority, Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage
Board, Karnataka Slum Clearance Board and Karnataka.
Shimoga CMC is responsible for creation of new sections (layouts), zoning and expansion of the
city. There are several others that play a very important role in the citys functioning and
governance. These include:
Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB)
Karnataka Public Works Department (PWD)
Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)
Legal Framework and functional domain

For its governance, the Shimoa CMC is divided into 35 wards; each represented by a Corporator.
The Corporators elect the Mayor, who is the administrator of the city and serves office for a
term of one year. The administration of the corporation is vested in the commissioner, who is
designated by the state government.
The term of the Shimoga CMC council being five years, the ex-officio members of the city council
include one MP, two MLAs and two MLCs representing Shimoga.
A number of institutions are involved in the governance of Shimoga and the surrounding periurban areas and villages. Some of them were established through Acts of legislature and others
are part of state governments framework. The functional domain of local bodies in the state is
derived from respective legislations. The Municipal Acts list the functions under two categories,
64 | P a g e

namely, obligatory functions and discretionary functions. The functional domain was
expanded in 1994 as per the 12th Schedule of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act. In
Karnataka, the Corporations and Municipalities Acts provide for a majority of the functions
listed in the 12th Schedule (ref Annexure 1) of the constitution. In 2003, the Government, after a
review of functions of urban local bodies, transferred five more functions to the urban local
bodies through government orders. They are:
Planning for economic and social development

Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
Urban Poverty Alleviation
Safeguarding the interest of weaker sections including the handicapped and mentally
retarded
Promotion of Cultural and Aesthetic aspects
INFORMATION BOX 2: FUNCTIONS OF ULBs ACCORDING TO 12th SCHEDULE

Urban Planning including Town Planning
Regulation of land use and construction of buildings
Roads and bridges
Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management
Slum improvement and upgradation
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens play grounds
Burials and burial ground; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums
Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals
Vital statistics including registration of births and death
Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public
conveniences
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
There is a multiplicity of laws governing the urban areas in the state. These laws may be
classified as follows:
Urban Development Policy and Karnataka is governed by
Planning Legislation:
1. The Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961
2. Bangalore Development Authority Act, 1976
3. Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority Act, 1985
4. Karnataka Urban Development Authorities Act, 1987
Municipal Legislation:
1. The Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964
2. The Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act, 1976
Development Legislation:
1. The Karnataka Industrial Area Development Act, 1966
2. The Karnataka Housing Board Act, 1962
3. The Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board Act, 1973
4. The Karnataka Slum Area (Improvement) and Clearance Act, 1970
65 | P a g e

5. Land Acquisition Act, 1894.
Regulatory Legislation:
1. The Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1964
2. The Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964
3. Karnataka Registration Act
Apart from the Acts, there are rules and by-laws regulating various activities in urban areas.
Institutional Framework
The Shimoga CMC is democratically elected by the civic community as per the 74th CAA. At the
head is the Mayor with the Council and the Standing Committee. Next to the Mayor is the
Commissioner, who with the help of the Joint Commissioner heads the various departments.
The Organogram of Shimoga CMC (Figure 4) gives the details.
Figure 5: Organizational Structure, Shimoga CMC
Apart from the local bodies, a number of government institutions are associated with the
governance. They include:
Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA)

Directorate Town and Country Planning (DTCP)
Karnataka Pollution Control Board (APPCB)
Urban Development Authorities (UDA)
Department of Revenue Headed by the District Collector (DC)
Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB)
66 | P a g e
Karnataka Public Works Department (PWD)

Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)
Functions of Shimoga City Municipal Council

Basic functions of the Municipalities are to provide civic amenities such as health, education of
local inhabitants and issues incidental to Municipal Administration. Important functions of the
Municipalities are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Maintenance of Public roads, streets, lanes, bridges , culverts and causeways,

Construction and maintenance of storm water and sewerage water drains,
Supply of protected drinking water,
Maintenance of Play Grounds, Recreation Centers and Parks,
Maintenance of Libraries,
Cleaning of Streets, Drains and Scavenging,
Maintenance of Hospitals and Dispensaries,
Control of Epidemics and Endemics,
Registration of Births and Deaths,
Maintenance of Elementary Schools,
Housing,
Maintenance and Improvement in Slum Areas,
Maintenance of Street Lighting,
Maintenance of slaughter houses and markets.
67 | P a g e
Chapter 4
Environmental Sanitation an Assessment
4.1.
SANITATION SITUATION ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Sustainable urban sanitation presents one of the most significant service delivery challenges
related to poverty alleviation and sustainable development of the towns. Environmental
sanitation holds a primordial position in assessing and documenting nature of a town/town in
its status regarding sanitation. This chapter essentially deals with issues pertaining to the core
objective of the town sanitation plan and also covers sanitary installations at different levels of
households, at public places, in institutions and schools. Concentration on open defecation
levels in slums along with complementary sectors like solid waste management, storm water
drains and water supply, an essential component of sanitation is dealt at vast. This also
demarcates service level benchmarking and factors leading to health hazards.
4.1.1 HOUSEHOLD SANITATION

At present, Shimoga city is partly covered by underground sewerage system. The system
including the STP is still under construction. The night soil is collected from toilets by suction
tanks and disposed into the manholes. In the present situation, it is the individual household
responsibility to construct toilet along with septic tank as per the specifications given in
building bylaws. Building bye-laws are seriously lacking clarity on guidelines to construct toilets
and maintenance of sanitary installations.
Primary surveys indicate that
approx. 92% HHs of non-slum
and 64% slum HHs have
household type latrines. 23%
slum HHs are dependent on
community
toilets.
Open
defecation is quite considerable,
being 10% in slum HHs and 5%
in non-slum HHs. A very minor
percentage of HHs open open
defecate inspite of having access
to either household type or
community latrines. Approx. 5%
of HHs use shared facilities.
100%
91.9%
90%
80%
70%
63.5%
60%
50%
40%
23.0%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1.1%0.0%
0.0%
1.0%
3.5%
0.0% 1.4%
Household Household CommunityCommunity

toilets + OD toilets toilets+ OD
Slum HHs
Shared
toilets
10.0%
4.7%
Open
defecation
Non slum HHs
Figure 6: Percentage distribution of HHs w.r.t. type of toilets

68 | P a g e

INFORMATION BOX 3: DEFINITIONS OF HOUSEHOLD SANITATION ARRANGEMENTS
ACCORDING TO CENSUS 2001
Water closet latrine (WC): The sanitary water flush latrines are those latrines that have water
closets fitted with flushing cistern. Such latrines that may be connected to a septic tank or an
underground sewerage system will also be recorded as water closet latrines. The fecal matter
from these types of latrines is removed without the need for scavenging or manual handling of
excreta.
Pit latrine: The latrines attached to the pit that is dug into the ground for the reception of night
soil are reckoned as pit latrines.
Other latrine: This category includes service latrines (i.e. those that are cleaned manually);
latrines serviced by animals such as pigs, etc. and all latrines other than the pit and the water
closet types of latrine
The following table shows the access to sanitation for slum and non-slum HHs in Shimoga CMC.
Table 19: Sanitation Arrangements, Shimoga
2010
Population
Total
Slums
322428
68355
In %
HH size
Remarks
21.2%
4.24
4.37
total number of HH
76013
15646
Single Pit latrines
20210
2119
Source: AKM, 2010
In %
26.6%
3.1%
It is assumed that slum areas have

single pit latrines
Twin Pit latrines
323
In %
0.4%
0.0%
Water closets
37959
8717
In %
49.9%
55.7%
Community toilets
3480
3480
In %
4.6%
22.2%
No latrines
14041
1330
In%
18.5%
8.5%
Total hh with latrines
61972
14316
Coverage (%)
81.5%
91.5%
Source: Shimoga CMC, AKM

87 seats in community toilets used
approx. by 40 HHs/seat
69 | P a g e

Open Defecation
14041
1330
In%
18.5%
8.5%
[Source: Shimoga CMC, AKM 2010]
4.1.2 SLUM SANITATION

In Shimoga CMC there are 53 slum areas with a total population of 68355 and 15646 HHs.
Majority of the slum HHs have individual septic tanks (78% HHs). 6.2% HHs have pits (leach
pits) either individual or shared. Shared as well as public septic tanks also exist, though in small
percentages (7.3% HHs).
2.9%
0.2%
4.4%
2.9%
Own Pit
8.5% 3.2%
Own septic tank

Shared pit
Shared septic tank
78.0%
Public pit
Public septic tank
Open defecation
Figure 7: Percentage distribution of slum HHs

w.r.t. type of toilets
HH pit latrine, Shimoga CMC

UGD system is also present in slum areas with 28% HHs having toilets connected to it. But as the
STP is not functioning, the waste water flows directly through the drains into the river.
70 | P a g e
Table 20: Details of sanitation in slum areas, Shimoga CMC
Slum Name
Slum
Popn
Slum
HHs
% HHs
having
Own Pit
% HHs
having
Own
sanitary
toilets
% HHs
having
Share
d Pits
% HHs
having
Shared
Septic
tanks
% HHs
having
Public
pit
% HHs
having
public
septic
tank
% HHs
having
Open
defecation
**% HHs
having UGD
connection
Sl.
No.
Ward
No.
Type
of
slum
NN
Bomman Katte
1335
294
1.0%
61.6%
0.3%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
36.7%
0.3%
NN
Shanti Nagar -I
4710
1111
1.3%
91.4%
0.3%
0.7%
0.0%
0.1%
6.3%
4.1%
NN
Shanti Nagar -II
1941
432
0.7%
91.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
7.6%
0.2%
NN
Indira
Extension(Sule
baylu)
881
228
0.4%
46.1%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
53.1%
53.1%
NN
Basavanagudi Bovi Colony
972
240
0.8%
87.5%
3.8%
7.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
82.1%
19
NN
Nirmala
Hospital
504
118
0.8%
29.7%
0.0%
60.2%
0.0%
0.0%
9.3%
56.8%
17
NN
Kanch
Kamakshi
Nagara
886
215
0.5%
99.1%
0.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.9%
22
NN
Kumbara Gundi
1325
299
0.0%
94.0%
0.0%
6.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
71.9%
16
NN
Gopala
692
157
3.8%
88.5%
3.8%
1.3%
0.0%
0.6%
1.9%
91.1%
10
25
NN
Ashok Nagar
1717
439
0.7%
33.3%
63.3%
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
2.1%
23.7%
11
31
NN
Halemandli
2027
425
0.2%
75.8%
0.9%
22.4%
0.2%
0.0%
0.5%
4.9%
12
34
NN
Madaripalya
2056
480
0.2%
86.0%
0.4%
0.4%
0.2%
0.4%
12.3%
28.5%
13
34
NN
Ganeshbhavan
Oposite
Vidyanagar
461
113
0.9%
66.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.9%
8.0%
23.9%
16.8%
14
Venkatapur
Bovi Colony
310
83
0.0%
37.3%
0.0%
24.1%
0.0%
0.0%
38.6%
0.0%
71 | P a g e
15
Chikkamati 1st
Stage
692
184
1.1%
75.5%
0.0%
0.5%
0.0%
8.2%
14.7%
1.6%
16
Seva Lal Nagar
206
50
6.0%
34.0%
8.0%
4.0%
0.0%
4.0%
44.0%
0.0%
17
Chikkamaddi
2nd Stage
519
133
1.5%
84.2%
0.0%
0.8%
0.0%
2.3%
11.3%
13.5%
18
Chwdeshwari
Colony
375
94
0.0%
21.3%
0.0%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
77.7%
0.0%
19
Mallikarjuna
Nagar
(Shanthinagra)
1008
228
1.3%
94.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
4.4%
0.4%
20
Gundappa Shed
594
158
26.6%
70.3%
0.6%
2.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.2%
21
Indira Nagar
Extention
Gudekalu
1038
259
0.0%
98.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.2%
0.0%
22
Kallahalli
194
49
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
98.0%
23
Kashipura
Tamil Colony
343
82
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
92.7%
24
Nagendra
Colony
417
105
0.0%
92.4%
0.0%
1.9%
0.0%
0.0%
5.7%
92.4%
25
Huccharaya
Colony
702
162
0.6%
22.2%
0.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
76.5%
6.2%
26
Ameer Ahmed
Colony
1116
251
4.8%
48.6%
5.6%
34.7%
0.0%
0.0%
6.4%
7.2%
27
Tamilian Colony
633
153
0.7%
86.9%
0.0%
9.8%
0.0%
0.0%
2.6%
84.3%
28
Hanumantha
Nagar
549
145
0.7%
86.2%
0.7%
1.4%
0.0%
0.0%
11.0%
81.4%
29
Vinayaka Nagar
843
216
0.0%
95.4%
0.0%
4.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
88.9%
30
10
Tank Mohalla
V.K. Colony
2840
598
8.5%
90.6%
0.5%
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.2%
1.0%
31
11
Angalayana Keri
3136
693
1.3%
88.5%
0.6%
6.2%
0.4%
2.5%
0.6%
0.6%
72 | P a g e

32
15
MRS Opposite
319
81
2.5%
95.1%
1.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.2%
76.5%
33
16
J.P. Nagar
2925
651
2.5%
92.8%
1.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.5%
64.2%
34
16
Vishveshwaraya
Nagar
633
148
0.7%
53.4%
0.7%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
39.9%
96.6%
35
16
Gutyappa
Colony
1102
289
4.8%
72.0%
22.5%
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
27.7%
36
17
Handi Jogara
Hatti
95
23
26.1%
69.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
4.3%
87.0%
1933
460
13.0%
69.6%
0.2%
3.9%
0.4%
0.0%
12.8%
77.6%
37
26
Right Side Of
Sharavathi
Nagar
38
19
Venkatesh
Nagar Channel
418
107
0.0%
38.3%
0.9%
57.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.7%
35.5%
1626
386
1.3%
88.9%
0.3%
1.6%
4.9%
1.3%
1.8%
54.4%
39
20
Savarline Road
Meggan
Hospital
40
30
Bayala Kumbara
Keri
964
223
13.9%
66.8%
3.1%
14.3%
0.0%
1.3%
0.4%
0.4%
41
23
Left Side Of
Tippunagar
6736
1340
2.5%
86.1%
0.2%
5.1%
0.2%
0.0%
5.7%
35.0%
42
23
Ambedkar
Nagar
951
212
0.9%
94.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
4.2%
78.3%
43
Ambedkar
Nagar Colony
671
157
0.0%
61.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
38.2%
8.3%
44
23
Lower Tunga
Nagar
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
45
24
Tippu Nagar
Keri Frontyard
right side
4895
1080
2.1%
94.2%
0.3%
1.7%
0.0%
0.2%
1.6%
2.6%
46
16
Gopala Survey
364
82
0.0%
97.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2.4%
11.0%
73 | P a g e

No 10
47
27
Millaghatta
stage1
4370
955
8.9%
80.8%
1.7%
1.8%
0.1%
0.8%
5.9%
48
27
Millaghatta
stage2
18
33.3%
66.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
49
31
New Mandli
818
217
1.8%
39.2%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
57.6%
0.0%
0.9%
50
31
Upper Tunga
Nagar
1721
390
5.4%
47.4%
0.0%
10.3%
0.0%
0.0%
36.9%
88.2%
51
13
Vidya Nagar
294
70
2.9%
80.0%
0.0%
1.4%
0.0%
0.0%
15.7%
1.4%
52
34
Rajiv Gandhi
Extension
1336
316
1.3%
17.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.0%
79.4%
1.3%
1.6%
53
34
New Bhovi
Colony
1136
260
6.9%
84.6%
1.9%
3.5%
0.8%
1.2%
1.2%
1.9%
6835
5
15646
3.2%
78.0%
2.9%
4.4%
0.2%
2.9%
8.5%
28.0%
0-5%
5-10%
1015%
>15%
TOTAL
*NOTE: OD COLOR CODE LEGEND:
** % HHs having UGD connection shows the total percentage of slum households connected to UGD
74 | P a g e
21.9%
4.1.3 OPEN DEFECATION AREAS

Instances of open defecation are quite low (approx. 8.5% of slum HHs). But majority of the slum
areas have HHs practicing OD, even though in small percentages, as it is clear from Table 21.
Instances of OD have also been observed in the peripheral areas. The details of OD areas are
presented in the table as follows.
Table 21: Details of OD areas, Shimoga CMC
Wards
No of Wards
No. of slum
areas
3,5,6,9,16,17,22,23,27,31
10
10
3,4,8,10,11,15,16,17,19,20,23,24,25,30,31,34
17
20
5% - 10%
2,3,7,8,19,23,27
10 - 15%
2,8,26,34
1,2,3,4,7,13,16,31,34
11
OD in Slums
NO OD
0- 5%
> 15%
[Source: Asha Kiran Mahiti, 2010 & ASCI primary survey, 2011]
Map 5: Open defecation areas, Shimoga CMC

[Source: ASCI]
75 | P a g e
Instances of OD as observed in different areas, Shimoga CMC
4.1.4 COMMUNITY TOILETS

There are a total of 10 community toilets in various wards of Shimoga CMC with a total of 87
seats. The ULB does not maintain any of these community toilets it is either outsourced to
private contractors or maintained minimally by the community itself. All community toilets
except the one at Bharmappa Nagar (connected to UGD) have septic tanks. No user charges are
levied on the community dwellers for maintenance.
The table below gives the details of the community toilets in the different wards.
Table 22: Details of Community toilets, Shimoga CMC
Sl. No.
Ward No.
Area
No. of seats
Gents
Ladies
Mallikarjuna Nagar Toilet
Chowdeshwari Colony Toilet
10
Behind Pallat Keri Toilet
15
Malavagoppa Thanda
16
J.P. Nagar Toilet
20
Kamakshi Beedi
27
Marnami Bile Telugara Keri
30
Bharmappa Nagar
Conservancy
31
New Mandli, Beside V.R.L.
10
34

Toilets
44
43
Total
76 | P a g e

The condition of the community toilets is
very poor, with lack of regular
maintenance and cleaning. Some even lack
doors, adequate water supply, electricity
connection, etc. Majority (65%) of sample
HHs using community toilets have
indicated that the conditions are just
average, whereas 21% of such households
have even indicated that the conditions
are quite poor.
21.24%
13.27%
Good
65.49%
Average
Poor
Figure 8: Percentage distribution of HHs using

community toilets w.r.t. toilet conditions
Deplorable condition of community toilets, Shimoga CMC

77 | P a g e
4.1.5 PUBLIC TOILETS

There are 20 public toilets in various areas of Shimoga CMC with a total of 177 seats. Private
local contractors are in charge of the O&M of the toilets. 11 toilet complexes are connected to
UGD, 2 to open drains and the remaining are connected to septic tanks. 11 toilets have user fees
levied on the users.
The floating population visiting Shimoga CMC area per day is approximated to be about 9500.
The total numbers of toilet seats that are functioning at present are 177, whereas the total
minimum number of seats necessary to cater to the present floating population is 160. This
indicates that the number of seats is adequate to serve the existing inflow of floating population.
Table 23: Details of community toilets in Shimoga CMC
Sl.
No.
Ward
No.
No. of seats
User fee
Gents
Ladies
Type of
disposal
Bommanakatte A
Block Toilet
Septic tank
No
Bommanakatte D
Block Toilet
Septic tank
No
Police Chowky,
Vinobha Nagar
Septic tank
Yes
Nehru Stadium
Jaya Nagar Main
Road
UGD
Yes
10
Bapuji Nagar Main

Road
Open drain
No
11
Tank Bund Road

Toilet
Open drain
No
12
Near Kote Mantap

River
Septic tank
No
20
In the Old Taluk

Office Field Toilet
UGD
Yes
20
Nehru Road Behind

Sujatha Lodge
Toilets
UGD
Yes
10
20
Behind Indhira
Gandhi Commercial
Complex (Muncipal
Field) Toilets
UGD
Yes
11
20
Temporary Private
Bus Stand
UGD
Yes
12
20
Balraj Aras Road

Near Taxi Stand
UGD
Yes
13
20
In Gandhi Park
UGD
Yes
14
22
Old Vegetable
Market Toilets
UGD
Yes
15
22
Gandhi Bazar Behind Sujatha Hotel
UGD
No
Area
(Yes/No)
78 | P a g e
16
26
Meggan Hospital
Toilets
UGD
Yes
17
27
Private Bus Stand

Toilets
Septic tank
Yes
18
32
Beside Imambada
Big Drainage
UGD
No
19
34
Madari Palya Toilets
Septic tank
No
20
10
98
79
Total
Except a few, even the conditions of public toilets are far from good. They lack regular
maintenance and cleaning. Some have been found to be clogged and even over flowing. This is
quite evident from the following photographs.
Poor conditions of public toilets, Shimoga CMC
79 | P a g e
Map 6: Location of community and public toilets, Shimoga CMC

[Source: ASCI]
80 | P a g e
4.1.6 SCHOOL SANITATION

Schools are the most important places of learning for children and they have a central place in
the community. Water and sanitation have an impact on the enrolment and attendance of
children in the schools and their health conditions, more important in adolescent girl child. It is
in this regard, the City Sanitation Plan has taken School Sanitation as one of the major
component.
There are 88 Govt. schools in Shimoga area. The distribution of the schools as per the categories
is presented as follows.
Table 24: Details of schools in Shimoga CMC
Sl. No.
Category
No. of schools
GHPS
43
GUHPS
10
GLPS
21
OTHERS
14
TOTAL
88
[Source: BEO, Shimoga]

The profiling of sanitation requirements for the schools was done and the gaps were identified,
which is presented in the Table 25. It was found that the sanitary facilities are quite adequate
for the staff, but there are gaps in the same for the students.
Table 25: Sanitation facilities in Govt. schools, Shimoga
Particulars
GUHPS
GLPS
OTHERS
43
10
21
14
88
3585
739
683
1549
6556
WCs and urinals for

boys
64
16
25
25
130
Total no. of WCs

and urinals reqd.
120
25
23
52
219
Gaps
56
27
89
3442
1123
604
1470
6639
WCs and urinals for

girls
64
15
26
25
130
Total no. of WCs

and urinals reqd.
115
37
20
49
221
Gaps
51
22
24
91
No. of boys
No. of girls
Girls
Total
GHPS
No. of schools
Boys
Categories of schools
[Source: BEO, Shimoga]
81 | P a g e

INFORMATION BOX 4: GUIDELINES OF TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN(TSC) FOR SCHOOL
SANITATION
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) guidelines at present stipulate that toilets in all types of Govt.
schools i.e. Primary, Upper Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary and Anganwadis should
be constructed. The Dept. of Drinking Water Supply is supporting the construction of toilets and
urinals in schools under TSC.
The guidelines say that separate toilets for girls and boys should be provided in co-educational
schools which are to be treated as two separate units and each unit is entitled to Central
assistance. The unit cost of each school toilet units is Rs. 20,000 of which 70% i.e. Rs. 14,000 is
given as Central share, the rest being the State share. Each unit consists of one toilet and three or
four urinals. It is evident that the number of toilet units to be built should be linked to the
number of students to be catered to by each unit. Hence, the following clarification is issued:
One Urinal space may be provided for every 20 to 40 boys or girls separately and one toilet seat
may be provided for every 80 to 120 boys or girls separately. One school toilet unit should
consist of one lavatory and three to four urinals. Construction should be in multiples of units
depending on the strength of the school, on whether students are allowed to go to urinals during
classes, on whether schools have staggered breaks, space available in the school premises,
expected growth in the enrolment and other regional conditions. States are given the flexibility
to define their norms within this range depending on existing State norms and the other factors
mentioned above. School-wise requirement of toilet units should be worked out based on these
factors.
4.1.7 WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN SHIMOGA

The existing underground drainage system covers about 40% of the area of the area of the city
(176 km length). A total of 17 wards of the 35 have UGD system with the total number of
connections being 17560 (23.1% HHs).
An STP had been constructed at Sheshadripuram with a capacity of 4.5 MLD. But the site is a
low-lying area near the river, as a result of which water from the river crept into the STP in the
recent past due to back-flow. The STP with all the machinery got affected and lies defunct till
date. Sewage from the city flows directly into the river without any form of treatment.
Sewage flowing into the river, Shimoga CMC

82 | P a g e
4.1.8 SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT

Shimoga CMC has its own cess-pool machine which is used to clean the septic tank sludge from
the households. An amount of Rs. 1500 is charged from the HHs at the time of clearance. The
machines transport the sludge to the nearest manhole and dispose it there. The septic tanks are
not cleared at regular intervals, but only cleaned when they are full.
INFORMATION BOX 5: SEPTIC TANK MAINTENANCE NORMS
Service agents and councils are not fully
aware of the maintenance recommendations.
Annual servicing should include assessment
of the sludge and scum levels, and checking of
the outlet and inlet square junctions for
blockages. Septic tanks ideally should be desludged at a minimum of every three years
and other criteria given below are not
followed in septic tank maintenance.
The scum layer is within 100 mm of the bottom of the inlet square junction, or the sludge
layer is within 200 mm of the bottom of the outlet square junction.
the sludge occupies the basic allowance (1550 L) of the septic tank, or
The total depth of sludge and scum is equal to one-third of the depth of the tank.
De-sludging procedure should ensure that 400 - 500 mm of liquid is retained in the tank,
and that the tank is immediately refilled with water to the outlet level to prevent the tank
from being lifted by soil hydrostatic pressure.
Periodical IEC programme can only address these issues. Considering the volume of the sludge
disposed in an unhygienic manner pose great health hazards to people of Shimoga and UGD
which is under implementation should be able to provide solution to much of the problem.
INFORMATION BOX 6: SEWERAGE AND SANITATION THE KEY OBSERVATIONS
There is high percentage of OD in the city (approx. 19%)
The coverage of toilets is about 80% - which has much scope for improvement.
Approx. 27% HHs have unsanitary single pit toilets -
STP is non-functional waste water gets transported through drains into the river without
any treatment
There is no regular cleaning of septic tanks. Untreated sludge is disposed in a manhole. As

the STP is not functioning, the waste thereby flows into the river.
83 | P a g e
4.1.9 STANDARDIZED SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKING INDICATORS

Table 26: Sewerage and Sanitation Service Level Benchmarks, Shimoga CMC
Sl. No
Indicators
Benchmarks
Status
Coverage of toilets
100%
80%
Coverage of sewage network services
100%
30%
Collection efficiency of the sewage networks
100%
30%
Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity
100%
0%
Quality of sewage treatment
100%
0%
Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage
20%
0%
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints
80%
75%
Extent of cost recovery in sewage management
100%
0%
Efficiency in collection of sewage charges
90%
0%
[Source SLB notifications of Karnataka ULBs 2011]
4.1.10 WASTE WATER PROJECTIONS

Assessment of the future sewerage production has been made on the basis of the projected
population and the present per capita water supply. By 2045, approx. 55 MLD sewerage will be
produced.
Table 27: Waste water projections, Shimoga CMC
Year
Avg per capita

(lpcd)
2010
135
Population
Projected
(Arithmetic Increase
Method)
321,432
2015
135
347,724
37.55
2020
135
374,017
40.39
2025
135
400,310
43.23
2030
135
426,602
46.07
2035
135
452,895
48.91
2040
135
479,187
51.75
2045
[Source: ASCI]
135
505,480
54.59
Waste water
(MLD)
34.71
84 | P a g e
4.1.11 ONGOING AND UPCOMING PROJECTS

The existing UGD system is implemented in two phases during 70s and 80s and is inadequate to
meet the present demands. Hence, a DPR has been prepared for the augmentation of the UGD
system by M/s Kirloskar Consultants Limited (KICONS) for an estimated project cost of Rs. 336
lakhs. Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS & DB) is the implementation
agency.
The city has been proposed to be divided into 5 zones. Zones A, B, C and D lie on the left bank of
the river and Zone E lies on the right bank of the river.
Table 28: Proposed population projection and waste water generation
Population in
Waste water
generated
(MLD)
Name of
Zone
2001
2021
2036
Zone A
175396
304772
456796
Zone B
33051
56715
84999
Zone C
12569
21569
32324
Zone D
1800
4805
7201
Zone E
50536
82927
124245
4.07
TOTAL
274352
470788
705505
44.78
40.71
[Source: DPR for augmentation of UGD system, Shimoga, 2006]

*Note: The difference in population projections done in the DPR and that done by ASCI can be
easily explained by the fact that the proposed zones extend well beyond the CMC boundaries.
This is evident from the map which is presented as follows.
The sewage from the entire city is proposed to be treated at three places. The total sewage from
Zones A, B, C and D is expected to be 40.71 MLD. Of this, 5.13 MLD is proposed to be treated by
the existing STP. The remaining 35.5 MLD is proposed to be treated from a STP near Thyavare
Chatnahally. The 3rd STP is proposed near Gurpur with a capacity of 4.07 MLD for Zone E. . The
technology considered is facultative anaerobic ponds and aerated lagoons. Polishing ponds are
also considered. The incoming BOD5 is assumed to be 300mg/l and the effluent BOD5 to be 20
mg/l.
Major wet wells are needed atleast in 3 locations and minor ones in 14 locations. The scheme is
designed for the ultimate population expected in 2036. The internal sewers, sub-mains, mains,
outfalls, wet wells, rising mains and primary treatment plant components in STPs are designed
for 2036. However the secondary treatment components like aerated lagoons and polishing
ponds are designed for intermediate population expected during 2021.
85 | P a g e
Map 7: Proposed zones for augmentation of UGD system, Shimoga CMC

[Source: KUWS&DB, ASCI]
86 | P a g e
4.2.
STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The drainage system consists of open drains for Kitchens and bathroom wastes. There is a need
to undertake a comprehensive study of storm water drainage system and take up its
implementation in a scientific manner.
4.2.1 NATURAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The general slope of the land is from the north east to the south west. There are numerous
streams, small and some large, passing through Shimoga CMC. All the streams flow from the
north east to the south west, following the natural slope of the area. The Tunga River flows
directly through the city almost dividing it equally.
4.2.2 REVIEW OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

There are 13 major storm water drains in the city, the total length being 46.6 km. The coverage
of storm water drains is about 70%. The details of the major drains have been presented as
follows.
Table 29: Details of storm water drains, Shimoga CMC
Sl. No.
Length
(m)
Wards
covered
Name of drain
Starting point
Outfall point
Kotoji Rao House

Brook
Kashipura
Railway Track
Near
Chowdeshwari Colony
Honnali Road Near to
Tunga River
6133
1, 3, 5, 6, 7
Auto Complex Big

Drainage
Auto Complex
Sharavathi Nagar
Channel
1280
5, 6, 17
Hosamane-Gandhi
Nagar-Ameer Ahmed
Colony Drainage
Hosamane
Channel Area
Near New Ameer

Ahmed Colony
Chowdeshwari Colony
Brook
4000
8, 9, 17, 18,
19, 26
Big Drainage Of
Chikkal/Brook
Subhash Nagar
Sandal Oil Factory

throw to Tunga River
2375
4, 13

Draingae
Vidya Nagar
Main Road

throw to Tunga River
710
13, 34
Old Bar Line Road

Main Drainage
B.H.Road
(Gayathri
Kalyana
Mandir)
Fort Road Government

Women's Hostel Behind
Tunga River
1130
11, 12
Bhimeshwara Temple
Drainage
1.B.H.Road
Krishna Caf
2.B.H.Road
Double Road
Behind Bhimeshwara
Temple Tunga River
1420
10, 12, 21,

22
Kumbara Gundi Big

Drainage
1.Ameer
Ahmed Circle
2.Gandhi Bazar
3.O.T.Road
4.Seegehatti
Behind Ramanna Shetty

Park Tunga River
820
22, 29, 30,

32
87 | P a g e
Tank Mohalla - Bapuji

Nagar Big Drainage
Sagara Road:
Fire Station
and Meggan
Hospital
In Gundappa Shed
Tunga River
3100
3, 10, 11,
20, 26, 27
10
Imambada Drainage
1.K.S.R.T.C Bus
Stand
2. Milagatta
Lake
Near Imambada Tunga

River
4095
27, 28, 30,

32
11
Anna Nagar Darinage
Sagara Road Meggan

Hospital
Milagatta Lake
1388
25, 27
12
Tippu Nagar Left side

Drainage
1. J.P.Nagar
2. K.H.
B.Colony
Tunga Channel
680
16, 24
13
Tippu Nagar Right side

Drainage
Ambedkar
Nagar
Behind Tippu Nagar

Kere Angala to Tunga
Channel
750
23
4.2.3 WATER LOGGING AND FLOODING AREAS

In Shimoga, there are several areas where flooding occurs annually. This is mainly due to the
encroachment of the natural drains of the city. The ULB has taken efforts to de-silt the drains
pre and post monsoons, which has brought down the number of flooding complaints from 45 to
just 4 within the span of one year. The areas that have reported water logging this year are
presented as follows
Gandhinagar 4th and 5th cross Ward 19
Hosamane 7th cross Ward 18
Nehru road Ward 20
Bharamappa Nagar Ward 30
AA Colony, Gandhi
Nagar, Shimoga
Bommanakatte-Ward 1, Shimoga
GG Extension, Ward 16, Shimoga
Flooded areas, Shimoga CMC

[Source: Flood Management Review Meeting Presentation, June 14, 2011, Shimoga CMC]
88 | P a g e

Besides these, there are several low-lying areas across the city where water logging occurs
annually. The existing storm water drainage network, the flooding and the water logging areas
have been shown in the following map.
The primary survey
analyses show that
39% HHs in slums and
14% HHs in non-slums
reside in areas with
water
logging
problems. Such areas
experience
flooding
during the monsoons
Table 30: HHs in water logging areas, Shimoga CMC
Whether the area is prone to

flooding during rains
Slum HHs
Non-Slum
HHs
During rains
38.9%
12.2%
Once in a while
0.0%
1.7%
Total HHs in areas with

flooding
38.9%
14.0%
No flooding
60.1%
86.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
[Source: ASCI Primary Surveys, 2011]
Map 8: Storm water drainage system, water logging and flooding areas, Shimoga CMC
89 | P a g e

INFORMATION BOX 7: STORM WATER DRAINAGE THE KEY OBSERVATIONS
Encroachment along natural drains.
In the old areas of the city, because of high density and narrow road widths the drains
provided are having low capacity and are currently overloaded.
No comprehensive plan for improvement of storm water drains.
Water logging and flood prone areas are observed in many parts of Shimoga.
Inadequate capacity of drains due to silting and weeding of drains.
Partial/ haphazard lining of drains.
Flow of sewage and disposal of solid wastes into drains.
Silting, weeding and blockage of drains due to dumping of construction spoils and other
wastes.
Lack of adequate maintenance of drain channel and associated structures.
Back water intrusion in downstream reaches.
Low quality of storm water.
4.2.4 STANDARDIZED SERVICE LEVEL INDICATORS

Table 31: Storm Water Drainage system Service Level Benchmarks, Shimoga CMC
Sl. No
Indicators
Coverage of storm water drainage system
Incidences of water logging/flooding
Benchmarks
Status
100%
70%
12
90 | P a g e
4.3.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The various aspects of solid waste management as per MSW rules 2000 in Shimoga City are
taken care of by the Environmental Engineer and his department. The daily waste generated in
Shimoga is about 223.3 TPD with a daily collection 139.7 TPD
4.3.1 PRIMARY COLLECTION AND COVERAGE

Door-to-Door (D2D) collection is done for a total of 13910 houses (18.29% HHs, Census 2011).
Manually driven tricycles are used for door-to-door collection. All the household wastes, bulk
generator wastes and street sweeping wastes is disposed off in community bins. The following
table shows the details of vehicles used for door to door waste collection of Shimoga.
Table 32: Details of vehicles used for D2D waste collection
Vehicle Type
No .of vehicles
Capacity of each
vehicle
No. of trips
Total waste
collected
(nos.)
(Tons)
(nos.)
(Tons)
Push Carts
74
0.04
14.8
Auto Tipper
0.6
2.4
Primary survey results indicate that majority of both slum and non-slum HHs dispose waste into
roadside bins. About 14% slum HHs and 18% non-slum HHs have D2D collection systems. Slum
HHs show a tendency of disposing waste into drains and open dumping spots. This not only
creates blockages in the drains, but increases the breeding of mosquitoes, flies and other pests,
making the people increasingly prone to diseases.
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
65.1%
55.8%
20.2%
13.3%
Disposed in
roadside Bin
5.6%
4.1%
4.3%
0.0%
17.5%
14.0%
Disposed at Disposed in Disposed at Door-to-door

designated
drain
designated
collection
open dumping
open dumping
spot
spot +
Disposed in
drains
Slum HHs
Non slum HHs
Figure 9: Percentage distribution of HHs w.r.t. type of waste

disposal
Solid waste dumped in drains in

slum areas, Shimoga CMC
[Source: ASCI primary surveys,
2011]
91 | P a g e
The ULB carries and clears the waste either

through D2D collection, or from roadside bins
and designated dumping spots. But this
clearing is not quite efficient as waste still
remains after clearance. This creates unclean
and unhealthy environs. Only a very minor
percentage of HHs pay for solid waste
collection.
Waste lying beside bin after clearance, Shimoga
SATISFACTION
SYSTEM
WITH
SWM
80.0%
71.3%
60.0%
People are not satisfied with the

existing solid waste management
system, as is indicated by primary
surveys. Majority of slum HHs feel
that SWM system is just average,
whereas non-slum HHs feel that
the same is needs major
improvement.
54.2%
45.9%
40.0%
28.7%
20.0%
0.0%
Average
Slum HHs
Bad
Non slum HHs
Figure 10: Satisfaction levels of HHs w.r.t. SWM, Shimoga

4.3.2 STREET SWEEPING AND DRAIN CLEANING

The street sweeping activity is carried by Pourakarmikas using conventional long handle
brooms, wheelbarrow, and baskets for sweeping. The roads are categorized as Type A (cleaned
daily), Type B (cleaned twice a week) and Type C (cleaned once a week). On an average, 94.1MT
is generated from street sweeping per month, out of which 62.8 MT (66.73% by weight) is
collected/month. The details of sweeping are given in table as follows.
Table 33: Details of street sweeping
Road
length
(In
km)
Frequency
167.04
Type
DAYS
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Swept
daily
167.04
167.04
167.04
167.04
167.04
167.04
167.04
300.58
Swept
twice in a
week
AC
100.193
100.193
100.193
100.193
100.193
100.193
472.10
Swept once
in a week
AC
78.68
78.68
78.68
78.68
78.68
78.68
Total
939.72

92 | P a g e
DE-SILTATION OF ROADSIDE DRAINS

Process adopted of desilting: The roadside drains are cleaned along with street sweeping, using
appropriate equipments. The silt will be collected in one place using two wheel chart [push cart]
and lifted off by using municipal garbage vehicle.
All the desilted material / waste are categorized into Organic (Waste consist of more degradable
matter) & Inert. Tractor & Lorries are transporting both Organic & Inert waste (mixed waste) to
the landfill site. Auto tipper collect Organic & Inert waste separately, Organic waste will be
transported to secondary garbage storage yard and then to treatment & Landfill site, silt is
disposed off to low areas in and around the city.
Frequency of desilting major storm water drain: Cleaned 1 times in a year
Table 34: Details of cleaning of drains
Sl.
No.
Type
Major
storm
water
drains
Roadside
drains
with
sewage
flow
Length Frequency Process of cleaning

(km)
46.4
803
Once or
twice a year
Where ever there is an

availability of sufficient space
it will be cleaned using
Municipal Loader Back Hoe
vehicle and lifted off by same
vehicle, places where Vehicle
cant access desilting and
lifting will be done by
manually.
Cleaned
along with
streets and
on demand
basis
The roadside drains are

cleaned along with street
sweeping, using appropriate
equipments. The silt will be
collected in one place using
two wheel chart [push cart]
and lifted off by using
municipal garbage vehicle.
Disposal of waste
All the de-silted waste
categorized into Organic
& Inert. Tractor & Lorries
transport both Organic &
Inert waste (mixed waste)
to the landfill site. Auto
tipper collect Organic &
Inert waste separately,
Organic waste will be
transported to secondary
garbage storage yard and
then to treatment &
Landfill site. Silt is
disposed off to low laying
areas in and around the
city.
[Source: Solid Waste Action Plan, Shimoga CMC]

Round RCC bins act as the primary collection receptacles. In addition there open storage sites
where waste is disposed by the waste generators. The dustbins are classified as A which are
cleared daily, B which are cleared twice weekly and C which are cleared once a week. The waste
generators throw the unsegregated wastes into these bins. The Pourakarmikas sweep the
wastes from the road and transfer them to these bins. The bins are emptied into tractors
manually by loaders. The tractors then transfer to waste to different locations outside the city.
The Shimoga Municipality has 50 containers and they are placed at market & other locations for
collection of waste. The waste in the containers are lifted daily & disposed off.
[Source: Solid Waste Action Plan, Shimoga CMC]
93 | P a g e
4.3.3 WASTE GENERATION, SEGREGATION, QUANTITY AND CHARACTERISTICS

The daily waste generated in Shimoga is about 223.3 TPD with a daily collection 139.7 TPD.This
covers about 60% of waste that is being collected and transported daily. At present there is no
segregation of waste being practiced in Shimoga CMC.
The following table shows the details of waste generation and their collection efficiency.
MT/Month
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
94.1
74.1
62.8
49.5
35.0
10.0
18.7
12.5
1.3 0
Street
sweepin
g
Resident
ial
Construc
tion
waste
Commer
cial
Meat
shops
Quantity of waste generated

(MT/Month)
94.1
74.1
35.0
18.7
1.3
Quantity of waste collected

(MT/Month)
62.8
49.5
10.0
12.5
Figure 11: Quantity of waste Generated & Collected
The composition of waste generated in the city for the waste collected has a composition of 55%
of organic, 33% of inert and 12% of recyclable wastes.
4.3.4 SECONDARY COLLECTION

There are 59 No. of 3.00 Cum and 59 No. of 4.5 Cum containers are used for secondary storage
of Municipal Solid Waste in Shimoga. Twin Container Dumper placer Trucks are used to
transport the containers from Sec. Storage point to Land Fill Site. A Secondary Storage Yard
Facility is operational to store the waste collected through Auto Tipper, which act as intermit
storage place, all the stored waste will be transported from the yard to Integrated Treatment &
landfill Facility through Tipper Lorries & hired tractors using Loader Back Hoe vehicle on daily
basis.
4.3.5 TRANSPORTATION
The quantity of waste transported is 139.7TDP an average lead to the disposal site is 7 Kms.
There are about 20 vehicles operating in Shimoga for solid waste management. Additionally 6
Lorries were taken on hire for two month to clear historical deposits and stopped the list of
vehicles owned and operated for solid waste management. The tractors used for SWM is usually
provided with mesh so that the waste does not spill.
94 | P a g e

Table 35: Details of Vehicles used for Secondary waste transportation
Vehicle Type
No .of
vehicles
Capacity of each
vehicle
No. of trips
Total waste
collected
(nos.)
(Tons)
(nos.)
(Tons)
Truck-Tipper
4.25
17.0
Truck-Non-Tipper
3.83
7.7
TractorTrailer
3.00
15.0
Twin container
Dumper placer
3.25
48.8
Tiller
0.85
2.6
Tipper Lorry
7.00
28.0
Hired Tractor
3.46
20.8
Source Shimoga CMC
4.3.6 TREATMENT & DISPOSAL

From the total generated waste of 223.3 TPD the collected waste is 139.7 TPD. MSW is being
collected, transported to the processing facility located at Anupinakatte, which is at a distance of
7 kms from the city.
Waste Processing at Anupinakatte
The waste processing facility has been set up at Anupinakatte on BOT basis between the ULB
and M/s. Ramky Infrastructure Ltd in 2004. The lease period of the BOT is 20 years. The total
project cost is Rs. 504.15 lakhs. The area covered by the facility is 27 acres and 1.25 Gunta
(approx. 27. 0312 acres = 0.109 sq.km).
Of the 139.7 TPD collected per day, 90.45 TPD is treated at the site. About 52.06 TPD goes into
landfilling, 7 TPD of manure is produced from the processing plant and 1TPD waste is recycled.
The tipping fee paid by the ULB is Rs. 224/ton of inert waste
Treated solid waste, Anupinakatte
Landfilling with solid waste, Anupinakatte
95 | P a g e
INFORMATION BOX 8: FUNCTIONS OF ULBS AS PER MSW RULES 2000

As per the MSW Rules 2000, a wide spectrum of functions is to be undertaken by the urban
local bodies. The major functions include:
Prohibiting littering of street

Organizing house to house waste collection
Conducting awareness programmes to disseminate information to public
Providing adequate community storage facilities
Use of colour code bins and promotion of waste segregation
Transport of wastes in covered vehicles
Processing of wastes by adopting an appropriate combination of composting,
anaerobic digestion, Pellatisation etc.
Up gradation of the existing dump sites and disposal of inert wastes in sanitary
landfills
INFORMATION BOX 9: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT THE KEY OBSERVATIONS
The segregation of waste is not being practiced in the Municipal Corporation which leads
to overburden the treatment procedure.
The solid waste is being dumped openly all along the drains and the roads creating a
very unhygienic condition that leads to breeding grounds for mosquitoes, flies etc.
The door to door collections of waste is not being efficiently practiced which leads to the
dumping of waste in the open areas.
4.3.7 SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKING INDICATORS

The following service indicators shows the performance of SWM in Shimoga
Table 36 : Solid Waste Management Service Level Benchmarks, Shimoga CMC
Sl. No
Benchmarks
Status
100%
25%
Household level coverage of Solid Waste

Management services
Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste
100%
70%
Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste
100%
0%
Extent of municipal solid waste

recovered/recycled
Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid
waste
Extent of cost recovery in solid waste management
services
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints
80%
70%
100%
50%
100%
0%
80%
75%
5
6
7
Indicators
96 | P a g e

8
Efficiency in collection of user charges
90%
25%
4.3.8 SOLID WASTE PROJECTIONS

Assuming an average per capita waste production of 0.52 kg, and based on the population
projections, the solid waste generations for the future years have been calculated as follows.
Table 37: Projection of solid waste generation for future
Year
Population Projected
Method)
Average per waste

production
(kg)
Solid waste generated

(TPD)
2010
321,432
0.527
169.39
2015
347,724
0.527
183.25
2020
374,017
0.527
197.11
2025
400,310
0.527
210.96
2030
426,602
0.527
224.82
2035
452,895
0.527
238.68
2040
479,187
0.527
252.53
2045
505,480
0.527
266.39
[Source ASCI]
97 | P a g e
4.4.
WATER SUPPLY
INTRODUCTION
The Shimoga CMC is responsible for the provision and maintenance of water supply delivery
within the city. The scope of its responsibilities includes planning, design, construction,
implementation, operation and maintenance of water supply system.
4.4.1 SOURCE OF WATER

The primary source of water for Shimoga city is the Tunga River. 34.05 MLD of water is supplied
to the city every day. 6.81 MLD is supplied from old scheme, which is not a dependable
throughout the year. The remaining 27.24 MLD is supplied from the Tunga Reservoir at Gajanur
as source. In addition to this, about 1 MLD of water is obtained from bore wells. The details of
water sources for Shimoga city is presented in the table as follows.
4.4.2 EXISTING TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE CAPACITIES

Water Treatment Plant
An RCC jack well pump house pumps the raw
water to a 25 ML capacity GLSR. Water from this
GLSR is transmitted upto the water treatment
plan at Krishnarajendra water works along the
NH13. The treatment plan is of conventional
Rapid Sand Filter type, consisting of cascade
aerators, clariflocculator, filter beds, clear water
sump, etc. Water from this treatment plant is
then pumped to the city.
The Krishnarajendra WTP, Shimoga
Distribution System
The existing distribution system of the city comprises of PVC pipes and few CI pipes. Some
portion of the city is fed directly from the rising mains or gravity mains, but most of the areas
have partial network connected to service reservoir.
Storage Capacity
At present, there are 27 nos. of servise reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 16.41 ML. The
entire city is divided into 27 OHT zones depending upon the command area of the OHTs.
98 | P a g e
4.4.3 SERVICE COVERAGE

The service coverage of water supply connections is about approx. 75%. There are no metered
connections in Shimoga. Following are the details of various categories of connections.
Table 38: Details of types of connections
Sl.
No.
Type of connection
No.
connections
of
House
service 26000
(3000
connections
approx. in slums)
Commercial
connections
6000
Bulk
2-3
Public stand posts
1600
People at PSPs, Shimoga CMC
4.4.4 TARIFF STRUCTURE AND CONSUMER MIX

At present, there is no metering of connections in Shimoga. As a result, flat rates are levied on
connections depending upon the type. The type of connections and the rates have been
presented as follows.
Table 39: Water tariff
Sl. No.
Type of connection
Tariff (Rs./month)
House service connections
60
Commercial connections
120

INFORMATION BOX 10: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM THE KEY OBSERVATIONS
NRW: In the old system, nearly 40 per cent of water loss due to leakages & unauthorized
connections was indicated by CMC officials. The distribution losses are accounting more
than designed losses.
Only 75 per cent of the households are connected to the water supply system indicating a
sizeable gap between the total number of properties and the number of house service
connections.
99 | P a g e
4.4.5 STANDARDIZED SERVICE LEVEL INDICATORS

Table 40: Water Supply Services Service Level Benchmarks, Shimoga CMC
Sl. No.
1
2
3
Indicators
Coverage of water supply connections
Per capita water supply
Extent of metering of connections
Extent of non-revenue water (NRW)
5
6
Continuity of water supply

Quality of water supply
Efficiency of redressal of customer
complaints
Benchmarks
100%
135 lpcd
100%
Present Status
75%
135 lpcd
0%
15%
40%
24 hrs
100%
1 hr
95%
80%
75%
Cost recovery in water supply

services
100%
30%
Efficiency in collection of water

supply related charges
90%
70%
4.4.6 FUTURE DEMAND AND GAP

An assessment has been made for the future demand of water supply based on the existing per
capita water supply and the projected population. This is presented in the table as follows.
Table 41: Projections for Water Demand
Year
Avg per capita

(lpcd)
2010
135
Population
Method)
321,432
Water Supply
requirements
(MLD)
43.39
2015
135
347,724
46.94
2020
135
374,017
50.49
2025
135
400,310
54.04
2030
135
426,602
57.59
2035
135
452,895
61.14
2040
135
479,187
64.69
2045
135
505,480
68.24
[Source: ASCI]
100 | P a g e
4.4.7 NEW AND UPCOMING PROJECTS

There are two major projects regarding water supply are coming up in Shimoga.
A. 27 x 7 water supply project
The details of the project have been prepared and are awaiting approval.
B. Augmentation of source and distribution network
The Tunga river as a source and a scheme had been commissioned in 1997, which is now
inadequate to meet the requirements of the increased population. Also, there is no equitable
distribution system to the city due to insufficient distribution network or the system is very old.
In order to provide adequate water supply to the sity, it is proposed that the source and also the
distribution system in the city be augmented with an additional supply of 57 MLD to both e
existing and newly formed layouts. A DPR has been prepared for the same by M/s Kirloskar
Consultants Limited (KICONS), the implementation agency being the Karnataka Urban Water
Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS&DB). The estimated project cost is Rs. 2800 lakhs.
The target years for the project are 2021 and 2036. The details are given as follows.
Table 42: Details of the project
Water Demand
Year
Population
Total Demand
(with
pumping in
20 litres)
(MLD)
HSC
PSP
System losses
15%
319076
135 lpcd for

75% = 32.31
ML
70 lpcd for
25% = 5.58 ML
6.69 ML
53.49
2021
470788
135 lpcd for

80% = 50.85
ML
70 lpcd for
20% = 6.69 ML
10.41 ML
84.00
2036
705565
135 lpcd for

80% = 76.21
ML
15.19 ML
121.52
2006
70 lpcd for
20% = 9.87 ML
[Source: DPR for Augmentation of water supply, Shimoga CMC]
An additional treatment plant of 57 MLD capacity has also been proposed for at the existing
treatment plant premises itself. The proposal also includes 17 additional OHTs with a total
added capacity of 12.35 ML.
101 | P a g e
Map 9: Proposal for augmentation of water supply, Shimoga CMC

102 | P a g e
Chapter 5
Institutional capacity and finance
5.1.
MUNICIPAL FINANCE (2008 2011)
The City Municipal Council (CMC) Shimoga was constituted in 1918. The CMC has the
responsibility of making provision for basic civic amenities and maintenance of core services in
the city viz., maintenance of streetlights; provision (maintenance) of drainage and sewer
facilities, solid waste management, maintenance of parks, gardens and play grounds; sanitation
and maintenance of city roads. In addition, it also provides for primary education and medical
needs, markets, cremation and burial grounds, slaughter houses, and regulating advertisements.
The CMC receives however the bulk of its revenue in the form of intergovernmental transfers
through grants.
The financial analysis of CMC has been done on the basis of income and expenditure data
provided by the CMC, through budget documents from 2008 to 2012 data. On the income side,
under the revenue account, the resources are generated through levying of various taxes/duties
and rental income from municipal properties. The capital and suspense accounts deal with the
transfers (grants and contribution) from government. The expenditure of CMC is also divided
into three major similar headings viz., revenue expenditure, capital expenditure and suspense
account.
The following table shows the budget details from the year 2009-2012
103 | P a g e

Table 43: Estimate of income (function wise)
Revised
Estimate for
S.No
Particulars
the year
2007-08
General
1 AdministrationGeneral
Grants Received-SFC
65
salary Grant
Planning and
2 Regulation- City and
Town Planning
Slum improvement cess
3
Function: Sanitation
3 & SWM-Solid Waste
Management
Grants received-SFC
salary grant
Solid Waste
Management cess
Sale of compost manure
Sanitation & SWM4
Slaughter houses
Other fees:Slaughter
house fees
Civic Amenities 5
Water Supply
Grants received- SFC
30
salary Grant
Budget
Estimate for
the year
2008-09
Revised
Estimate for
the year
2008-09
Budget
Estimate for
the year
2009-10
Revised
Estimate for
the year
2009-10
Budget
Estimate for
the year
2010-11
Revised
Estimate for
the year
2010-11
Budget
Estimate for
the year
2011-12
65
131.77
131.77
827.28
900
125
900
20
316.66
316.66
550
20
30
30
10
10
30
46.13
46.13
Grants received
Electricity grant
480
500
350
500
Water charges
200
280
180
260
150
104 | P a g e
200
250
350
Water supply
connection charges
15
25
15
25
20
25
35
50
Initial water deposit
10
10
20
10
20
15
20
10
10
Regularisation feeswater supply

connections
6
Civic Amenities Sewerage

UGD Charges
UGD Connection
Charges
0.1
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.5
Regularization fees
UGD connections
7
100
Revenues -General
Grants Received-SFC
salary Grant
14.48
14.48
6.59
6.59
Stamp duty surcharge

collected by State
Government
20
30
200
200
25
25
17.5
30
837.58
1012.48
1262.4
1655.15
1038.28
1234
453
1938
Total
105 | P a g e

Table 44: Estimate of expenditure (function wise)
Revised
Budget
Estimate for Estimate for
S.No
Particulars
the year
the year
2007-08
2008-09
1 Function Public
works - general
Pay, allowances and
40.4
0
benefits
2 Function Public
works - Roads,
Pavements,
Foothpaths and
roadside drains
Pay, allowances and
23.6
23.6
benefits
Repairs &
maintenance other
50
50
fixed assets
Repairs &
maintenance other
50
50
fixed assets
Other operating
3
10
expenses
Public works related
20
stores
Function Public
works-Storm water
drains, open
drains, culverts
3 and causeways
Repairs &
maintenance 50
50
infrastructure assets
Function: Health 4 Public health
Revised
Estimate for
the year
2008-09
Budget
Estimate for
the year
2009-10
Revised
Estimate for
the year
2009-10
Budget
Estimate for
the year
2010-11
Revised
Estimate for
the year
2010-11
Budget
Estimate for
the year
2011-12
131.6
150
52.62
90
60
80
20
50
25
50
10
50
50
30
30
10
10
10
20
10
25
10
10
10
50
106 | P a g e
10
other general
expenses
other general
expenses
other general
expenses
programme
expenses
Functions:
Sanitation and
solid waste
management
Pay, allowances and
benefits
Pay, allowances and
benefits
Pay, allowances and
benefits
other general
expenses
other general
expenses
other general
expenses
Other operating
expenses (dumping
and dippping
charges)
outsourced
operating expenses
SWM expenses
Pay, allowances and
benefits
Function Civic
amenities-water
0.1
2
5
4
3
25
1
3
5
5
10
25
238.8
238.8
271.44
307.17
365
400
380
400
10.12
10.12
11.54
13.16
20
35
20
35
16
16
23.18
26.13
30
50
32
40
15
10
10
10
10
0.3
0.5
40
50
30
50
30
40
50
50
80
125
238.8
238.8
271.44
307.17
365
400
107 | P a g e
40
60
380
400
supply
Pay, allowances and
benefits
other general
expenses
power and fuel
repairs and
maintenance infrastructure assets
repairs and
outsourced
operating expenses
outsourced
operating expenses
function civic
amenitiessewerage
repairs and
other operating
expenses
outsourced
operating expenses
function Urban
poverty alleviation
and social welfare welfare of SC/ST
revenue expenditure
of welfare funds
Pay, allowances and
benefits
function Urban
30
30
40.64
46.05
60
80
60
80
0.05
480
2
500
5
350
10
500
1
360
10
360
15
20
350
60
100
25
50
40
50
60
60
40
50
15
50
20
50
30
40
20
30
50
50
40
50
32
40
12
15
20
50
35
50
25
30
10
10
10
10
10
20
25
25
10
10
5
5
10
0.5
20
127.4
237
70
165
165
250
108 | P a g e
250
160

poverty alleviation
and social welfare
contributions made
by the municipality
function Urban
poverty alleviation
and social welfare:
slum area
10 development
Pay, allowances and
benefits
TOTAL
0.5
10
10
10
0
1324.97
0
1600.52
1
1010.6
5
1639.51
1504.72
5
2002
1075
5
1592
The following graph shows that both the income and expenditure related to various aspects of sanitation fluctuate every year from 2007 to 2011.
There is a considerable drop in the income regarding sanitation in the year 2010-2011.
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Income
600
Expenditure
400
200
0
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
Figure 12: Comparison between income and expenditure of Shimoga CMC regarding sanitation aspects
[Source: Shimoga CMC, ASCI]
109 | P a g e
Chapter 6
Sanitation Situation and Ranking
6.1.
SANITATION SITUATION W.R.T. NATIONAL SANITATION
RANKING PARAMETERS
The Ministry of Urban Development has identified a set of output, process and outcome
indicators to assess the existing sanitation conditions in the town. The list of indicators pertain
to the practice of open defecation, access to sanitation (individual, community and public),
collection, treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of
the sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional roles and responsibilities and improvements in
health and environment (cf. Annex 1). A total of 19 indicators have been detailed, of which nine
are output-related ( six are direct indicators identified under service level bench marking by
GoUD, GOI) , seven are process-related and three are outcome-related. Sanitation parameters
such as access to community toilets, safe management of human excreta and solid waste
collection and treatment.
Output Indicators: 50/100 (9 main output indicators and out of which 6 are SLB indicators)
Behavioural aspects and provision to safe collection, treatment and disposal without harming
citys environment.
Obtaining a score of 25 is not difficult.
Process Related: 30/100 (7 main process-indicators)
Indicators pertain to systems and procedures - exist and practiced by city agencies to ensure
sustained sanitation.
Outcome Related: 20/100 (3 main outcome-indicators)
Indicators include: quality of drinking water & water in water-bodies, reduction in sanitationrelated and water-borne diseases over a time period.
Diseases by faeco-orally transmitted enteric pathogens - 10% of total burden of disease in India.
Intestinal group of diseases claim about 5 million lives and about 50 million people suffer every
year.
Findings of a survey commissioned by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) that rate
Indian cities on safe sanitation practices of 423 Class-I cities (with a population of more than
100,000 ). Four color codes have been assigned to the cities based on the points they obtained
in the rating; red means the cities need 'immediate remedial action', black means 'need
considerable improvement', blue means recovering, green means healthy and clean.
community-driven Nirmal Shahars, or totally sanitized, healthy, and livable cities and towns.
As per national Rankings, Shimoga has been ranked at 168 out of 423 Class I cities, scoring
37.01 marks out of 100 and in Black category. This means performance of Shimoga in regard to
safe sanitation has a good scope for improvement on various indicators. A complete profiling of
110 | P a g e

Shimoga against 19 parameters has been done indicating present status and identifying few
targets which can be achieved immediately, in a short term and in long term. The goal of
Shimoga is to strive for 100 percent access to sanitation facilities in next two years and 100
percent safe disposal of all town generated waste in long term.
Table 45: Sanitation Ranking for Shimoga City Municipal Council
Sl. No.
1.
1.a.
1.a.i.
1.a.ii.
Indicators
Total
Marks
OUTPUT RELATED INDICATORS
No Open Defecation
Access and use of toilets
4
by urban poor and other
u-served households by
individual and
community sanitation
facilities
Access and use of toilets
4
by floating and
institutional population
Marks
awarded
Remarks
0.00
Field assessment also validated on

OD status and agrees with Ranking
markings.
Short Term Goal - two year (Ref
management options on Access.)
1 st year eliminate OD
Under-rated
Adequate: 20 Public toilet
complexes (177 seats) for 7500
floating population.
Ref: management options
Short to long term
MIS, punitive measures and
incentives through IEC.
Over estimated - No protection to
sanitary workers.
Sustaining efforts throughout CSP
process and even after that
Over-estimated. STP not
functioning- black water mixes with
storm water and drains off into the
river.
Short to Medium UGD is under
construction. Proposal for DEWATS
systems in parts of the city.
STP not functioning black water
mixes with storm water and drains
off into the river.
2.00
1.a.iii.
No open defecation
visible
1.17
1.a.iv.
Manual Scavenging
eliminated in the city
1.b.
Proportion of total
human excreta
generation that is safely
collected
1.c.
Proportion of total black

waste water generation
that is treated safely and
disposed off
Proportion of total grey
wastewater generation
that treated and safely
disposed of
Proportion of treated
wastewater that is recycled and re-used
0.00
Proportion of total
storm-water and
drainage that is
efficiently and safely
2.00
1.d.
1.e.
1.f.
Medium to long term

Nil now
1-20% - 2012
20-40% 2012 onward
Medium to long term
Nil now.
1- 10% 2012
10- 20% 2012 -2014
20% and more 2014 onwards.
Short to long
40 60% : 2012
60- 80 2012 : 2014
100% 2014 onwards
111 | P a g e
1.g.
1.h.
1.i.
2.
2.a.
2.b.
2.c.
2.d.
2.e.
2.f.
2.g.
managed
Proportion of total solid
waste generation that is
regularly collected
Proportion of total solid

4
waste generation that is
treated and safely
disposed
of
City wastes cause no
5
adverse impacts on
surrounding areas
outside city limits
OUTPUT RELATED
50
INDICATORS TOTAL
PROCESS RELATED INDICATORS
Monitoring and
4
Evaluation (M&E)
Systems in place to track
incidences of
Open Defecation (OD)
All sewerage systems
5
working properly and no
ex-filtration
All septage / sludge
5
cleaned and safely
transported and
disposed after
treatment, from on-site
systems
Storm-water drainage
4
systems functioning and
maintained
Solid waste management
5
(collection and
treatment) efficient
(MSW Rules,
2000)
Documented Operational
4
system and clear
institutional
responsibility
assigned for each of the
above
Sanctions for deviance
3
on part of polluters and
institutions clearly laid
out and
followed
0.00
2.00
Short to medium
25%-60% D2D collection
improvement by 2012
60 100% 2012 onwards
Sustenance of system 2012
onwards
Long Term
Long Term
Grey and black water flowing into
the river
13.17
3.30
Short Term
Medium to long term
4.00
2.00
Frame work plan for maintenance
1.74
Medium to long term
0.00
Short term
3.00
112 | P a g e
3.
3.a.
3.b.
3.c.
PROCESS RELATED
30
INDICATORS TOTAL
OUTCOME RELATED INDICATORS
Quality of drinking water
7
in city
Water quality in water
7
bodies in and around
city
Reduction in (sanitation6
attributable and) waterborne disease incidence
amongst city population
OUTCOME RELATED
20
INDICATORS TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
100
14.04
6.30
Long Term
Proposals/strategies for sustenance
0.00
0.00
6.30
37.05
113 | P a g e
Chapter 7
City-wide Sanitation
7.1. INTRODUCTION
From the situational analysis it is evident that urban sanitation is not only lacking investment it
is also lack of systematic plan for environmental sanitation1. NUSP (2008) mandates ULBs for
universal access, safe management of human excreta, including its safe confinement, treatment
and disposal and associated hygienic related practices. Hence City - wide strategies are
important as they prioritize investment needs and can directly fund to where they are most
needed. In keeping with the above, sanitation vision and following cross cutting strategies are
addressed in CSP of Shimoga. In this section brief outline of Vision statement and specific
strategies are dealt.
7.2. VISION AND CITY- WIDE SANITATION PLANNING

7.2.1 VISION STATEMENT
Shimoga to be environmentally safe and totally sanitized city so as to ensure good public
health standards, human dignity, and privacy for all citizens
This covers collection, transportation, treatment and disposal to prevent disease,
pollution and safeguard dignity.
Keeping these visions in mind, goals have been proposed to be achieved in the Immediate of
Short Term Period (2012-2013), Medium Term Period (2014-2016), and Long Term Period
(2016 onwards). The goals as proposed have been presented as follows.
Table 46: Goals for City-wide Sanitation Planning, Shimoga
Period
Goals
Immediate
(2012 -13)
Elimination of open defecation

Improvement of sanitation situation in slums
Universal access to safe sanitation
School Sanitation
Up gradation of unsanitary to sanitary toilets
Credible Information (MIS)
Ensuring success of UGD for Sanitary and safe disposal of human excreta and liquid
City-wide education and awareness campaign
Decentralized technology options for pockets not covered under UGD.
1Environmental
Sanitation (WHO,1987) includes aspects of excreta and waste water disposal, together
with wider environmental factors that impact on health, such as community water supplies, refuse
collection and disposal, disease vectors ,housing, food supplies and handling, atmospheric conditions and
working conditions.
114 | P a g e

Source segregation of waste
Framing of laws for deviance on the part of polluters and institutions
System for maintenance of water bodies
Medium
term
(2014-2016)
100% Door to door collection of MSW

Sanitary and safe disposal of human excreta and liquid waste (continuing process)
Regulation of septic tanks and septage management
Litter free areas
Sustenance of SWM system
Systems in place for good O & M (individual, community level toilets and disposal
systems) through behavior change and good management practices.
Institutional arrangements and Capacity building
Safe transportation and disposal of MSW
Long term
(2016
onwards )
Water recycle and reuse

Controlling adverse effects of city wastes on surrounding areas
Monitoring and evaluation
Environmental and financial sustainability.
7.2.2 PRINCIPLES OF CSP

CSP not only emphasis on the physical infrastructure but also focus on behavior change
outcomes, proper usage, institutional reorientation, regular upkeep and maintenance,
increased accountability and service delivery by ULBs and their partners. Accordingly the
strategies have been developed on the basis of following principles:
1. Right to sanitation and mobilization of community for demand creation: Access to
sanitation facilities shall be universalized (100%) without any barrier of cost/ fee, land
tenure etc., but also bearing the associated responsibility as well. Household sanitation is
first and foremost the responsibility of a household. Hence, sanitation will be promoted
based on demand i.e. communities and households will be encouraged to priorities by
contributing to a significant portion of the costs involved in providing and running a
sanitation system. Improve sanitation by institutionalizing rewards for good performance
and sanctions against harmful actions and IEC programs to improve sanitation. ULB / Utility
may provide free consultations, designs and drawings and quality control for onsite
sanitation.
2. Focus on sound finances and maintenance: Sanitation system should be sustainable. The
users should pay against use to maintain sustainability. Similarly, polluters should pay for
the cost of cleaning up the impact of their pollution on the environment. Choice and
maintenance of facilities have to be well thought of in advance to make service affordable
and sustainable. Need to ensure last mile connectivity to water supply system and sewerage
system in network coverage area. Door to collection should be 100%.
3. Integrated institutional engagement: Sanitation cannot be maintained without proper
water supply, solid waste management and development is not possible in isolation.
Coordination is necessary between different departments, all tiers of Government and other
stakeholders with clear roles and responsibilities. Need to ensure last mile connectivity to
water supply system and sewerage system in network coverage area. Door to collection
should be 100%.
115 | P a g e

4. Environmental
integrity and health benefits: Sanitation services, which have
unacceptable impacts on the environment, should not be considered to be adequate.
Environmentally acceptable solutions to local problems that do not cause deterioration of
the wider environment must be considered in all development activities. Appropriate
protection of the environment should be applied, including if necessary prosecution under
the law is required. Sanitation, environment and health are all interlinked and process of
improvements which should be accompanied by promotional activities as well as health and
hygiene education.
Strategic planning likely to be constrained by the lack of a supportive context the policies,
rules, attitudes and procedures with in which planning takes place. Hence, the following
components of sanitation strategies are examined in CSP as per parameters of sanitation rating
systems.
Table 47: Components of City Wide Sanitation Strategies
Components of City Wide Sanitation Strategies
A. Sub- Sector
strategy
(Output -related )
B. Enabling and
Sustaining
Strategies
(Process
related)
C. Monitoring
1. Open defecation free status by

ensuring access to all (including
poor and slum dwellers as well
as visiting population).
2. Excreta Disposal and Waste
Water Management by early
commission of ongoing UGD and
sustaining its O&M on
continuous basis.
3. Integrated Solid Waste
Management.
Proposals ( Capital, O &M,

IEC and Rehabilitation
projects)
To provide safe access

to HH sanitation and
cover entire population
by toilets.
For safe disposal of
waste water storm
water and solid waste.
To meet the national
standards for safe
disposal of liquid and
solid waste.
Issues to be addressed in preparing

the implementation plan;
4. Awareness raising and hygiene
promotion and community
participation.
5. Institutional Strengthening and
Capacity building for Sanitation
Management in achieving better
service standards,
6. Financial Management of the
Sanitation Sector and resource
mobilization.
7. Private sector and NGO
Participation in Sanitation
development.
Strategy for Monitoring and
116 | P a g e

and
Evaluation
evaluation
Implementation plan to propose
monitoring systems.
7.2.3 ASSUMPTIONS, NORMS AND UNITS COSTS

Formulation of CSP is based on few assumptions and certain available norms as detailed below;
INFORMATION BOX 11: ASSUMPTIONS FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN
Generally all Households will be connected to UGD by the year 2036.

Zero OD status to be achieved by 2013
Unsanitary toilets to be upgraded to sanitary ones by 2014
Floating population: 7,500 in 2011 and it is expected to grow to 20000 in 2036 (From
discussions with Officials).
In order to maintain desired sanitation levels and achieve improved health and environmental
indicators certain standard of service have to be maintained. The basis for the maintenance of
service levels is Standardized Service Level Benchmarks. They are assessed in Shimoga as per
MoUD framework and certain other norms and standards followed as indicated in the table
below for estimation of deficiency in sanitation. This would enable to estimate infrastructure
gaps and investment requirements for future.
Table 48: Norms for Household Sanitation
Unit
A
Household sanitation infrastructure
Latrine connected to septic tank
1 per household
Grit and grease trap
1 per household
Public and Community Sanitary Conveniences
Public Toilet
1
Users per Latrine Seat
60 users/ seat
Community Toilet
2
Users per Latrine Seat
One seat toilet can cater for 20

HHs
Septage Clearance, Treatment and Disposal
No of septic tanks cleared per vehicle per day
3 tanks per day per vehicle
Frequency of septage clearance from septic tank
Once in 2 years
Septage volume removed per tank
2 cum
No of operational days per annum
300 days
Sludge Drying Beds

5
Area per drying bed(average)
225 m
Dimensions of drying bed
15m x 15 m
Thickness of liquid sludge layer in drying bed
0.20 m
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9
Septage Sludge Drying Cycle
10 Sludge volume per bed
10 days
45 cum
Wastewater Conveyance
Street Collector Sewers
1.50 m / household
Branch Sewers
0.75 m / household
Trunk Sewers
0.40m /household
Waste Water Treatment and Disposal
Reuse for irrigation/ garden/ parks
Tertiary
Disposal into river
secondary
Solid Waster Management

Road Length per Sweeper
400 600 m
Sweepers per 1000 population
Garbage Collection Points
1 for 15 HHs. (75 Persons.
Norms for Road sweeping
A Type Daily sweeping - 20%

B Type Sweeping twice in a
week - 30% to 40%
C Type Sweeping once in a
week - 40% to 50%
For every 25 Kms of sweeping
road length, 3 loaders / vehicle.
For every 40 Kms of sweeping
road length, 4 loaders / vehicle.
Posts 1 for 15 HHs.(75 Persons)
@ 45 Ipcd to 1 for 10 HHs. (50
Persons) 1 Tap for 75 Persons.
1 worker / 400 m2 area, for two
time cleaning everyday.
One Tractor trailer

One Tipper Truck
Water Supply
Markets/Slaughter house
[Source: Hoshangabad CSP]
7.2.4 VARIOUS OCCURRENCE OF ISSUES VERSUS CONSEQUENCES IN SHIMOGA

Some of the prominent issues faced by Shimoga to maintain sanitation are put in a matrix to
show their low to high occurrence versus low to high consequences so as to prioritize solutions
in CSP.
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HIGH
Instances of water
logging and
flooding
MEDIUM
LOW
CONSEQUENCES
VERY HIGH
Inefficiency of MIS
LOW
Considerable
percentage of
HHs practicing
OD (18.5%)
Defunct STP all

waste water and
septic tank waste
flowing into the
river
Solid waste
dumped on
roadsides and
drains
Large % of HHs
with unsanitary
toilets (26%)
Inadequate
public
awareness
Inefficient D2D
collection system
(25%)
Regulation
MEDIUM
HIGH
VERY HIGH
OCCURRENCES
119 | P a g e

The following sections present the strategies for the various related sub-sectors related to
sanitation for Shimoga CMC area. The Sub-Sector Strategies are followed by guidelines for the
Enabling and Sustaining the aforesaid strategies through IEC, proper suitable financing
mechanisms, and guidelines for improvement of Institutional Arrangements and
Responsibilities. This is followed by suggestions for proper and adequate Monitoring and
Evaluation of the existing and the proposed systems.
Figure 13: Components of CSP strategies
120 | P a g e
7.3. `SUBSECTOR STRATEGIES

This CSP aims guiding through next steps in achieving the goal of city wide sanitation for
Shimoga. Broad strategies identified will try to lay down road map for achieving total sanitation
and hence detailed out. Also in this section along with strategies, infrastructure gaps estimated
as per practiced norms mentioned in previous section. Also both management and technical
options and financial requirement to bridge the gap have been assessed.
7.3.1 OPEN DEFECATION FREE STATUS BY ENSURING ACCESS TO ALL

(INCLUDING POOR AND SLUM DWELLERS AS WELL AS VISITING
POPULATION).
In previous section, as stated in condition assessment of sanitation Open Defecation is quite
considerably prevalent in Shimoga slums. Firstly this was due to failure of toilets of earlier
programme, water shortage and behavior of old people and children. This has to be addressed
in immediate term with concerted efforts to make OD free especially in the context that UGD is
going to be operational.
To achieve OD free status socially inclusiveness approaches that can be promoted are:
Promoting access to households with safe sanitation facilities (including proper disposal
arrangements);
Demand driven approach for access and promoting community-planned and managed
toilets wherever necessary, for groups of households who have issues of space, tenure
or economic constraints in gaining access to individual facilities;
Triggering social action by intensive IEC to prevent OD
Promotion of no cost/ low costs technologies of right kind
Adequate availability and 100% upkeep and management of Public Sanitation facilities
in all busy areas and floating population affected areas
Promoting partnerships to construct community and public toilets - Public Conveyance

blocks
Increased access of the poor to water for hygiene
Build capacities, political support and technical trainings
Norms for sanitation provisions in buildings (including non-residential) and spaces

where public congregate, through bye-laws
Municipal fund creation for neighbourhood project
121 | P a g e

A. HOUSEHOLD SANITATION ARRANGEMENTS
UGD system is under construction. At present, only 17560 HHs(25.6%) are connected to the UGD. By 2036, complete HH coverage has been
proposed. It can be assumed that 45% of HHs can be connected by the year 2016. Still some percentage of HHs will be served with onsite
arrangements (Septic tanks and Pit latrines).
Important milestones for Shimoga:
1.
2.
3.
4.
No more open defecation by Year : 2012 - 13 (achieve OD free status by constructing community toilets for HHS who dont have access).
Halve the pollution of surface waters by human excreta by 2013;
Year : 2014 - Conversion of all unsanitary to sanitary latrines and enhancement of UGD Connectivity.
Increase the utilisation rates of municipal sewerage services by 2016
Table 49: Indicative figures in Household Sanitation Arrangements over CSP Implementation Period
Sanitation Arrangement
WC Connected to
Conventional Sewer as per
DPR (no of HHs)
Baseline
Survey
Pre-CSP
Year
2010
2011
CSP Implementation Period

2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Remarks
The UGD proposed will be
completed by 2036 so it is
assumed about 45% of HHs
will be connected till 2016
14557
17560
19572
23859
28270
32804
37463
19.2%
23.1%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
23560
20722
37677
45847
47654
43686
39593
In %
31.1%
27.3%
48.1%
57.6%
59.0%
53.3%
47.6%
Unsanitary Toilets
20210
20210
10105
5053
In %
26.7%
26.6%
12.9%
6.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
In %
Sanitary Toilets (connected to
septic tanks)
122 | P a g e
With progress in time, no.

of HHs connected to septic
tanks would shift to UGD
system
The unsanitary toilets will
be upgraded to sanitary
toilets by 2014
Community Toilet User

Households
3480
3480
3914
4772
4846
4921
4995
in %
4.59%
4.58%
5.0%
6.0%
6.0%
6.0%
6.0%
Households practicing open

defecation
14002
14041
7021
in %
18.47%
18.47%
8.97%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
DEWATs and other types
In %
Total Households
600
1200
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0.73%
1.44%
76013
78290
79530
80770
82010
83251
75809
123 | P a g e
zero OD status to be
achieved by 2013
DEWATS should be
proposed in areas which is
not served by UGD about 4
DEWATS units with a
capacity of 300 HHs in each
unit should be proposed.

B. SLUM SANITATION PROVISION
Creating demand responsive participatory approach to provision of community blocks
wherever individual toilets are not possible will be important aspect in creating access. This can
be done by giving incentives for private contractors, NGOs, community organizers to work
together to jointly deliver community toilet blocks. Partnerships can be led either by contractor
or NGO with each other. There need be high technical standards, high quality service levels and
provisions for children.
Considering Shimoga situation, series of options need to be worked in slums as follows:
Provision of new community toilets,

Sewerage for individual household latrines (IHHL)
Delinking tenure ship for slum residents to build toilets.
Management arrangements to be worked. Eg. CBO members operate and manage toilet
block on their own, or CBO employs the staff like caretaker to operate and manage the
toilet block or CBO contracts a caretaker (individual or family) to manage and operate
the toilet block on its behalf.
In this regard estimation in the Table 49 done for number of toilets and urinals needed under
various categories to make the city fully sanitized. Models for providing shared toilets, public
toilets2 and urinals as needed and operations and maintenance of the infrastructure, including
charging user fees is indicated below. The planning for public toilets has taken consideration the
following user groups: slum population, floating population, population during weekly markets,
population that comes into cities for special occasions like fairs, religious activities etc,
population at public place like bus stands, railway stations etc. Such facilities can be managed
through community groups, NGOs, CBOs and private operators on a self sustaining basis.
Community toilets separately for ladies and gents need to be constructed in slum areas as per
the norms where poor cannot afford an individual toilet financially. Here the CMC will act as
facilitator to identify land for construction of toilet, approve design and provide finances and
sign an MOA with local residents who are going to use it for O &M which is going to be the
responsibility of Community.
Estimation of Community and Public toilets
Community toilets are viable for the people residing in slum areas where there is a problem of
land availability and affordability for construction of toilets is difficult. The toilets for ladies
and gents should be constructed separately as per the norms.
For Household toilets user training and CBOs training is must

User change 30/- per month per family may be collected.
The current standard for public toilets is one seat for 60 users on a 24 hours rotation basis.
124 | P a g e

Table 50: showing Operation and maintenance of the toilets Community toilet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
O&M
One seat toilet can cater for 20 HHs . Assuming Monthcollection @ Rs.30/month for five seat toilet.
Two walls of the complex shall be
be used for advertisement from the departments
(Social welfare, Education etc)
Total Revenues
Expenditure cleaning material per seat .
Sweeper Charges
Civic maintenance (water and electricity)
UGD user charges per year
Deposit for future repairs etc
Remuneration to Community organizer
In Rs
Ex-100 HHs x 30 =3000
1000x2 =2000
5000
50x 5 = 250
1500
800
360
380
5000 3000 = 2000
Table 51: Estimation of Proposed Pay and Use complex (Each unit)
S. No
Component
Estimated Cost in Rs
No. of Seats
12 Nos
No. of users for maximum extent -Morning & 3 hours + 3 hours

Evening.
One seat can accommodate
60 persons per day
Total capacity
12 nos X 60 persons /day
Revenue per month (720 persons * 1 per person =

720 x 30 days )
Rs. 21,600/-
Revenue by Ad per month
500
Total revenue
22100
10
Cleaning articles Rs 50 x 12 toilets
600
11
Sweepers 2 nos
4000
12
Civic maintenance and other contingencies
1000
13
Caretaker
4000
14
UGD user charges
360
15
Total Expenditure
9960
16
Estimated Private Operator Income
12140
( one wall)
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Indicative infrastructure requirements in making city sanitized while following climbing sanitation ladder approach:
Table 52: Indicative investment requirements, O&M Costs And User Charges For Public/ Community Sanitary Conveniences
Unit
2011 (Pre
CSP)
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
A.
Public Sanitary Conveniences
i.
Floating population served (including

persons served by existing PSCs)
Persons
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
Existing seats
No.
177
177
177
177
177
177
Reqd. seats as per norms
No.
125
133
142
150
158
167
B.
i.
ii.
iii
iv
It is thus evident that the existing no. of public toilet seats are adequate to serve the floating population influx till the year 2016.
Community Sanitary Conveniences
Households Served
No of HHs
Seats to be constructed
Number
Construction of community sanitary

conveniences
Rs 20000 per
seat
Rs
(400/month
per seat)
Annual O&M of community sanitary

conveniences
3480
87 seats
existing
87 seats
required
3914
4772
4846
4921
4995
Additional 22
seats
Additional 43
seats
Additional 4
seats
Additional 4
seats
Additional
4 seats
Rs. 17.4 lakhs
Rs. 4.3 lakhs
Rs. 8.6 lakhs
Rs. 0.7 lakhs
Rs. 0.7 lakhs
Rs. 0.7
lakhs
Rs. 69600
Rs. 78289
Rs. 95436
Rs. 96924
Rs. 98413
Rs. 99901
Assumptions:
Existing floating population is 7500. It will increase to 10000 by 2015
Land will be provided by government, respective departments who have huge visitors or ULB.
To eliminate OD all community toilets will be added in first two years. Later it is assumed that few people will switch over to individual toilets and those
additional seats will cater to increase in slum population.
UGD one time connection cost Rs 3800 per HH.
Indicative user charges for community toilet per HH is Rs 30 per month. Or Rs 1 day.
Indicative user charges for public toilet Rs 1 per day.use.
Capital cost for construction of toilet is Rs 20000 per seat. (inclusive of water and electricity connection)
[Source: ASCI]
126 | P a g e

Determination of ideal locations for proposed community toilets
The condition of sanitation in the slum areas of Shimoga CMC has scope for much improvement.
As mentioned earlier, about 8.5% HHs in the slum areas do not have toilets. Hence, it has been
estimated in the previous sections (Section 6.3.1.A) that to meet the sanitation needs of the slum
areas in Shimoga, atleast 22 community toilet complexes are required with 8 seats each. This is
in addition to the proposal for the proper upgradation of the existing community toilet. The
remaining HHs will be provided toilets through ILCS and other schemes (ref. Section 6.3.1).
The determination of the ideal locations for the proposed community toilet complexes is
important, so that they cater to the maximum number of HHs and are put to optimal use for
proper sustenance. The process/methodology followed for determination of location of the
toilet complexes has been explained as follows.
There are 53 slums in Shimoga. The analysis was based on the high percentage of slum HHs
practicing OD. The slums having large percentages of HHs not having toilets were identified and
were identified as the primary targets.
For the determination of the most ideal locations for the community toilets, certain other
aspects were also taken into account, which are as the following:
Availability of land
Proximity of other wards with similarly poor sanitary conditions
The locations determined thereby and also the location of the existing community toilets (with
proposals for upgradation) is shown in Map 10.
Table 53: Determination of location of proposed community toilet complexes, Shimoga CMC
Sl.
No.
Ward
No.
Bomman Katte
Shanti Nagar -I
19
17
22
Shanti Nagar -II

Indira
Extension(Sule
baylu)
Basavanagudi Bovi Colony
Nirmala
Hospital
Kanch
Kamakshi
Nagara
Kumbara Gundi
16
Gopala
10
25
Ashok Nagar
11
31
Halemandli
12
34
Madaripalya
Slum Name
Slum
HHs
% HHs having
Open
defecation
HHs
practicing
OD
No. of proposed
community toilet
complexes (8 seats
each)
294
1111
432
36.70%
6.30%
7.60%
108
70
33
1
1
1
228
53.10%
121
240
0.00%
118
9.30%
11
215
0.00%
299
157
439
425
480
0.00%
1.90%
2.10%
0.50%
12.30%
0
3
9
2
59
1
127 | P a g e

13
34
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
10
31
11
Ganeshbhavan
Oposite
Vidyanagar
Venkatapur
Bovi Colony
Chikkamati 1st
Stage
Seva Lal Nagar
Chikkamaddi
2nd Stage
Chwdeshwari
Colony
Mallikarjuna
Nagar
(Shanthinagra)
Gundappa Shed
Indira Nagar
Extention
Gudekalu
Kallahalli
Kashipura
Tamil Colony
Nagendra
Colony
Huccharaya
Colony
Ameer Ahmed
Colony
Tamilian Colony
Hanumantha
Nagar
Vinayaka Nagar
Tank Mohalla
V.K. Colony
Angalayana Keri
32
15
MRS Opposite
33
16
34
16
35
16
36
17
37
26
38
19
39
20
40
30
J.P. Nagar
Vishveshwaraya
Nagar
Gutyappa
Colony
Handi Jogara
Hatti
Right Side Of
Sharavathi
Nagar
Venkatesh
Nagar Channel
Savarline Road
Meggan
Hospital
Bayala
Kumbara Keri
113
23.90%
27
83
38.60%
32
184
14.70%
27
50
44.00%
22
133
11.30%
15
94
77.70%
73
228
4.40%
10
158
0.00%
259
1.20%
49
0.00%
82
0.00%
105
5.70%
162
76.50%
124
251
6.40%
16
153
2.60%
145
11.00%
16
216
0.50%
598
0.20%
693
81
651
0.60%
1.20%
3.50%
4
1
23
148
39.90%
59
289
0.00%
23
4.30%
460
12.80%
59
107
3.70%
386
1.80%
223
0.40%
128 | P a g e

41
23
42
23
43
44
23
45
24
46
16
47
27
48
27
49
31
50
31
51
13
52
34
53
34
Left Side Of
Tippunagar
Ambedkar
Nagar
Ambedkar
Nagar Colony
Lower Tunga
Nagar
Tippu Nagar
Keri Frontyard
right side
Gopala Survey
No 10
Millaghatta
stage1
Millaghatta
stage2
New Mandli
Upper Tunga
Nagar
Vidya Nagar
Rajiv Gandhi
Extension
New Bhovi
Colony
1340
5.70%
76
212
4.20%
157
38.20%
60
0.00%
1080
1.60%
17
82
2.40%
955
5.90%
56
0.00%
217
0.00%
390
36.90%
144
70
15.70%
11
316
1.30%
260
1.20%
15646
8.50%
1330
TOTAL
22
Map 10: Probable location of proposed community toilets
From the map and the table, it is clear that community toilets have been proposed in wards 1, 2,
3, 4, 4, 7, 16, 23, 25, 26, 31 and 34.
129 | P a g e

INFORMATION BOX 12: FINANCE OPTIONS MODELS FOR COMMUNITY LATRINES
1. Municipal fund for neighbourhood projects (Indonesia) Blitar, a small town in East
Java, is special for its community development fund. It has twenty neighbourhoods, of which
three are poor. The budget of the town was Rp. 6.14 billion (US$ 646,000) in 2004, double
the amount of 2002. Under its community block grant programme the city disburses 2% of
its income directly to the neighbourhoods for small projects, including an obligatory 13% for
low cost housing. The neighbourhoods themselves contribute 13-22% of the project funds in
kind or cash. The purpose of the fund is to increase public participation and selfmanagement and allow local officials and communities to exercise their autonomy. Village
Community Empowerment Institutions (LPMSKs) take care of mobilization. Women
participate in the mandated community assemblies in which these projects are planned.
Since 2003 project selection criteria include the number of poor beneficiaries. Most local
grants go to improvement of infrastructure. From 2005 on, use of funds for hardware is
restricted to 60%. Learning from mistakes is an accepted part of the approach.
2. Slum Sanitation pogramme of Mumbai: A key feature was the involvement of slum
communities in project implementation right from the planning stage. The mobilization
process facilitated collaborations between NGOs, contractors and CBOs. In each slum a CBO
was formed and registered as a trust or a society (under the Bombay Public trust Act. To
express its demand each family in the target slum area was asked to pay contribution
Rs.100 per adult (maximum of Rs 500 per family) as a membership fee. The amount was
deposited in a joint bank account. After construction of the toilet block the CBO typically
certifies its satisfactory completion and signs a MOU with the municipal Corporation. The
responsibility of maintaining the toilet block is then handed over to the CBO. MOU specifies
that CBO will operate and maintain the toilet block.
3. After the reforms in TSC programme, priority was given for setting up sanitary complexes
in a place acceptable for both men and women. The prescribed unit cost is up to Rs 2 lakh,
shared by GOI, State Government and the community in the ratio of 60:20:20. However, the
community contribution can be made by the local governance from its budget (GOI, CSRS
2002). This approach directly provides subsidy to communities rather than individuals.
Though many households are inclined positively to have IHL, the scarcity of space, the
traditional taboos have become a constraint for construction of IHL. To overcome such
constraints, the integrated Community Latrines Complex (ICLC) becomes a substitute. The
maintenance cost of the community sanitary complexes has to be met by the
Panchayats/voluntary organisations/charitable trusts/Self Help Groups and not the
committee set up by local government.
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C. SCHOOL SANITATION PROVISION
In Shimoga like any other city, school latrines and water points become dirty and run down as
detailed in the situational analysis report. As a result, they are not used and create a health
hazard. School water supply, sanitation and hygiene education are very important for the
following main reasons:
Promotes health and hygiene behavior at an early stage of childhood.

Improves the health of children and results in a lower dropout rate, especially among girl
children.
Huge network of schools offers a ready-made infrastructure to influence the students,
teachers, parents and hence the community.
Children are the change agents; hence, it ensures generational change in the adoption of the
health and hygiene behaviour.
Table 54: Toilet requirements in schools as per norms, Shimoga CMC

Sl.
No
category of
schools
No. of
schools
No. of
students
No. of
staff
No. of
WCs and
urinals
existing
Total
reqd.
Gaps
Total
Investment
reqd. (in
Rs. Lakhs )
GHPS
43
7027
291
183
244
106
21.25
GUHPS
10
1862
77
49
65
31
6.21
GLPS
21
1287
65
67
45
OTHERS
14
3019
133
68
105
51
10.13
Total
88
13195
566
367
459
180
35.97
0.00
[Source: ASCI]
A good cleaning and maintenance system requires funds, spare parts, people and equipment,
and a clear division of roles and responsibilities among the actors involved. A number of
organizational options for maintenance suggested: through a cleaning committee, by classes
on a rotation basis, with or without a rewarding mechanism, or by individual students.
The children should be encouraged to help to maintain their own school environment and
facilities. The following models are recommended for school sanitation.
a. Health Clubs
School health and hygiene clubs are usually involved in helping children for maintenance tasks.
School health clubs (or similar groups with other names) can be very useful for:
stimulating safe hygiene behaviour among children;

monitoring SSHE programme;
reaching out into the community;
Prepare an annual action plan for the School health club;
Organise school activities in planning, teaching, monitoring, and maintenance;
131 | P a g e

Conduct community activities with the help of headmaster and teachers;
Different actors should be engaged and all work together to promote
and implement gender-responsive sanitation, health and hygiene solutions. This includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Schools (parents, PTAs, school councils, teachers,

students)
NGOs and CBOs
Womens groups
Youth organizations
Governments including Ministries of Education, Health, Water
Health providers
Researchers
b. School committee
Often school committees are found very effective and can be established in schools to plan and
implement school sanitation programmes. These Committees may usually consist of students,
teachers, and parents with following roles :
Take a lead in co-ordinating and preparing action plan of SSHE programme.

Involve other actors in mobilizing local resources and support special activities like fund
raising, construction, maintenance and repair;
Organise various activities periodically to collect funds for various programmes;
Budget, allocate and supervise funds.
D. PROVISION OF SANITATION IN OTHER AREAS FOR ACHIEVING CITYWIDE SANITATION

National Building Code (NBC 2005) of India is basis for all Building Regulations and adopted by
respective states in the country, which clearly specifies that any building meant for human
occupancy or use should have adequate sanitation and disposal facilities irrespective of
availability of sewerage.
Detailed norms are available in the code depending on occupancy saying in no case less than
one water closet should be provided. Wherever disposal facilities are not available they shall be
provided as part of the building design for ensuring highest standards of sanitation condition.
Part 9 on Plumbing services Section 1 of Water Supply Drainage and Sanitation clearly details
the requirements under safe sanitation provision. But authorities are failed in implementation
of NBC and Building regulation to check building plan approvals. CSTF should intervene in this
and two members should be identified from CSTF to ratify building plans for adequate
sanitation provision. Clear rules need to be amended on responsibility of toilet provision in the
premises of any human occupation or use. Various uses generally found in any given city and
options for sanitation provision to achieve citywide sanitation are indicated below:
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Table 55: Addressing access to various categories of uses
Residential
Slums : Notified and non
notified.
Non Slums: Old areas, New
upcoming areas, DTCP
approved colonies, Govt
quarters.
Institutional
Central Govt offices,

State Govt offices and
private offices.
Recreational
Commercial
Public Places,
Shopping areas,
malls, markets,
Agricultural
markets, Fair areas
etc
Transport
Schools
Railway station,
Bus stations
All
government
and non
government
schools.
Others
Industries
Individual/ Community
Public toilets on BOT basis (ref management options). These
Individual
Independent toilets.
Independent toilets.
toilets
properties have to provide land within their premises.
toilets
It is the responsibility of
private individual to
construct and maintain
toilet as per NBC and
Strict implementation of building bye laws like no building permitted for construction and occupation without toilet and all Govt
Municipal act norms. A
buildings need to take approval of ULB for building construction. Monitoring is the responsibility of ULB.
mechanism to build social
pressure to maintain
design standards needs to
be worked.
Note: Wherever UGD is available toilets will be connected to UGD. Otherwise a decentralized concept for black water treatment by Biogas facility and duck weed
based technology for grey water treatment should be implemented and it is individual responsibility.
133 | P a g e

The strategies mentioned below provide management options for various problem areas
The study of the sanitation situation and projection of demand to address environmental sanitation have highlighted deficiency in respect of
sanitation. NUSP, National rating award scheme, Standardized Service level Bench Marking framework of Government of India all provide a
good structure for defining steps to be taken for CSP and its implementation. Though CMC will have overall responsibility in implementing
CSP, it will also require concerted efforts of many stakeholders to achieve various goals. For this partnership arrangements with relevant
government agencies, private sector, civil society, Non government organizations (NGO) need to established and institutionalized for
successful implementation of CSPs. It is observed that different models will work in different situations and some of the options to be tested
and implemented by CMC are as follows:
Table 56: Management Strategies
Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
1. Improving Access
HHs
Individual
subsidy.
toilets
with
Up gradation with technical

support for alternatives.
Up gradation with financial

support for alternatives.
Guidance notes to APL on

different types of toilets with
technical support.
Community
Toilet
(Ideally to be cross
subsidized from Public
toilets for BOT models)
Mobilizing donor agencies/

individuals to construct
toilets and transfer to
community for O&M.
ULB bears Capital and

transfers to Community for
O &M with monthly card
system.
ULB constructs toilet and gives

for adoption for O&M.
Demand driven approach:

Community contribution to
toilet construction and O&M
where ULB facilitates.
Schools
Designing, field testing and

propagating child friendly,
gender friendly and disabled
friendly toilets by ULB as
part of IEC.
Mobilizing business houses,

companies etc. to donate or
adopt toilets with ad rights.
Promoting PPPs for O&M
Education dept bears capital

and O &M by outsourcing.
Public/Institutional
toilets
Create
public-private
partnerships
between
service
providers
and
government agencies.
Mobilizing business houses,

companies etc. to donate or
adopt toilets with ad rights.
Generators of huge visitors

(railways, APSRTC, Court,
shopping complex, market
areas, theaters and Govt
offices) to give land for pay
and use toilets on BOT mode.
Consolidate IEC money of all

govt. programs for O&M and
use Toilet walls.
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2. Black soil and Waste water Treatment
Septage Management
Update
and
amend
regulations on tariffs for
septage management.
Considering subsidizing of
emptying fees to poor.
Frequency
emptying
authorities
years.
of septic tank
regulated
by
to every three
Public awareness campaign for

enhanced frequency of septic
tank emptying and develop
annual septage symposium.
Sludge Treatment and

disposal
Improving on public utilitys

collection
and
transportation Capacity.
Regulations for and licensing

of private entrepreneur
involvement
in
sludge
collection
and
transportation.
ULB manage contractors for

scheduled desludging.
Clear policies and guidelines

for developers.
Promotion of no cost/ low
costs technologies like soak
pits to septic tanks (Areas
where UGD is not covered)
UGD Scheme
Ref Starters
ISWM
Promotion of RWAs, local

committees in 100% door to
door collection.
Making segregated wastes

available at disposal /
treatment facilities.
- 20% (2010 -2012)
- 40% (2012 -14)
- 60% (2014 onwards)
Recycling waste
- 5% (2010 -2012)
- 15% (2012 -14)
-30% (2014 onwards)
Scientific
treatment
and
disposal by developing pilot
initiatives and testing by 2014
and scaling up afterwards.
Build political support with

exposure
visits,
technical
trainings,
reports,
and
workshops.
Manuals
on
guidelines,
regulations, O& M of toilets
and extensive dissemination.
3. M& E and awareness

Regulation
Public
campaign
awareness
A
strong
regulatory
framework to be put in place
by amending the Municipal
Act, Building regulations
with rules on following:
Guidelines
on
penalties/fines
to
be
imposed
on
littering,
obstruction of natural and
artificial drainage, fecal and
septic effluent discharge in
to drains.
Triggering
social
mechanisms to prevent OD,
behavior change, disuse of
toilets.
Raise
public
Expose NGOs and media to

importance of sanitation to
gain their support.
135 | P a g e

awareness
multimedia
targeting
particular.
Monitoring
evaluation
through
campaigns,
children
in
and
1. Gather information and

develop
databases
and
regular updation.
- SWM, Drainage, sanitation,
track O&D
2. Adoption of Protocol on
monthly collection of data
from each ward/slum and
publish in public forum.
Framing
rules
and
specifications and effective
monitoring especially to
make sewerage systems
work without any ex
filtration in the future.
Continuing
O&M
practices(cleaning
toilets,
emptying pits/septic tanks,
maintaining
waste
water
disposal systems)
Technical
evaluation
and
finalization: Appraising models
for toilets, solid/liquid waste
management,
school
sanitation, vulnerable and
special needs populations,
menstrual hygiene.
Sustaining usage O&M

and governance
Impact monitoring: periodic

and regular monitoring of
socio
economic,
health,
ground water and soil
impact indicators.
Institutional
processes:
Community monitoring of
construction, usage etc,
social pressure on usage and
O&M etc.
Establishing linkages for funds

defining allocations/sharing
costs, determining community
Contributions.
Documented
operational
systems
and
institutional
responsibility assigned for
each sector by preparing
written manual.
136 | P a g e
7.3.2
EXCRETA DISPOSAL AND WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
Sewerage system need not be the only sanitation system for liquid waste. Onsite sanitation
systems to treat grey and black water or a combination depending on the user choice shall be
adopted for less dense settlements and other uncovered areas. Need to ensure 100% treatment
of both black and grey water. For onsite sanitation, periodic cleaning shall be ensured. ULB may
provide the equipment at a fee and also final disposal, depending on the type of onsite
treatment involved. The proposals for Shimoga consider safe containment, treatment and
disposal of human excreta and community liquid waste. This will be achieved by:
Ensuring that all human wastes are collected, treated and disposed off safely;
Promoting proper disposal and treatment of sludge from on-site installations (septic
tanks, pit latrines, etc.);
Promoting proper functioning of network-based sewerage systems and ensuring
connections of households to them;
Encourage recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non-potable applications,
wherever possible.
I. TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR FECAL TREATMENT AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT

100 % of human excreta and liquid wastes from all sanitation facilities must be disposed-off
safely. Rudimentary latrines (discharging into drains and nalas) widely spread in Shimoga, are
the first step to manage excreta. The next step in the sanitation ladder is any form of improved
latrines that ensure more hygienic separation of excreta and the final step is a flush latrine
connected to a septic tank or a sewer network. Each successive step of the ladder represents a
higher unit cost but is assumed to give a correspondingly lower level of health risk (Morella
2008). Different types of sanitation systems (indicated in the table) below and decentralized
wastewater treatment plants can be suggested i.e. septic tanks, biogas toilets and Decentralized
Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS).
The six technologies represent different levels of sanitation services. Whereas the septic tank
aims only at providing better hygienic conditions, the ecosan and biogas systems provide
additional benefits (reuse of nutrients, biogas). The decentralized systems aim at reusing the
treated wastewater for irrigation.
137 | P a g e

Table 57: Intended benefits for the six technology systems.
Basic Sanitation
Septic
Biogas
Ecosan
tank
Individu Individual / Individual /
al
Communal
Communal
Better Hygienic Yes
Yes
Yes
Conditions
Reuse
of NA
Yes
Yes
Nutrients and
Biogas
Reuse
of NA
NA
NA
treated waste
water
for
irrigation
**Solid Immobilised Biofilter (SIBF)
***Multiple Stage Filtration (MSF)
****Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS)
Intended
benefit
Type
Waste Water Treatment

SIBF**
MSF***
DEWAT
S****
Commun Commun Commun
al
al
al
Yes
Yes
Yes
NA*
NA*
NA*
Yes
Yes
Yes
As it has been mentioned earlier, biggest advantage in regard to Shimoga is that the
implementation of UGD scheme has already started. This will solve most of its treatment needs
of sludge and grey water. But in some pockets with in Shimoga municipal limits ( narrow lanes
etc.) and areas adjacent to it, use of septic tanks or pit latrines continue to stay and will exist in
Shimoga even after cent percent UGD implementation. Accordingly an estimate of capital costs
and O &M models have been done in the subsequent pages.
Following options are suggested for Non UGD areas;
Table 58: Waste water treatment options for Non UGD areas
Sl. No.
Area
Preference
1 Preference
(Offsite)
(onsite)
New upcoming UGD

areas
(high
income)
New upcoming UGD
areas ( Low
income)
Slums of narrow UGD
lanes
Option 3
(onsite)
DEWATS
Septic tanks
DEWATS
Two pits
Communal septic Biogas tanks

tanks
All systems provide water for irrigation with which users get in contact so regular monitoring is
required to keep the hygienic risks low. Hence education on appropriate hygiene practices as
well as the use of the systems as a way to improve aspects, such as smell and breeding insects,
should be provided on ongoing basis.
The biogas and Ecosan system pose medium risk to the person who is emptying the systems,
whereas the SIBF and the DEWATS feature only low risk as users do not get in direct contact
with the system. The risk here is dependent on the reuse of water for irrigation practices, type
of crops and how well the prior treatment has worked. One factor of success of the
138 | P a g e

decentralized systems is the well organized operation and maintenance, which is either
conducted by a private company or a community committee. Those decentralized systems also
require less energy (and have therefore lower costs) than conventional treatment systems.
Considering the small pockets in new upcoming areas Shimoga ideally should have following
options for preference in sludge treatment:
II. ENSURING EARLY OPERATIONALISATION OF ONGOING UGD SCHEME IN SHIMOGA FOR
WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT AND EXCRETA DISPOSAL
Prime responsibility of Shimoga is to see high cost intensive UGD to function well with effective
STPs. Otherwise there is a fear that network will be just another conduit to transport all the
waste and dump outside city limits without any treatment. To make UGD functional on
sustained basis selection of STP is utmost important and an intervention of expert committee is
suggested involving district officials, Engineer in chief, PHED, implementing agencies like
Larson & Toubro, consultant of UGD DPR and ULB officials. This should be done on priority
basis and following suggestions are given for effective functioning of UGD.
III. STARTERS FOR SEWERAGE
Major challenge lies in ensuring cent percent connectivity to ongoing UGD.
Except one
stakeholder workshop about UGD project there is no IEC programme taken up so far to motivate
people in raising connection costs, benefits of UGD and its operation and maintenance. It is
highly important that scheme has to be explained in detail about benefits of having sewerage
access, need of maintaining STP as per CPCB norms and huge O&M costs involved. Hence an
intensive communication programme through local cable TV network, news papers etc. should
be ideally a starting point. Concerns of the stakeholders provide strength and motivation to the
Shimoga CMC to overcome the problem that may occur and can do midterm corrections. For
effective functioning of UGD following immediate actions are suggested;
139 | P a g e
Table 59: Starters for UGD

Recommendation
Possible Constraints
Ensuring 95% UGD

Coverage
- Mobilizing connections (last

mile connectivity)
- Collection of connection cost
in time
- Bringing more properties in
to PT net ( no of PT
assessments proportionately
increase UGD connections)
- Building positive image of MC
in general public.
Operational Strategy
Private
sector
involvement for O &
M
Finance
administration
and
Actions
- Develop robust MIS in three months (

intensive field verifications, cross checking)
- Widening PT net
- Pro poor policy on UGD connection cost and
IEC. - Modifying building bye-laws to have UGD
connection compulsory
Establishing
coordination
between
engineering and revenue sections.
Adopt policy on IEC and Public Awareness
Campaign in mission mode( Sewerage
connection cost Vs Septic tank etc. Need for
safe sanitation)
How to connect to main sewer Display of technical drawing with
trunk.(technical
specifications in all wards and information
specifications)
dissemination through pamphlets.
Availability of technicians.
- Training local masons on UGD connection
Making corpus available for process.
O&M of STPs. (ref table 37 on - Managing material flow for hard ware
O&M costs )
arrangements.
- Transparent measures - simplification of
procedures for sanction of water supply and
sewerage connections, customer charter, fully
automated bill payment.
Codified procedures for sewerage, septage,
drainage and SWM. (preparation of protocol
manual and monitoring by local communities
on location of samples to be tested, periodicity
and parameters to be tested.)
Consumers get interest free loans to connect and pay back as part of the tariff;
Introduction of weighed tariffs reflecting the principle the polluter pays.
Use of local indicators, e.g. type of housing, to determine the category of
payment.
Different loan terms for different groups, e.g. installments.
Timely payments are rewarded, e.g. by a % reduction for the next year.
140 | P a g e

The following figure shows a typical layout for the UGD network connected to the
Household
Just before Septic tank

construct inspection chamber
with in premises and bypass
the existing septic tank
Figure 14: Connecting to UGD typical layout
IV. COSTS PER HOUSEHOLD

1. Cost of laying pipes = Rs.80 X 6 = Rs.480
(considering 80 max. pipe length and @ Rs.6/ft of pipe)
2. Cost of materials = Rs.1000 (inspection chambers & bricks and cement)
3. Cost of labor = Rs.1000
4. Therefore the total cost of laying pipes = Rs.2500
5. Connection cost/HH = Rs.3800 or Rs2000
6. Total max. cost per HH = Rs.6300 or Rs4300
At present, in Shimoga, connection charges levied on HHs are Rs. 300 along with the
charges for road cutting, etc.
V. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
As of now UGD is not operational and as such there are no O &M activities at present. A
sewerage system as it is known collects wastewater from residences, industries, hospitals and
commercial institutions for conveyance to STPs for treatment and safe disposal. Any obstruction
or overloading of the collection system can have dramatic consequences on public health and
the environment.
It is the responsibility of the CMC, to ensure that the performance of the proposed sewerage
system is not compromised in any manner by adopting proper practices of operation and
maintenance of the system. Effective O&M of an underground sewerage scheme is critical and
the direct responsibility rests with the Shimoga CMC. For ease of operation and maintenance,
the proposed sewerage system has to be of locally available materials, skilled manpower and
easily available mechanical/electrical equipment.
141 | P a g e

The existing STP in Shimoga is located in a low-lying area and has been damaged due to
inflow of water from the river. The DPR proposes the usage of the existing STP as well as
construction of a new one in the same site. It has to be taken care that when the STP is set
up once again, it has to be well protected from future occurrence of the same mishap.
The primary aim of sewage treatment plants (STP) operation and maintenance (O&M), is the
running and maintenance the plant, efficiently and economically, so that the effluent from the
plant meets the prescribed standards in terms of BOD,SS and faecal coliforms laid down by the
local body or the pollution control board while discharging the effluent on land or into water
body.
The basic requirements of successful O&M of STP are:
1. A thorough knowledge of plant and machinery and equipment provided in the STP
and their functions,
2. A thorough knowledge of the processes,
3. Proper and adequate tools,
4. Adequate stock of spare parts and chemical,
5. Assignment of specific responsibilities to operating staff,
6. Schedule of daily preventive maintenance,
7.Systematic and period inspection,
8.Training of all operating staff in operating procedures and maintenance practices,
9.Maintaining records of key activities and operating logs of equipment, and
10. Good housekeeping.
VI. REQUIREMENTS OF MAINTENANCE OF SEWER
As huge investment are generally made for the implementation of the sewerage system, it is
appropriate to operate and maintain the system effectively in order to derive maximum benefit
of the investment. Maintenance of sewer system depends not only on proper design and
construction but also on the availability of competent staff for their operation.
The requirements of the maintenance of the sewerage system are:
1. Protect the sewerage system against damaging materials, which may be discharged
by the public, commercial and industrial institution.
2. Prevent the sewerage system from clogging due to deposition of solids as a result of
inadequate flow
3. Prevent the accumulation of foul gases in the sewerage system due to the anaerobic
decomposition of the deposited solids
4. Save the workers involved in the sewer cleaning from death due to obnoxious gases.
The preventive maintenance methods to achieve the above requirement are:
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Ensure self-cleaning velocity in all section of the sewerage system at least once in a day for
prevention of clogging in the sewerage system. The sewer section where it is not possible to
obtain the self-cleansing velocities due to flatness of the gradient especially in the head reaches
of the sewer network, flushing is necessary.
The O&M of the created infrastructure includes manning and maintenance of the STPs, power
charges for the pumping stations, manning for the maintenance of the net work, maintenance
and repairs of the sewer cleaning machinery and equipment, administrative expenditure
involved in billing and collection of sewerage cess etc. Also thee sewer lines between two
successive manholes should be periodically inspected using intrusive equipments &
arrangement for silting and blockages. The revenue from the sewerage sector is mainly from the
charges being collected while giving new sewerage connection and drainage cess collected along
with house tax.
VII. REUSE OF RECYCLED WATER
Decentralized wastewater systems collect, treat, and reuse or dispose of wastewater at or near
its point of generation. It includes systems that treat wastewater from individual homes or
buildings as well as cluster systems that treat wastewater from groups of two or more houses.
Unlike centralized urban wastewater treatment systems, decentralized systems treat
wastewater close to the source, typically using small pipes for collecting small volumes of
domestic wastewater. They are most cost-effective option especially in peri urban and hilly
terrain existing in Shimoga. Following guidelines need to be followed for application of sewage
water.
Table 60: Degree of Treatment Needed for Land Application
Treatment
Device Type
Land Application System
Primary
Septic tank
Grey water Tank
Waterless composting toilet
Combustion toilet
Soil absorption systems

Burial (for compost)
Secondary
AWTS
Grey water treatment
Septic tank and re circulating sand
filter
Subsurface Irrigation
Tertiary (disinfection)
AWTS
Septic tank and re circulating sand
filter
Subsurface irrigation
Surface Irrigation (non
aerosal)
Subsurface irrigation
Surface Irrigation (non
aerosol)
Toilet flushing
Grey water tertiary

(Excluding Kitchen
wastes)
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VIII. DEWATS : SEWAGE TREATMENT (300 PERSON EQUIVALENT OR 60-65 HHS
EQUIVALENT)
The sewage treatment unit consists of anaerobic up flow reactor as a primary treatment and
Root Zone Treatment (RTZ) System as secondary treatment system. A maturation pond is also
in place for tertiary treatment. The treated wastewater is finally supplied to the houses for
inferior domestic uses like toilet flushing and garden irrigation.
Description of Wastewater treatment units
The wastewater treatment system consists of Up-flow Anaerobic Reactor as primary treatment
unit. This system was designed & implemented for 300 person equivalent. The cross section of
this reactor is trapezoidal section in the bottom and rectangular in the top. The waste water
from final receiving chamber is allowed to enter in this reactor at the bottom through a pipe and
water rises up at a very low velocity. The treated waste water is collected through gutter along
longitudinal walls and enters the secondary treatment system.
Primary Treatment Unit
Type of Primary treatment: Up flow anaerobic reactor.

Design capacity: 300 Persons.
Type of Structure: Reinforced Cement Concrete
Size of unit: 10m x 3m x 4m
Design Load Characteristics
Hydraulic load : 1600 lts/m2/day
Organic load: 0.512 Kg/m2/day
Actual Load Characteristics
Hydraulic load: 160 lts/m2/day (As per Standards)

Hydraulic load: 177 lts/m2/day (As per Actual measurement before commissioning of
recycling system)
Hydraulic load: 81 lts/m2/day (As per Actual measurement after commissioning of
recycling system)
Organic Load (Maximum): 0.037 Kg/m2/day (As per Actual measurement before
commissioning of recycling system)
Organic Load (Maximum): 0.011 Kg/m2/day (As per Actual measurement after
commissioning of recycling system)
1. Volume: 114 m3
2. Cross sectional area: 12m2
3. Longitudinal Sectional area at the centre: 40m2
Secondary Treatment Unit
The wastewater treatment systems consists of Horizontal root zone system as secondary
treatment which receives partly treated wastewater from primary treatment unit.
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Horizontal Root Zone Treatment Unit
The secondary treatment units are implemented in Phase level hence the first level is designed
for 50 persons. In the root zone treatment, wastewater passes through filter bed by uniform
horizontal flow. Root zone treatment are sealed filter beds consisting of sand, gravel and soil
system, occasionally with a cohesive element, planted with vegetation which can grow in
wetlands. The wastewater passes through the filter bed where biodegradation of the
wastewater takes place.
Root Zone Treatment system
Type of treatment system: Horizontal Root Zone treatment.

Type of Structure: Reinforced Concrete floor with Brick walls.
Size of Unit: 10m X 5m X 1.2m
Design Load Characteristics

1. Hydraulic load: 160 lts/m2/day
2. Organic load: 0.024 Kg/m2/day
Actual Load Characteristics
Hydraulic load: 106 lts /m2/day (As per Actual measurement before commissioning of
recycling system)
Hydraulic load: 49 lts /m2/day (As per Actual measurement after commissioning of
recycling system)
Organic load: 0.0030 kg /m2/day (As per Actual measurement before commissioning of
recycling system)
Organic load: 0.0021 kg /m2/day (As per Actual measurement after commissioning of
recycling system)
Type of plant species: Arundo donax

Plan area of filter bed: 50m2
Tertiary Treatment Unit
Maturation Pond : In this treatment unit, Maturation pond act as tertiary treatment, effluent
from Root zone treatment unit enters in the Maturation pond. The important function of
maturation pond is the removal of excreted pathogens to achieve an effluent quality which is
suitable for its downstream reuse.
Design of Maturation Pond
Type of Structure: Reinforced Concrete floor with Brick walls

Size of Unit: 5.75m X 5mX 1m
Cross sectional area: 5m2
Longitude Sectional area: 5.75m2
Plan area: 28.75 m2
145 | P a g e
Capacity of unit: 28.75 m3

Hydraulic Retention time: 4.5 days (as per actual daily sewage inflow)
Table 61: Cost of Construction of the Wastewater Treatment system
Sl
Description
No
Total Cost in For

Rs
Person
Cost/
Person
Equivalent
1.
Primary treatment unit

(Upflow Anaerobic
Reactor)
2,75,000.00
300
916.00
2.
Secondary treatment unit

(Root Zone Treatment)
1,00,000.00
50
2000.00
3.
Tertiary treatment unit

(Maturation Pond)
25,000.00
50
500.00
TOTAL COST
Rs
4,00,000.00
3416.00
Hence total cost required for the construction of wastewater treatment system is Rs 4000.00
per person.
Table 62:Cost of Operation and Maintenance
Sl No
Description of work
Amount (Rs)
Monitoring
26,500.00
Wastewater Analysis cost

2.
Maintenance
Operation
and
maintenance
commissioning till date)
30,000.00
(Since
3.
Onsite Laboratory
Cost of Equipment and chemicals
12,000.00
Total (two years)
68, 500.00
O&M cost year
Rs 35000
146 | P a g e
Table 63: Land Requirement
Sl No
Description
Total Area
(Sq. m)
Person
Equivalent
Area / Person
(Sq.m)
1.
Primary treatment unit ((Up-flow

Anaerobic Reactor)
34
300
0.11
2.
Secondary treatment unit (Root

Zone treatment)
62
50
1.24
3.
Tertiary treatment unit

(Maturation Pond)
33
50
0.7
TOTAL
129
300
2.4
Area requirement per person for the treatment of wastewater is nearly 2.4m2/person
Intensive IEC
programme to
prevent OD,
behavior change,
disuse of toilets.
Ensuring right
technology for
STP with low OM
costs, skill need.
HIGH
Public Toilets in
PPP.
Pro poor policy on

Septage clearance
and connections to
UGD.
Capacity building
by exposure
visits, technical
training and
workshops
School
Sanitation
Framing Rules
,specifications
and effective
monitoring
Building
authentic MIS
and updation
Delinking tenure
ship
Institutional
responsibility
clearly assigned.
LOW
IMPACT
VERY HIGH
Last mile
connectivity to
UGD with clear
technical
guidelines.
Community
toilets
(bearing
capital costs
and
transferring to
community for
O&M)
MEDIUM
IX. COST & IMPACT MATRIX

The following matrix represents the cost & impacts scenario for OD free status and achieving
environmental sanitation.
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
Improving
efficiency in
DTD collection
and segregation
for SWM
practices.
Incentives and
punitive
measures
VERY HIGH
COST
147 | P a g e
7.3.3
IMPROVEMENT OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
A summary of the current position of the solid waste management has been dealt in previous
chapters. Field surveys and discussions with stakeholders also identified key issues and
problems in Shimoga. To assess the magnitude of the problem to be tackled in future
estimations of waste generation has been done based on population projections done for
Shimoga taking considering the present per capita waste production (527 gm). Since growth is
expected to be moderate, the future generation trends will be governed by population changes
and will be mainly from domestic sources.
Table 64: Projection of solid waste generation for future
Year
Population Projected
Method)
Average per waste

production
(kg)
Solid waste generated

(TPD)
2010
321,432
0.527
169.39
2015
347,724
0.527
183.25
2020
374,017
0.527
197.11
2025
400,310
0.527
210.96
2030
426,602
0.527
224.82
2035
452,895
0.527
238.68
2040
479,187
0.527
252.53
2045
505,480
0.527
266.39
[Source ASCI]
There need to be considerable focus required to address solid waste management complying to
MSW 200 rules.
The Health Department of Shimoga is headed by an Environmental Engineer and is responsible
for all activities of collection, street sweeping, transportation, and disposal of solid waste. The
Engineering Department is responsible for procurement and maintenance of equipment and
vehicles.
148 | P a g e

A systematic action plan for maintaining solid waste management while achieving each recommendation as outlined below:
Table 65: ISWM Action Plan
Recommendation
Strategy to be adopted
Actions
Possible Constraints
Achieving
benchmark
cleanliness (following SLB
indicators and parameter
in Sanitation rankings in
phases )
Establish work norms (per worker)

for roads (both congested and
wide), open spaces.
Regularise
sanitary
worker
attendance by biometric system.
Encourage successes of visible clean
areas.
Involve Corporators and a few other
who will support such efforts in
their Wards.
Promote clean wards/slums/Colony etc. by

well-planned door to door collection.
Increased
involvement
of
NGOs/Private
operators etc.
Good working conditions and recognition
mechanisms for workforce.
Increasing efficiency and

productivity of existing
staff.
Possible protest from
employees.
Source
segregation of
waste into specified types
Maximum recycling and maximum

local composting of bio-degradable
waste.
Provide
separate
collection
mechanism
for
Bulk
Waste
Producers, Construction waste /
Debris, Garden/ Green Waste.
Overall training and capacity
building of MSW personnel in order
to achieve segregation of solid waste
at source.
Good
communication
and
awareness programme.
Promote source segregation by keeping wet &

dry wastes separately, doorstep collection of
wet waste for bulk waste producers with extra
rates, to compost all bio degradable and recycle
dry wastes.
Associate with trade & industry associations for
better marketing to segregate recyclable
material
Give priority to the source segregation of
recyclable waste by shops and establishments
and later concentrate on segregation at the
3household level.
Targeting
behaviour
change of households.
Increased public health
and hygiene levels
149 | P a g e

3
Minimizing
,primary
collection, transport and
handling costs per ton
Management Information
Systems
Levy user charges
Advanced
locality
Encourage PPP and out sourcing.
Reduce expenditure on collection per household

by imposing user charges @ Rs.one per day),
encourage source segregation and reduce waste
reduction to at least 15%.Planning and
optimizing vehicle routing with robust MIS and
waste generation data base.
Introduction of GPS and monitoring of MSW
vehicles in a centralized locality.
Regular reporting and data

updating.
Appropriate division of roles and
responsibilities.
Developing information base on :
Daily/weekly/monthly
reports
at
town/ward/zone level.
Spatial and seasonal waste generation quantities
and nature (Ward-wise waste), collection points
linking to GIS, asset inventory, category wise
waste generation, number of workers in each
ward for collection, transportation and disposal.
Recording weigh-bridge on-site
Number of staff and expected clearance
frequencies.
Funds and leadership
Polluter pays principle and a policy

on SWM user charges.
Simple procedures and strict
enforcement of regulations.
Share MSW information with the
Public.
Display boards with details of MSW in specific

area including Contractors phone number on
the dustbins to be cleared by them and specify
how residents can handover waste to municipal
body.
Charges for business or trade, eating-houses or
hostels, health-care facilities, shops, offices,
street-food,
fairs
and
exhibitions
and
ceremonies.
Avoid NIMBY by sanitizing all wastes near point
of collection until composting commence.
Lack of political will.
Strong citizens group to work closely
Organize citizen meeting in neighbourhood and
150 | P a g e

Management (ALM)
with ULB to develop strategy and

improve ISWM as well as other civic
amenities in their local area.
Promoting Public Private

Participation (PPP)
Performance improvement
based contracting system.
Selection of
technologies.
Developing
environmentally
sustainable models especially in
disposal e.g. scientific landfills (SLFs).
treatment
criteria
explain concept of ALM through public meetings.

Select ALM committee from all representative
building, lanes etc.
Enhancing the strength of ULBs and ability of
engaged contractors to perform.
Take up pilot in newly developed areas, underserved areas and particularly in the areas where
local bodies have not been providing service
through their own labour force.
PPP can be considered in:
D2D collection of household waste, commercial
waste, hospital waste, hotel waste, construction
waste and market waste.
Setting-up, operation and maintenance of waste
disposal facility, operation and maintenance of
waste treatment or processing plants.
Supplying refuse collection vehicles on lease,
repairs and maintenance of vehicles at a private
garage, transportation of waste on contractual
basis, etc.
Setup expert committee.
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Lack
of
credible
information
Inadequate
internal
capacities to monitor
private operator
Coordination and Internal

capacities issues.
7.3.4
IMPROVEMENT OF STORM WATER MANAGEMENT IN SHIMOGA
The existing situation of the storm water drainage network has already been discussed at length
in Section 4.2. There are a couple of areas wherein there are instances of water logging and
flooding during the rainy seasons. These areas get quite seriously affected during such times.
Following are some strategies that may be adopted to improve these areas by a large extent.
Suggested strategies for storm water management
Identifying the water logged areas and their frequency of water logging. As a short term
plan rehabilitation of drains in those areas can be taken on priority.
In Shimoga, as mentioned earlier, there are several schools located in such low-lying
areas which get frequently water logged. Re-location of these schools to other nearby
areas is a good option.
Considering the existing problems of water logging in rainy seasons, the use of the
debris generating from civil works like road constructions and construction sites can be
utilized as infilling in the low lying areas where water accumulates during rainy seasons,
however, proper treatment of compaction and execution is essential on such sites. These
works can be taken up as short term measures.
There should be immediate provision made in order to stop mixing of solid waste into
open drains so as to prevent choking of drains
Augmenting the existing drainage network by converting existing Kachha drains into
pakka drains by providing proper cross sections along the running length of the roads.
Construction of new drainage channels (covered) along the roads where there is no
provision of drainage system should be taken up based on detail surveys
Disposing the collected water safely into identified areas. The existing lakes can be
considered for discharging the surface water and storm water. Development of
collection and conveyance system for storm water is suggested as a midterm which will
discharge the water into existing lakes or water bodies and will help recharging and
rejuvenating the existing lakes which at present are drying due to climatic changes.
Considering options for Rain water harvesting suitable to city context. It can be
recommended in the building regulations and bye-laws for newly developing areas,
residential colonies and institutional campuses to develop rain water harvesting system.
152 | P a g e
7.4. ENABLING AND SUSTAINING STRATEGIES

7.4.1 AWARENESS RAISING, HYGIENE PROMOTION AND COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION.
The first step in making cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation
in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the
people of the city. The policy also aims to transform cities into totally sanitized, healthy and
livable cities and towns. This can be achieved only by:
Generating awareness amongst households and institutions about sanitation and its
linkages with public and environmental health;
Promoting mechanisms to bring about and sustain behavioral changes aimed at
adoption of healthy sanitation practices;
There needs to be considerable engagement with households and communities on changing

mindsets, and understanding incentives to change behavior and practices. A communication
strategy has been drafted to create support for and facilitate effective implementation of citywide, demand-based sanitation programs; and for generating awareness amongst urban
households on sanitation and its linkages with health, economic productivity and the
environment along with facilitating behavior change towards adoption of safe sanitation
practices among households.
One reason for the low support to sanitation is that opinion leaders, policy makers and
managers do not see the links between sanitation, public health and economics. The first step in
making cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of
municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the city.
ULBs are in the frontline of implementation and have a key role in ensuring sanitation and
should focus on demand responsive approach. To meet this challenge a systematic
Communication Need Assessment (CNA) for different Target Groups has been taken up as part
of CSP and objective of well driven IEC is for sanitation to be demand-driven with social
marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote no
subsidies for household toilets in future and encourage diversity in technology and design.
ULBs are in the frontline of implementation and have a key role in ensuring sanitation and
should focus on demand responsive approach. State government should ensure support to ULBs
in providing enabling environment in all respects and provide communication and awareness
strategy. The following table details out IEC and advocacy plan in achieving desired goals of
environmental sanitation:
153 | P a g e

Table 66: IEC and Advocacy Plan for Environmental Sanitation
Target Audience
Messages/Themes
Channels of Communication
Councillors, Commissioner, Engineers
What are current habits and how the toilets should be designed for
social acceptance.
Promoting two pit latrines in slums
How to ensure compliance from people
Rewards/Punishments
Better implementation of sanitation projects
Safe handling of garbage by Sanitation workers
Safe deposition of garbage by Contractors
Council meeting, CSP workshops,

News paper Advertisements calling for
meeting
Press Conference-sharing the goals and
plan of action for CSP with press persons
Councillors, office bearers of

Sanghabandams and Slum Level
Federations representing slums
Consultations on preventing open defecation

Toilet size
Toilet options two pit, septic tank
Safe disposal of Human Excreta
Contamination due to Fecal Matter
Health and hygiene
Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies
Consultation on problems with current toilets
Consultation of water supply situation
Consultation on Environmental sanitation
Consultation on expectations form Municipal Corporation
SLF Meeting
Door to door campaign
News paper Advertisements calling for
meeting
Press Conference
Councillors, office bearers of

Sanghabandams and Slum Level
Federations representing slums in Town
Outskirts
Health Risks due to open defecation

Toilet size
Toilet options two pit, septic tank
Contamination due to Fecal Matter
Safe disposal of Human Excreta
Health and hygiene
Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies
Consultation of water scarcity
SLF Meeting
Door to door campaign
Newspaper Advertisement calling for
meeting
Press Conference
154 | P a g e

Office bearers of Residents Welfare

Association middleclass localities
Water and sanitation officials
Display numbers of responsible officials like Sanitation Inspectors

prominently in their Zones
Restart Call Center Facility, establish grievance redressal
mechanism.
Appreciation of what people desire
Water and Sanitation Workers
Importance of safe handling of waste
Contractors
Do not dump Garbage on roads leading to dump yard

Do not burn garbage
Segregate waste at the dump yard.
Shopkeepers
Do not dump garbage in by lanes

If you need to dispose hazardous waste call the Municipal
Corporation and ask for a tractor.
Town Wide

Consultation on septic tank cleaning
Consultation of water supply situation
Consultation of willingness to pay for tricycles etc
Keep house and neighbourhood Clean

Boil/Filter the Water before drinking
Wash your hands before and after eating/drinking
Dont allow mosquitoes to breed in your neighbourhood
Immunize Children
Dont share clothes of persons infected with skin diseases
Meetings, Door to door campaigning

Newspaper Advertisement calling for
meeting
Press Conference
Print pamphlets given with newspapers,
news paper advertisements, painting on
Elevated/underground reservoirs
Print the phone numbers of responsible
officials on the tractors
Print the phone numbers of responsible

officials on the tractors
Road Side Billboards

News Paper Ads
Town Cable
Sanitation, despite being a basic human need and a critical need for improved quality of life, has not got the necessary attention in the past. Also, the
different aspects of sanitation starting from collection of human feces to the safe disposal (the whole process cycle) have seen different stakeholders.
155 | P a g e

Table 67: Methods and implementation of awareness activities
Stakeholder Group
Message Intent
Households (urban poor / slum

dwellers) that lack toilets / access to
sanitation
Motivate citizens to take action

and adopt safe, hygienic
sanitation practices
Service providers includes
Reinforce that:
Officials of ULBs
Officials from different arms of
the city administration,
primarily from ULBs, PHED,
OWSSB, etc.
Service providers includes
Officials from different arms of

the city administration,
primarily from ULBs, PHED,
OWSSB, etc.
Politicians
Sanitation also includes

management of human excreta
and liquid wastes in addition to
solid waste management.
Example of Messages that could be used

Clean households leads to healthy, strong and successful families
Choose dignity for your wives and daughters! Having toilets at home adds to
the comfort, security and privacy of the women.
Improved sanitation facilities, (e.g. use individual or community toilets) will
reduce health expenditure of your family.
Leverage investments in sanitation and public health and give the residents
and their future generations a chance to a healthy and happy future.
Proper waste management is not

solely the responsibility of the
state. Citizens have an equal and
important role to play in helping
the state achieve the states
urban sanitation goals.
Proper management of household waste + proper confinement, disposal and

treatment of human excreta = Clean Cities. Winning the Nirmal Shaher
Puraskar isnt so difficult. Little effort will result in big gains (for ULB
officials)
Helping provide basic needs like

sanitation will strengthen your
popularity with your
constituents and could further
improve political mandate
Improve the quality of life of your constituents by influencing them to adopt

good sanitation practices
156 | P a g e

There are three important components to the communication strategy
1. Inter-personal communications: Using opinion leaders
2. Engaging media and NGOs as partners in promoting sanitation consciousness
3. Adapting and developing multimedia IEC materials for sanitation campaigns
Interpersonal means are known to be very effective in behavior change communications. These are tedious processes to carry out but offer better
returns. It is important to understand the needs of the local community and select opinion leaders who could influence the community to further
sanitation consciousness. These opinion leaders could be local NGOs, cooperators, school teachers or any other respected elder. A newspaper ad or a
public service message on TV without ground level work through opinion leaders will fail to be sustainable in the long run.
For better targeting a need based IEC actions to be implemented categorized into following phases.
Table 68: Phase wise distribution of works
Phase 1 (1-2 months)
Awareness Raising Phase
Phase 2 (3 months)
Educational Phase:
Phase 3 ( Continuous) Continuing Education Action Promotion Phase
Aimed at generating high awareness and a sense of

alarm or concern about the OD, problem situation and
UGD promotion. Consists of easy to grasp messages
(e.g. disease incidences from contaminated water are
rising).
Technical guidance to proper UGD laying.
Short advertisements in various media or
communication channels.
To deepen the knowledge and appreciation of

the target audience. Information and
educational approaches to stress properly
designed septic tanks and periodic septic tank
inspections and desludging every 2- 3 years.
Promotional phase with short campaigns at least

once a year.
Action to dominate.
To trigger the actual adoption of the practices being
marketed.
Organise interactive programmes for effective

implementation of UGD. Organise walks by
children, meeting/workshop with stakeholders eg.
shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs, communities etc.
Institutionalize regular discussion between various
departments for increased co-ordination to further
goals of CSP.
Organize interactive programmes for

effective implementation of UGD. Organize
walks by children, meeting/workshop with
stakeholders e.g. shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs,
communities etc.
Institutionalize regular discussion between
various departments for increased co-
157 | P a g e
Organize interactive programmes for effective

implementation of UGD. Organize walks by
children, meeting/workshop with stakeholders
eg. shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs, communities etc.
Institutionalize regular discussion between
various departments for increased coordination to further goals of CSP.

Seeking feedback from Councilors to help effective
implementation.
Media options:
Local Cable TV ads (30 secs)
Local newspaper ads
Billboards
Tarpaulin posters mounted on mobile vans
Leaflets for those attending meetings
News releases in print, radio
and TV
Discussions on radio
ordination to further goals of CSP.

Seeking feedback from Councilors to help
effective implementation.
Media options:
Local Cable TV ads (30 secs)
Local newspaper ads
Billboards
Tarpaulin posters mounted on mobile
vans
Leaflets for those attending meetings
News releases in print, radio
and TV
Discussions on radio
Media: TV, Radio, Door to door, billboards,

leaflets.
Seeking feedback from Councilors to help

effective implementation.
Media options:
Continuing radio, TV, print ads
Continuing house to house
visits
Continuing short film showing
in theaters
Continuing billboards
Continuing but less frequent
assemblies, SLF meetings
Continuing news releases on all platforms
Continuing feature articles
Mass announcements
158 | P a g e
Budget: 3 3.5 lakhs / year
7.4.2 FINANCING REQUIREMENTS & MECHANISMS

The financial requirements have been estimated in terms of the need of sanitation situation in
Shimoga.
Table 69 Financial Requirements and Mechanisms
S.
Existing
Proposed action /
Number of
cost per
No situation
budget head
units (seats)
unit
.
for CSP
implementati
on period
(2012-2016)
*1 No of places of
Construction of
229
100000
open defecation community toilets
*2
Construction of
Individual toilets
Construction of
Urinals for schools
*3
Total cost
2,29,00,000
2025
20000
4,05,00,000
180
40000
72,00,000
Amount in Crores
4
No proper
disposal of
effluent from
toilets
disposal of
effluent from
septic tanks
Recycling and
reuse of
wastewater
*(a) connection to
sewer line or drain
*(b)connection to
sewer line
At least 30%
wastewater is
recycled and
reused(37.55MLD)
Solid waste Management in (Quantity)
DTD collection
100%
Composting
At least 20% waste

should be composted
at least 5% waste is
processed and is
used as a fuel
34.3 crores
22906
15000
22329
20000
11.26
1.25 crore
Total quantity
18.29%
223.3TPD
44.6 crores
1.25 crores
Quantity that needs to be

considered
100%
44.6TPD
Generation of
223.3TPD
11.16TPD
fuel or
electricity by
waste recycling
4
Recycling and
Recycling and reuse of all related waste through rag pickers or through
reuse of dry
agencies or NGO
waste
Environment & Awareness
1
Water resources that are polluted
Study of water pollution levels

and suggestive measure to
arrest pollution
25 lakh per
Zone(approx.)
159 | P a g e

2
NGOs working with peoples

participatory approach
Encouragement to such NGOs

and assistance if required.
12 lack per
Zone(approx.)
NGOs or agencies working towards

citizen education
Additional financial assistance

if required to few
3 lakh per
Zone
(approx.)
Note : Subject to changes with regard to the approval of CSTF & ULB members
*1. In Reference to Table no.52 gaps have been identified for community toilets.
*2. In Reference to Table no.49 gaps have been identified for individual toilets.
*3. In Reference to Table No.25 gaps have been identified for school toilets.
*(a) In Reference to Table no. 49 the indicative figures for household sanitation arrangement is
estimated.
*(b) In reference to table No.19 sanitation profile
For the effective implementation of the city sanitation plan, it is anticipated that funds will be
sourced from following channels:
The Central Grants (via ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of HUPA, GOI.
Individual and institutional contributions.
States own budget.
Connection cost of UGD to be collected and deposited for O&M of STPs and should be
managed by CSTF.
Promote public-private partnership for key activities identified in the city sanitation
plan. PPP in public and community toilets, CSR funds and mobilize private people in
maintaining school toilets.
Funding projects wherever possible from existing schemes such as JNNURM and
UIDSSMT.
Funding from Bilateral and multilateral agencies can also be explored.
Providing assistance for the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) as per city
sanitation plan as soon as requests for funding are received;
INFORMATION BOX 13: PROPOSED SCHEME FOR MECHANICAL AID FOR CLEANING OF
SEWERS AND SEPTIC TANKS (SMACSS)
a.
The National Advisory Council (NAC) has observed that the shameful practice of manual scavenging
persists in India, despite being outlawed. The NAC has identified the need for a special focus to
liberate our society from the norms on social exclusion and discrimination along with an action plan
with full ownership of participation of the persons involved in manual scavenging. The Government
of India has enacted the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines
(Prohibition) Act, 1993. It serves as a primary instrument in the liberation of a broken people
enslaved to a life of indignity enforced through ideologies of descent based work and caste. The Act
defines a manual scavenger as a person engaged in or employed in manual carriage of human
excreta.
160 | P a g e

b.
However, the existing definition of manual scavenging as per the Act, 1993 does not cover manual
cleaning of septic tanks and sewers cleaning. It is essential that such cleaning operations be included
in the definition of manual scavenging since there they involve similar issues of dignity as well as
health related risks. Therefore, the definition of manual scavenging may be modified as a person
engaged or employed, whether by an individual or an urban local body or any other public or private
agency, for manual cleaning, carrying or disposing untreated human excreta, including a latrine, a
tank, in a drain or a sewer line.
There are established technologies that convert human excreta in to manure in a scientific manner. Such
decomposed material and its carriage may not be covered in the definition of scavenging.
c.
Accordingly, the MoUD intends to formulate a scheme for facilitating the state government and ULBs
in ensuring cleaning of sewers and septic tanks/any latrines mechanically. The scheme will facilitate
funding for the procurement of suction machines for cleaning of septic tanks and suction-cumjetting machines for cleaning of sewers in all cities/towns in the Country. The scheme is envisaged
on All Town basis. All 5161 cities and towns as per 2001 census will qualify for assistance under
the proposed scheme.
d.
FINANCING PATTERN
i. Funds would be provided to the SLNA through State Governments / UTs in the form of 100%
grant for capital investment for the procurement of the equipment and machinery. No funds
would be provided for operation and maintenance of sewerage and onsite sanitation systems
including maintenance of these machines which shall be borne by the ULBs/State Govts.
ii. The operation and maintenance of sewerage and onsite sanitation system (septic tanks, dry
latrines etc) including running and maintenance of machinery shall be the responsibility of the
ULB/Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Agencies/Boards. If necessary, these activities may be
outsourced by the ULBs/ WSS Agencies/Boards to private service providers/ entrepreneurs over
a specified period as per the agreement to be executed between ULBs & private entrepreneurs.
The O&M cost including desilting, cleaning of sewers & manholes, de-sludging of septic tanks and
maintenance of vehicles would be borne by the ULBs.
iii. The requirement of funds for the purchase of suction machines and suction-cumjetting
machines for cleaning of sewers and septic tanks for all 5161 towns have been assessed as Rs.
4949 Crores.
iv. Funding will be available for the procurement of new machines only.
CRITERIA FOR PRIORITIZATION OF TOWNS

Priority would be given to towns with the following characteristics.
1. State capitals irrespective of the population
2. Pilgrim centre/heritage towns
3. Culturally important towns
4. ULBs in which the practice of manual scavenging is pre-dominant
5. ULBs where there are no machines for sewer and septic tank cleaning operations.
MONITORING MECHANISM
Independent Evaluation and Monitoring Agencies should be appointed by the State Govt. at State
level/city level in line with the monitoring mechanism envisaged under JNNURM. The Independent
Evaluation and Monitoring Agencies will monitor the status Of the procurement of the machines, cleaning
operations of the sewer and septic tanks and the status of the action taken on the eradication of manual
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scavenging by the ULBs and report to the to the Municipal Administration/State Govts which will forward
the same to SLNAs. The SLNA will forward the status of the implementation of the scheme to the Ministry
of Urban Development.
The concerned ULB/Head of Water Supply and Sanitation Agencies, who are responsible for O&M of
sewerage and onsite sanitation facilities shall furnish an action plan each year to the Ministry of Urban
Development through Directorate of Municipal Administration and SLNA regarding action taken/action
to be taken for elimination of manual scavenging and the number of employees engaged in manual
cleaning and mechanical cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in the next 2 years from the date of purchase
of machines.
7.4.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITY

The ULBs are responsible for managing the cycle of sanitation and public health within their
cities, in coordination with various departments. Already there are number of provisions to
practice and implement in achieving sanitation goals and some additional recommendations are
as follows:
Using existing provisions in municipal and other acts to promote compliance;

Amending municipal acts, framing of bye-laws and regulations (E.g. Building and
construction bye-laws) to promote sanitation by public and private agencies,
prohibit discharge of untreated sewage into open areas (Pollution control acts);
Re-orienting policies to ensure that urban poor households obtain access to
improved sanitation facilities;
Ear-marking land for community and public sanitation facilities;
Promoting partnerships with public, private and non-governmental agencies for
improved service delivery, maintenance and management of sanitation facilities;
The existing multilevel institutional arrangement should be reoriented with clear assignment of
specific roles and responsibilities to the institutions. The setup of institutions needs to be
addressed at the state, district, and the ULB level. The details of the institutional setup at ULB
level has been described as follows:
ROLE OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS
URBAN LOCAL BODY LEVEL INSTITUTIONAL SET UP:
1. A multi-stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) comprising representatives from
multidisciplinary fields for overall guidance and oversee sanitation related activities has to
be constituted in Shimoga. It is thereafter important for the CSTF to conduct meetings once
in a month to implement and monitor planned activities.
2. In view of high level of Open defecation, Ward Level Sanitation Action Committees (WASCs)
should be formed involving SHGs and Community organizer. They will also ensure
continuous vigilance and surveillance and effective monitoring, it is suggested to form a
ward level Committee in each ward and Municipal level committee (CSTF) to review and
monitor the action taken to prevent and control the incidence of the disease. The ward level
committee will be headed by the ward member, and the members of the committee are the
habitation officers (convener), concerned Asst. Engineer / Work Inspector, Sanitary
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Inspector / Health Assistant, NHC president. This committee shall meet once in a week and
as frequently as possible during the epidemic period.
3. Within the ULB, there is a need to identify Sanitation Implementation Unit in-house
from the existing staff for all practical implementation purposes. The unit shall be
responsible for preparation and implementation of the city sanitation plan. Commissioner/
CMOH shall be the head of the unit and may appoint suitable officer as the in-charge officer.
Commissioner/CMOH may also nominate other suitable officers as members of the unit.
This unit should be supported by additional staff like Sanitary Inspector depending on the
population of ULBs. This unit can monitor the progress every month, develop and update
database on sanitation in ULB. The unit will pinpoint problem areas to address, prioritize
projects for implementation, and monitor quality checks. They will identify actions and
related spatial and non-spatial interventions. For day to day implementations existing
institutional mechanism at ULB level like Ward Committees, Ward Development
Committees, Task Force needs to be strengthened with orientation trainings and capacity
building training.
4. The Municipal level committee shall be headed by the Chairperson with the members being
the Municipal Commissioner (Convener), CMHO, ME, CDS President, Local NGO, DM&HO or
his deputee. This committee shall meet once in every fifteen days and as frequently and as
possible during the epidemic period
The functions of the unit will be:
To conduct a baseline survey on city sanitation and update regularly (once in two
years)
To prioritize projects for implementation, monitor quality checks identified under
CSP and identify actions and related spatial and non-spatial interventions.
To develop city wide communication strategy and conduct city wide total sanitation
campaign.
To ensure intra departmental coordination of ULB for sanitation promotion
To develop network with several government departments and other agencies for
promoting healthy & environmentally sound sanitation.
To manage all the process like procurement, contracting etc. for sanitation projects
and be responsible for implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the
programme. Develop local sanitation and hygiene regulations in consultation with
stakeholders; establish standards and norms; inform citizens of their rights and
duties under existing sanitation legislation/regulations; and set up mechanisms for
monitoring and enforcing their implementation.
Clarify Roles and improve agency coordination
Streamlining policies so as to develop and adopt local septage ordinance, Institute
regular desludging mechanism, PPP promotion and regulation, ULB introduce User
charges, Update and amend regulation in building bye laws.
Mobilize Govt support Capital but local groups to manage O &M.
Build political support through exposure visits workshops.
Engaging civil societies to end OD.
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For day to day implementations existing institutional mechanism at ULB level like Ward
Committees, Ward Development Committees, Task Force needs to be strengthened with
orientation trainings and capacity building training.
Poverty wing of ULB should be responsible to design, implement, and monitor the sanitation
promotion programmes, converging the source of funds and preparing the budget. ULB should
also plan and budget for the operation and maintenance of sanitation systems. It is also
responsible for assisting households to provide their own sanitation and to build their own
toilet facilities. Specific responsibilities include
To design integrated planning and communication strategy for City sanitation
promotion.
To provide access to sanitation to all urban population
To make communities aware of the importance of sanitation in terms of health.
To launch together with the communities, health and hygiene promotion
programmes.
To monitor the health of communities.
Establish and improve septage management requirements and guidelines
Providing technical support, guidance and training .
To assist households to operate and maintain sanitation facilities
To assist Ward Education Committee for the improvement of school
infrastructure, including sanitation and for implementing School health promotion
programmes to create safe and healthy school.
To coordinate all the internal departments like PWD, Sanitation, Health and
Education, and also involving the Community Based Organizations, Welfare
Associations, youth clubs, market committees etc. for Total Sanitation Approach
and Campaign in the ULB, and make the city open defecation free.
To develop and design ward wise, & slum wise incentive schemes for reaching the
ultimate goal of Nirmal Sahar
STATE URBAN SANITATION CELL (SUSC)
DMA needs to be strengthened for the purpose of functioning as a Sanitation Nodal Agency with
a dedicated Sanitation Cell. The Cell will have a complete office set up with the following
constitution, terms of reference. (To elaborate on Roles and responsibilities, on investment
flows, Policy and standards setting, Asset Creation, Financing of Capital Investments, Planning
and implementation, Operation and maintenance, Environmental Regulation, Monitoring and
Evaluation, Land Use / Building regulations, Ongoing programs, Implementation, Execution,
Legal Regulatory Responsibility, Capacity Building and IEC).
Constitution of State Urban Sanitation Cell (SUSC):
Creation of a strategic urban sanitation cell at DMA, GoK, to be headed by a Director

equivalent officer with a fixed tenure of five of mission period for better coordination
and integrated development.
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SUSC is expected to provide overall direction and strategic support to ULBs and
coordinate with sate level organizations in achieving the strategy objectives in a timebound manner.
SUSC will support cities in preparing CSPs by giving overall direction, frame work etc
with in the first year of mission period.
It will have three strategic wings (Ref: fig no 15) with specific and designated expertise
to offer and support in achieving the mission objectives. Each wing will have two expert
staff in required field with the support from Sanitation Fund.
SUSC will be central coordinating body and need to coordinate with State, Districts and
ULBs. IEC wing should work closely with State Health Department, Education
Department and design awareness programmes for convergence. Engineering wing and
MIS wings should coordinate regularly with Town and Country Planning Department to
ensure all convergence and effective planning.
Proposed Institutional Set up for Sanitation:
Figure 15: Proposed institutional set-up for sanitation
The responsibilities of the State Urban Sanitation Cell (SUSC) are:
Monitor integrated planning for sanitation promotion.

Guide the ULBs in conceptualizing, planning and implementing the sanitation
programmes while preparing CSPs.
Will initiate sector reforms so as to invite more investment from lateral and bilateral
funding agencies in the sector.
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Channelize the financial and technical support to the ULBs and coordinate with other
state departments and agencies engaged in sanitation promotion.
Design & arrange capacity building programmes for ULB staffs and concerned other line
Departments. Develop initiatives to promote and facilitate the process of community
development.
Work out standard designs and specifications including construction practices and O&M
aspects and bring out a Sanitation Guidance Manual to facilitate the target groups in
identifying and recommending appropriate technology options for on-site sanitation
considering (1) affordability and acceptability by the end users, (2) soil, groundwater
and climatic conditions of a location, (3) associated environmental, ecological and health
aspects, and (4) availability of water and long term sustainability of the system.
Monitor the sanitation arrangement and public health & hygiene
To take up sector studies and strategy papers, to facilitate partnerships
7.5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

7.5.1 MONITORING AND REVIEW
Monitoring is imperative to verify whether objectives of sanitation plan have been achieved.
Elements of this plan will be monitored and reported and will rely on the provision of a range of
quantitative and qualitative information. Monitoring and evaluation of sanitation progamme is
of higher relevance and importance as Urban development Ministry, Government of India ranks
cities on sanitation and gives Nirmal Shahar Puraskar based on the cities performance. The City
Sanitation Task Force should be made be responsible for monitoring and reviewing the
implementation of the CSP.
At ULB level, City Sanitation Task Force will monitor the programme in support of Standing
Committees (Health, Sanitation, Public Works, and Water supply) based on Implementation
Agency data, citizens groups feedback, and primary Field Visits. Periodic verification of following
Impact and Monitoring indicators at ULB level are suggested.
INFORMATION BOX 14: TOOLS TO MEASURE 100% SANITATION MILESTONE
ACHIEVEMENTS
To measure 100% Sanitation Milestone achievements, a number of tools apart from 19
indicators of City Sanitation Ranking can be considered:
a. Impact Indicators
Reduction in incidence of diseases, e.g. - percentage children less than 36 months of
age with diarrhea in last two weeks
Quantity of water used per capita per day
% of child caregivers, food prepares with appropriate hand-washing behavior.
Use of safe methods for disposal of infant excreta
Knowledge of danger of unsafe excreta disposal and hand washing practice
Demand for new toilets within towns and from neighboring communities
% of toilets upgraded with own funds by households after monsoon/filling up of pit
b. Monitoring indicators
% of households with access to sanitary latrines: public and personal separately

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% constructed water supply facilities maintained by the communities served

% households using safe drinking water regularly (public and personal separately)
Use of toilets by household members (esp. men, aged, disabled, children under 5)
Range of available affordable options for toilets.
In case of sewage effluent, following standards need to be met and a mechanism to monitor
internally by CSTF by way of protocol adoption.
Table 70: Comparison of Standards (issued by CPCB) with effluent values
Standard for
discharge
into inland
surface
water.
Standard for
reuse of
effluent for
irrigation
SIBF
(effluent)
MSF
effluent
DEWATS
BOD (mg/l)
30
100
197
17
COD (mg/l)
250
NA
20
688
50
Effluent
The review period of the proposed action plan for CSP is five years from the formal adoption
date. Progress monitoring and reporting will be conducted by the council monthly, by the
taskforce quarterly and by the state Government bi-annually. As a result of the review, some
revisions to the targets may be required in order to:
a) Update or remove those targets that have proven to be unclear, unable to be adequately
measured, unworkable, or out of date in their allocation of responsibility for action.
b) Reflect changes in the wider wastewater management/sanitation service provision
landscape.
c) Better reflect progress against the targets and, where necessary, set new targets.
d) Better reflect the current state of knowledge of wastewater management/sanitation
facilities.
7.5.2
LAUNCHING REWARD SCHEME:
Periodic rating of wards in respect of Sanitation, and recognition of best performers by

instituting Awards.
Open Defecation Free
a. Totally free from open defecation;
b. Sanitary collection of 100 percent human excreta and wastes
c. Proper removal and treatment of all wastewater
Wastewater and Drainage safely managed
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a. All grey water collected and disposed off safely;
b. All storm water is properly managed
Solid Waste collected and disposed off fully and safely
a. 100 percent of solid waste is collected regularly;
b. Solid wastes are disposed off safely (including treatment and re-use)
7.5.3
INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES BY MC/NPS
The incentives within the City Sanitation Plans could provide infrastructure funding to those
communities that successfully meet reward scheme or by way of incentives that may include:
The provision of collective in kind rewards to motivators that successfully support

wards and neighbourhoods meeting reward scheme.
Publicly recognizing those wards and neighbourhoods that achieve excreta free, litter
free or foul water free status.
Placing a signboard to this effect at the entrance to the neighbourhood / ward.
The disincentives the ULBs may consider within the CSP include:
Exercising all provisions within the Municipal Act/ Water Act to levy fines, bills for costs
incurred and instigate court proceedings for encroachments, releases of industrial waste
or effluent, illegal slaughter houses, markets, burial grounds, and the provision of
essential water/sewerage/drainage connections.
The provision of fine for all individuals that dispose excreta, litter or foul water in an
unhygienic manner in public spaces (Polluter pay principle).
Sanctions against harmful actions and/or failure to act - for instance, a ban, supported
by fines on the use of untreated sewage to irrigate crops/water bodies.
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GLOSSARY
1. Activated sludge: An aerobic treatment process in which oxygen and micro-organism
concentrations in wastewater are artificially elevated to facilitate rapid digestion of
biodegradable organic matter.
2. Aerated pond or lagoon: A natural or artificial wastewater treatment pond in which
mechanical or diffused air aeration is used to supplement the natural reoxygenation
processes.
3. Aerobic treatment: Treatment of wastewater with the help of micro-organisms that
rely on oxygen.
4. Anaerobic digestion: Decomposition of organic material by anaerobic bacteria in the
absence of air.
5. Anaerobic lagoon: A system for treatment of high-strength wastewater and sludge that
involves retention under anaerobic conditions.
6. Biochemical oxygen demand: A measure of the organic pollutant strength of
wastewater.
7. Biosolids: See Sewage sludge.
8. Blackwater: Wastewater discharge from toilets.
9. Bucket latrine: A traditional but unhygienic form of sanitation in which feces is
deposited into a bucket which is collected regularly (usually at night) and taken away
(usually by sweepers).
10. Composting latrine: A latrine designed to receive both feces and waste vegetable
matter with the aim of reducing moisture content and achieving a carbon-to-nitrogen
ratio that promotes rapid that promotes rapid decomposition.
11. Dry latrines: All forms of latrines that do not require water for flushing.
12. Desludging: Removal of sludge or settled solid matter from treatment tanks such as
septic/Imhoff tank, interceptor tank or sedimentation tanks.
13. Disposal: Discharge, deposition or dumping of any liquid or solid waste onto land or
water so that it may enter the environment.
14. Domestic sewage: All forms of wastewater derived from residential properties, as well
as blackwater and greywater from commercial and institutions buildings.
15. Dry sanitation: Disposal of human excreta without the use of water for flushing or anal
cleansing.
16. Ecological sanitation (ecosan): A form of dry sanitation that involves separation of
feces and urine in order to facilitate recycling of nutrients in local agricultural systems.
17. Effluent: Any form of wastewater or liquid waste that flows from an operation or
activity.
18. Excreta: Feces and urine.
19. Fecal sludge: The undigested sludge that is collected from pit latrines and leach pits.
20. Greywater (also known as sullage): Wastewater produced by washing and bathing
activities.
21. Lagoon: See technology data sheet on Wastewater and Fecal Sludge Treatment: Waste
Stabilization Ponds (page 104).
22. Leachfield: A trench filled with sand, soil, gravel and brickbats for disposal of septic
tank overflow into the surrounding soil.
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23. Leach pit (sometimes known as a cesspit): An underground tank that is used where
there is no sewer and household wastewaters are drained into them to permit leaching
of the liquid into the surrounding soil.
24. Night soil: Human excreta, with or without anal cleansing material, which are deposited
into a bucket or other receptacle for manual removal.
25. On-plot sanitation: A sanitation system that is wholly contained within the plot
occupied by a private dwelling and its immediate surroundings. Commonly, on-plot
sanitation is equivalent to household latrine, but may also include facilities shared by
several households living together on the same plot.
26. On-plot facilities: The components of a sanitation system located within a
householders plot.
27. Off-site sanitation: A system of sanitation that involves collection and transportation of
waste (wastewater either by sewerage or septage/fecal sludge by vacuum truck) to a
location away from the immediate locality.
28. Pathogens: Micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa that cause disease.
29. Percolation rate: The rate at which liquids move through soil.
30. Pit latrine: A form of on-plot sanitation with a pit for accumulation and decomposition
of excreta from which liquid infiltrates into the surrounding soil.
31. Pour flush toilet: A type of latrine where a water seal trap is used to prevent smells and
to reduce insects.
32. Sanitation: Interventions (usually construction of facilities such as latrines) that
improve the management of excreta and promote sanitary (healthy) conditions.
33. Septage: Mixture of wastewater and sludge removed from a septic tank during cleaning
operations.
34. Septic tank: A form of on-plot sanitation for the anaerobic treatment of
sewage/blackwater.
35. Sewage: A mixture of wastewater from all urban activates from residential, commercial
properties. It may also contain a component of industrial wastewater.
36. Sewer: A conduit, usually a pipe, which is used to collect and convey wastewater away
from its point of production to its point of disposal.
37. Sewage sludge (sometimes referred to as biosoilds): A semisolid residue generated
during the treatment of domestic sewage including both solids removed by
sedimentation and biological sludge produced by biological treatment.
38. Sewerage: A network of interconnected sewers in an area, district or town.
39. Soak pit/Soakaway: A pit, typically after a septic tank from where wastewater slowly
seeps into the ground through perforated sides and bottom.
40. Sullage (also known as greywater): Wastewater from bathing, laundry, preparation of
food, cooking, and other personal and domestic activates.
41. Superstructure: Screen or building enclosing a latrine to provide privacy and
protection for users.
42. Suction truck: A vehicle used for mechanized sludge removal from septic tanks and
lined latrine pits.
43. Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP): A dry latrine system, with a dark interior and a
screened vent pipe to reduce odor and fly problems.
44. Vent pipe: A pipe that facilitates the escape of gases and odors from a latrine or septic
tank.
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45. Wastewater: Liquid waste from households or commercial or industrial operations,
along with any surface water/storm water.
46. Wastewater treatment: A combination of physical, chemical and biological processes
to remove suspended solids, dissolved pollutants, and pathogens and render the water
harmless to the environment.
47. Water closet: A pan, incorporating a water seal, in which excreta are deposited before
being flushed away using water.
48. Water seal: Water held in a U-shaped pipe or hemispherical bowl connecting a pan to a
pipe, channel or pit to prevent the escape of gases and insects from the sewer or pit.
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ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE1: TECHNOLOGY OPTION IN URBAN SANITATION
All sanitation technologies are either Wet or Dry.
Wet technologies require water as the name indicates flush out the feces and they drain in to a
leach pit, septic tank or sewer- common practice.
Dry technology: Does not require water as the name indicates. This is our age old pit latrine,
ventilated improved pits etc. This is our usually adopted in hilly area where the water table is
pretty deep.
To feel clean water is a must, so wet latrines are preferred by common man.
ON SITE AND OFF SITE SYSTEMS
On site: Retaining waste in a pit or tank.
Off site: Removing waste to a distant place for treatment and disposal or disposal alone. Even in
On site system periodical removal of sludge/septage is necessary
The conventional offsite disposal system involves collection of the sewage through pipes and
conveying to a sewage treatment plant, treatment and disposal. This is an expensive option,
requires extensive land etc. So the communities were forced to think of alternative low cost
onsite disposal methods of which the most widely used options are Septic tank and Twin pit
pour flush latrines.
SEPTIC TANK
A septic tank is a combined sedimentation and digestion tank where sewage is held for one or
two days. During the period, the suspended solids settle down to the bottom. This is
accompanied by anaerobic digestion of settled solids (sludge) and liquid resulting in reduction
in the volume of sludge, reduction in bio degradable organic matter and release of gases like
Carbon dioxide, methane etc. The effluent although clarified to a large extent still contains
appreciable amount of dissolved and suspended organic solids and pathogens. So the effluent is
to be disposed in a very careful way. Because of this unsatisfactory condition of the effluent and
also difficulty in providing proper effluent disposal system, septic tanks are limited to individual
houses, institutions whose contributory population does not exceed so as to reduce the volume
of effluent and thereby reduce the difficulty in treatment. The septic tanks are normally
rectangular in shape and can either be a single tank or double tank. In case of double tank, the
solid concentration is considerably lower and the first compartment is usually twice the size of
the second. The liquid depth is 1-2 m and the length to breadth 2 to 1. Recommend sizes of
septic tanks up to 2 users and for 300 users are given below.
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Table 71:Recommended sizes of septic tanks
No: users
Length in m
Breadth in m
Liquid depth in m cleaning

interval of 2-3years
1.5
0.75
1.00-1.05
10
0.90
1.00-1.40
15
0.90
1.30-2.00
20
2.3
1.10
1.30-1.80
50
5.00
2.00
1.00-1.24
100
7.50
2.65
1.00-1.24
150
10.00
3.00
1.00-1.24
200
12.00
3.30
1.00-1.24
300
15.00
4.00
1.00-1.24
Notes: a) The capacities are recommended on the assumption that discharges from water
closet alone are connected to septic tank.
b) A provision of 300 mm should be provided as freeboard.1.00 m + 0.30 m, 1.05 m +
0.30 m etc
c) For population over 100 mm the tank may be divided into independent parallel
chambers for easy maintenance and cleaning.
The Functions
1. Septic tank receives black water and excreta from the toilets.
2. Heavier solids settle to the bottom of the septic tank where they are decomposed by
anaerobic bacteria
3. The digested sludge is store at bottom
4. The lighter solids such as hair, soap and grease float to the surface forming scum.
5. The gases like carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide are produced during
anaerobic decomposition and released to the atmosphere through vent.
6. To start with septic tank is filled with water for a depth of about 100 mm and seated
with
Cow dung or sludge from other septic tank
7. Septic tanks are to be cleaned once in 2 to 3 years to remove the accumulated digested
sludge.
Disposal of effluent from the septic tank: Land disposal methods such as soak pits and
dispersion trenches: The land disposal methods largely upon porosity and percolation
characteristics of the soil as the land disposal methods are designed percolation or seepage into
the soil. This also depends on the depth of water table. Soak pits or dispersion trenches shall be
constructed in soils where the percolation rate is between 12 to 25 minutes per cm [Time taken
for percolation of 1 cm depth of water between 12 to 25 minutes] and the depth of water table
is 2.00 m or more from ground level. [The depth we get water when the ground is dug] . If the
water table is high, the dispersion trenches shall be partially or fully above ground level or in a
mound. Dispersion trenches should be 20.00m away from any source of drinking water and also
it should be at least 7.00m away from any house. For soils which have percolation rate more
than 25cm other methods shall be adopted for disposal of effluents.
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SOAK PITS
The soak pits may be of any regular shape and filled with rubble or brick bats. Soak pits need be
prepared only when the water table is sufficiently below or when a porous layer underlies an in
previous layer at top. Minimum dimension of the soak pit shall be 1.00m and the depth below
the invert level or inlet pipe surrounding land to avoid flooding.
SOAK PIT OR SEEPAGE PIT
All seepage pits shall have a diameter of 1.00m.

All seepage pits shall be designed as any of the following two types
1. Hollow and lined with acceptable material.
2. Filled with coarse stone or similar material that range from fines, sand, clay or
organic material.
Pits filled with coarse stone are prepared over hollow lined pits
Lining of brick, stone, block or similar materials shall have a minimum thickness of 100
mm and shall be laid with overlapping, tight-butted joints
Below the inlet level, mortar shall be used in the horizontal joints only. Above the inlet,
all joints shall be filled fully with mortar.
For hollow- lined pits, the inlet pipe should extend horizontally at least 300 mm into
the pit with a tee to divert flow downward and prevent washing and eroding the side
wall
A minimum annular space of 150 mm between the lining and excavation wall shall be
filled with crushed rock or gravel varying in diameter from 20 mm to 65 mm and free
from fines, sand, clay, or organic material. The maximum fines in the gravel shall be 2
percent by weight passing through a Standard 10mesh (2.0 millimeter) sieve. Clean
coarse gravel or rock at least 150 mm deep shall be placed in the bottom of each pit.
A structurally sound and otherwise suitable top shall be provided that will prevent
entrance of surface water, dirt or other foreign material, and be capable of supporting
the overburden of earth and any reasonable load to which it is subjected
Access to each hollow lined pit shall be provided by means of a manhole, not less than
450 mm in minimum horizontal dimension, or by means of an easily removable cover.
The top of the pit shall be covered with a minimum of 150 mm of backfill.
In pits filled with coarse stone, the perforated distribution pipe shall run across each pit.
A layer of crushed rock or gravel shall be used for leveling the distribution pipe.
DISPERSION TRENCHES
Narrow and shallow trenches about 0.5m to 1.00m deep and 0.3m to 1.00m wide excavated to a
slight slope. Open jointed stone ware or concrete pipes 80 to 100 mm diameter are laid in the
trenches over a bed of 15 to 25 cm of washed gravel or crushed stone. The top of pipes shall be
covered by coarse gravel and crushed stone to a minimum depth of 15 cm. The balance portion
may be filled with earth and finished in the form of a mound above the ground to avoid flooding
of trenches during rain.
Width of trench:300 to 600 mm wide

Depth :500to 600 mm
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Dispersion pipe: 100 mm diameter open jointed S.W. pipes/ 75mm to 90mm OD
perforated PVC pipes
Maximum length of each trench: 30 m
Spacing of the trench : 1.8 m
Slope of the pipe :1 in 400
Media: 20 to 65 mm size broken stones for a thickness of 150 mm below the pipe.
Separation distance of trees and rooted plants;
Trees and other large rooted plants shall not be allowed to grow near to dispersion
trenches
It is desirable to cover the area over onsite soil absorption systems with lawn grass or
other shallow rooted plants
Soil absorption systems should not be located under vegetable gardens.
The separation distance of trenches must be at least equal to 3 times the deepest
effective depth of trench with a minimum separation of 370 mm between trenches
POUR FLUSH WATER SEAL LATRINES

Pour flush latrines as the nature indicates, the excreta is hand flushed by pouring about 1.6 to 2
lit of water. The pour flush latrines are with a single leach pit and squatting pan over it. When
the pit in use gets filled up another pit is dug and the squatting platform and the slab is placed
on it.
The first pit is covered with earth and allowed to decay. After one or two years, the digested
excreta is used as a manure. The disadvantage of this system is that desludging has to be done
almost immediately after the pit has been filled up which involved handling of fresh and
undigested excreta. So this is appropriate only if it is desludged mechanically. To tide over this
situation a twin pit design was introduced. When one pit is full, the excreta is diverted into the
second pit. The filled up pit can be conveniently implied after 1 to 2 years when most of the
pathogens die off. The sludge can be used as manure.
LEACH PIT
Leach pits serve a dual function of
a) Storage and digestion of excreted solids and
b) Infilteration of waste liquids.
Leach pits are designed based on the following parameters.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Solid accumulation rate.

Long term infilteration rate.
Hydraulic loading.
Minimum period required for effective pathogen destruction
Optimal pit emptying frequency.
The pits are lined with honey come brick work, open jointed or with perforated burnt clay or
concrete rings. The pits are circular and used alternatively and designed for 3 years filling
period. When one pit is filled it is stopped, the excreta being diverted to second pit. The contents
176 | P a g e

become lich organic humus, innocuous and free from pathogens as well as smell. When
convenient, it is emptied and contents used as organic manure.
The size of leach pits depends on a number of factors mentioned above. The effective volume
under dry conditions should be at least 0.135 m percapita of the house hold for a period of 3
years. In the case of wet pit where water table is high the volume shall be 0.210 m per capita of
the house hold for a period of 3 years. Leach pit configuration can be varied to suit site
conditions while the least cost design in a twin circular pits.
Design of pits under different conditions
a) In water logged area: The pit top should be raised by 300 mm above likely level of water
above ground level at the time of water logging. Earth should then be filled will
compacted all round the pits up to 1.00 m distance from the pit up to its top. The raising
of the pit will necessitate raising of the latrine floor also.
b) In high sub soil water level: Where the sub soil water level rises to less than 300 mm
above the likely sub soil water level and earth should be filled all round the pits and
latrine floor raised.
c) In rock strata: In rocky strata with soil layer in between, the leach pits should be
designed as for ordinary leach pit construction with low subsoil water level.
d) Where space is a constraint: Where circular pits of standard sizes cannot be constructed
due to space constraints, deeper pit with smell diameter (not less than 750 mm) or
combined oval square or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a
partition wall may be provided. In case combined pits the partition wall should not have
holes. The partition wall should go 250 mm deeper than the pit lining and plastered on
both sides with cement mortar.
AQUA PRIVY
This is a simplified form of septic tank. This consists of a masonry tank filled with water, a
squatting pan or a platform placed above the tank and ventilation pipe. A long chute or pipe
from the squatting is submerged in the tank water. The excreta falls through this chute or pipe
into the tank and undergoes anaerobic digestion as in a septic tank. The accumulated sludge
(digested) from the tank is to be removed periodically. To compensate for evaporation and
leakage losses and to maintain the water seal. I.e. submergence of chute in the water, water is
added every time after its use.
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ANNEXURE 2: GOOD PRACTICES

1. Tiruchirapally (Trichy to most people), the famous temple town of the South, is the fourthlargest city in Tamil Nadu, and is located on the banks of the Cauvery with a population of just
over a million of which 25 per cent live in slums. Trichy has 211 approved slums and as
many as 75 unapproved slums which are located on railway land, Government of India land,
and land belonging to the Waqf Board and other private owners. Until the end of the 1990s the
slums of Trichy, with their sanitation and toilet facilities in an appalling state, were no different
from the rest of the country. But things began to change about 10 years ago, and Trichy has not
looked back since. The city was ranked 6th in India in the sanitation ranking of Indian cities by
the ministry of urban development in 2009-10.
It all started with a major initiative launched by the NGO Gramalaya in 2000, mobilising women
in the slums in self-help groups (SHGs) and launching an awareness campaign on sanitation
through training. They were able to get the support of Water-Aid, a UK-based NGO, to fund the
building/renovation of 25 community toilets and child-friendly toilets in the slums, which
would be managed by the women of the community on a pay-and-use basis. Sanitation health
education teams were set up by the SHGs to propagate the message of sanitation, monitor the
behaviour of residents, and supervise the maintenance of the toilets.
A community toilet complex typically has 10-12 seats for women and 10-12 for men. Childfriendly toilets are separately provided in an adjacent area, for children up to the age of eight.
Each toilet has a tap which supplies 247 water. Some have graduated to sanitary complexes
with room for bathing and washing. Each facility receives its water supply from the Trichy City
Corporation (TCC), and a bore well is also provided by the corporation. Each has a provision of
underground storage of water and an overhead tank to which water is pumped. TCC has
ensured that water is made available also in summer months through tankers. The corporation
waives the electricity charge for the pumping of water for the first few years of operating the
toilets. Afterwards, the tariff for community toilets is levied at the lower domestic rate and not
commercial rate.
The cost of a typical community toilet was around Rs 3 lakh in the initial years that Water-Aid
built such complexes. Today, the cost is around Rs 12 lakh. The success of the women in
managing and maintaining the community toilets encouraged the TCC to build more of them, so
that all the 211 approved slums now have community toilets. Out of a total of 347 such toilets
(some slums have more than one), 284 are connected to the sewerage system and 63 function
through a septic tank. About 100 toilets are being managed on a pay and use basis by SHGs with
Gramalaya, and another 40 by other NGOs. For the rest, the TCC and/or ward councillors take
the responsibility for managing the toilets.
The Kamala Nehru Nagar slum where the toilet was inside the slum area. In West Devathanam,
another complex where the toilet is located between the slum and a public road and caters to
the needs of the slum as well as the floating population surrounding the slum. At the community
toilets run by SHGs, sanitary health education team members take turns to sit at a table placed
outside the toilet complex with tokens to sell as people come to use the toilet. They engage
cleaners who clean the complex two to three times a day. I found that the toilets were cleaner
than what we may typically find in cinema halls in Delhi.
178 | P a g e

It is clear from the systems they have put in place to manage and maintain these toilets that
these women understand the economics of it all. The collection from user charges is used to pay
their electricity bills, the cleaner, the guard who keeps the watch, and expenses of minor repairs.
The typical user charge varies from 50 paise to Re 1 per use, while children, the elderly and the
physically challenged have free access. The accounts are meticulously-kept and are audited by
the TCC.
All teams make a small subscription to come together under Womens Action for Village
Empowerment (WAVE) which is a registered society. Monthly meetings of WAVE allow them to
discuss their problems and learn from each other in finding solutions. A member of the TCC is
also invited to these meetings. They are now extending their sphere to cover solid waste
management and better delivery of other public services.
After initial resistance to their cause, men wanted to have a part of the action when the women
seemed to be succeeding in making their slums clean. The women obliged by creating AWASH
(Association for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) so that men could also contribute to improving
the water and sanitation scenario of their joint habitat. Men also find a role through WATSAN
(water and sanitation) committees in monitoring the progress of the overall sanitation status of
the slums in the city. The municipal commissioner, T. T. Balsamy, was very appreciative of the
role played by the NGOs and the communities in bringing about the much overdue
transformation. As Geetha Jegan, executive director of Gramalaya put it: Together, the city
corporation, the NGOs and the communities from the slums of Trichy have transformed the
sanitation scenario in Trichy.
Trichy has shown the way. Other cities in India must follow to completely get rid of open
defecation and work for better sanitary conditions.
INFORMATION BOX 15: THE CONDOMINIAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN BRAZIL
The "condominial" system is the brainchild of Jose Carlos de Melo, a socially committed
engineer from Recife. The name condominial was given for two reasons. First, a block of houses
was treated like a horizontal apartment building (or condominial in Portuguese) (see figure).
Second, "Condominial" was a popular Brazilian soap opera and associated with the best in
urban life. As is evident in the figure, the result is a radically different layout, with a shorter grid
of smaller and shallower "feeder" sewers running through the backyards and with the effects of
shallower connections to the mains rippling through the system. These innovations cut
construction costs to between 20 and 30 per cent of those of a conventional system. The more
fundamental and radical innovation, however, is the active involvement of the population in
choosing their level of service, and in operating and maintaining the "feeder" infrastructure. The
key elements are that families can choose to continue with their current sanitation system, to
connect to a conventional waterborne system or to connect to a condominial system. If a family
chooses to connect to a condominial system, it has to pay a connection charge, which can be
financed by the water company, and a monthly tariff. If on the other hand, the family wants a
conventional connection, it has to pay an initial cost and a monthly tariff (both of which are
about three times higher) reflecting the different capital and operating costs. Families are free
to continue with their current system, which usually means a holding tank discharging into an
open street drain.
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In most cases, however, those families who, initially, chose not to connect eventually end up
connecting. Either they succumb to heavy pressure from their neighbours or they find the buildup of wastewater in and around their houses intolerable once the (connected) neighbours fill in
the rest of the open drain. Individual households are responsible for maintaining the feeder
sewers, with the formal agency maintaining only the trunk mains. This increases the
communities' sense of responsibility for the system. Also, the misuse of any portion of the
feeder system, for example by putting solid waste down the toilet, soon shows up in a blockage
in the neighbour's portion of the sewer. The rapid, direct and informed feedback to the misuser
virtually eliminates the need to educate the users of the system in the "acceptable and
unacceptable" and results in fewer blockages than in conventional systems. Finally, because of
the greatly reduced responsibility of the wastewater utility, its operating costs are sharply
reduced. The condominial system is now providing service to hundreds of thousands of urban
people in northeast Brazil and is being replicated on a large scale throughout the country. The
danger, however, is that the clever engineering is seen as "the system". Where the community
and organisational aspects have been missing, the technology has worked poorly (as in Joinville,
Santa Catarina) or not at all (as in the Baixada Fluminense in Rio de Janeiro). Source: Briscoe,
1993; de Melo, 1985.
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ANNEXURE 3: REVIEWED POLICIES, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE

FRAMEWORK AND PROGRAMMES
Table 72: Reviewed Policies, Legal and Administrative Framework and Programmes
Policies
Legal and Administrative

Framework
Programmes
Social Section
Vision 2020 of
Government of
Karnataka
Vision 2021 of
Government of India
Draft National Slum
Policy
Karnataka Municipal
Corporations Act, 1976
Karnataka Town Planning
Act, 1961
The 74th Constitutional
Amendment Act
The Twelfth Schedule of the
Constitution (Article 243W)
Karnataka Urban
Development Authorities
Act, 1987
Environmental
Improvement of Urban
Slums (EIUS)
Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)
Prime Ministers Integrated
Urban Poverty Eradication
Programme (PMIUPEP)
Swarna Jayanti Shahari
Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
Integrated Development for
Small and Medium Towns
(IDSMT)
Integrated Low Cost
Sanitation (ILCS)
Basis Services for the Urban
Poor (BSUP)
The Environment Protection

Act, 1986
Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Cess
Act, 1977, including Rules
Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 as amended in 1978
and 1988
Water, Land and Tree Act
2002
The Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000
The Bio Medical Waste
management
The Hazardous Wastes
(Management and Handling)
Rules, 1989 and 2003
amendment (inclusion of list
State Environmental Action

Programme
Environmental Section
Policy statement for

abatement of
pollution MoEF
1992
National
Conservation
Strategy And Policy
Statement On
Environment and
Development, 1992
181 | P a g e

of municipal solid wastes to
hazardous wastes).
Karnataka Urban Water
Supply and Drainage Board
Act, 1974
Table 73: Functions of ULB
S. no.
1
2
3
4
Function
Wholly
A) Urban Planning
B) Town Planning
a) Regulation of Land-use
b) Regulation of building activity.
a) Planning economic development
b) Planning social development.
a) Roads
b) Bridges.
Partly
Never
Water supply5
a) Industrial,
b) Commercial
c) Domestic
a) Public health,
b) Sanitation,
c) Conservancy
d) Solid waste management
7
8
Fire services
a) Urban forestry,
b) Protection of environment
c) Promotion of ecological aspects
Safeguarding the interests of

a) Weaker sections,
b) Physically handicapped
c) Mentally retarded.
10
Slum improvement and up-gradation.
11
Urban poverty alleviation.
Provision of urban amenities

12
a) Parks,
b) Gardens,
c) Playgrounds and others
182 | P a g e

Promotion of
13.
14
15
16
17
a) Education,
b) Aesthetics and others
a) Burial grounds,
b) Cremations grounds
c) Electric crematoria
a) Cattle ponds
b) Prevention of cruelty to animals
a) Vital statistics,
b) Registration of births and deaths.
a) Public amenities
b) Street lighting,
c) Parking lots,
d) Bus shelters,
e) Public conveniences and others
Regulation of
18
a) Slaughterhouses
b) Tanneries
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ANNEXURE 4: BUILDING APPLICATION RECEIPT
Figure 16: Receipt for building application for ULBs

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ANNEXURE 5: CSTF CONSTITUTION IN SHIMOGA
Table 74 CSTF constitution letter
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ANNEXURE 6: FIRST CSTF WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, SHIMOGA
WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS
The workshop was held at the Shimoga City Municipal Council office on 25th March 2011. In all,
53 members participated including Commissioner, District Collector, chairpersons, ward
commissioners, tehsildars, etc.
The workshop was convened by the Environmental Engineer Mr. Manu Kumar. The District
Collector Mr. Ponnuraj presented the first welcome address followed by the Commissioner,
Shimoga City Municipal Council Mr. Jayanna. They welcomed all the participants of the
workshop and spoke at length regarding the need for sanitation of the city.
Mr. Manu Kumar formally introduced the Technical Coordinator team consisting of
representatives from ASCI, CMAK, and NGO Bhageerath i.e Ms. Krithika Sridharan, Mr.
Parameshwar K. and Mr. B. Jabshetty respectively. Mr. Jabshetty had taken up the initiative of
presenting the CSTF Orientation Workshop in Kannada on behalf of ASCI.
Mr. Jabshetty, Bhageerath, explained the details of the City Sanitation Plan (CSP). He gave a brief
introduction to the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) and the details of the CSP were
presented. He also shared some good practices related to performance of cities in the field of
Sanitation.
The presentation was followed by a group work among the participants to bring out the issues
regarding sanitation aspects in Shimoga, along with the probable solutions for the same.
Then the discussion continued on various aspects and relevant inference was drawn. The
session concluded with closing remarks by Mr. Manu Kumar, Environmental Engineer, Shimoga
City Municipal Council.
After the workshop, there was an interactive session of the ASCI representatives with the
participants. The session aimed to seek the views of the participants and to provide answers to
the various queries. The discussions were very proactive with practical inputs from the various
participants.
GROUP ACTIVITY
GROUP I: MAKING SHIMOGA OPEN DEFECATION FREE CITY
Encourage and ensure the households to compulsorily construct individual toilets and
continuous usage by creating awareness
Encourage to construct Community toilets in slum areas with PPP model
The Govt. with NGOs participation should take necessary steps to sensitize the community
about ill effects of open defecation
Create awareness among the school children and utilize to spread the message in their
houses and localities
Install sign boards and hoardings in slums to create awreness
Organize street plays in important places
Form task force to stop open defecation with a special focus near bus and railway station.
Services of SHG groups may be utilized
Organise ward wise task forces and empower them to initiate legal action against the
people who violate the SWM rules
186 | P a g e
The task force shall meet every week to identify the problem spots and initiate to clean the
areas.
GROUP 2- WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Problems Identified
Presently domestic waste water is directly flowing in open drains
Waste water from Septic tanks are directly entering the open drains
No treatment of sewage water
Waste water generated from commercial establishments is directly entering into open
drains
No proper management of UGD system
Increased contamination of surface and ground water resources used for drinking purpose
The Recommended Solutions:
In-situ treatment of waste water at the point of generation shall be encouraged
Introducing DEWAT technologies
Encourage re-use of waste water after proper treatment for other than human
consumption
Low cost treatment units shall be established
Waste water from commercial establishments, lodgings should be treated properly before
letting into drains
Induct sufficient Sucking and Jetting machines
Latest technologies must be introduced in the sewage treatment plant which is situated in
the middle of the city.
GROUP 3- SANITATION FACILITIES FOR THE POOR
Create awareness among the community
Construct community toilets in the slum areas to stop open defecation
Every month water samples must be tested and certified about its fitness for potable
perposes
I.E.C activities shall be carried out about water purification system and water borne
diseases.
Encourage the community cooperation, participation in enforcing at source segregated
waste collection.
Owners of the vacant sites be strictly instructed to construct compounds and ensure
regular cleaning of the sites.
GROUP 4- DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
Create awareness among the general public about importance of community cooperation in
waste management and in effective implementation of door to door waste collection
Strengthen door to door collection network
Encourage community to dump garbage only in the containers placed nearby
Induct more Powra Karmikas
Encourage community to hand over the segregated garbage to the waste collectors
Motivate the community for prompt payment of collection fees every month
Use innovative techniques to motivate the people residing in slum areas
Recyclables and hazardous waste treatment shall be prioritized
Proper waste treatment practices are to be introduced
187 | P a g e
Initiate legal actions, if necessary, to enforce proper waste management practices

Assign waste management packages to SHG groups
Introduce heavy /mechanized vehicles instead of hand carts for waste collection
Initiate legal actions against the owners of open sites who failed to keep their sites clean
and hygienic.
Form ward wise task force and conduct regular meetings
Provide safety equipments to poura Karmikas and ensure to use them regularly
Encourage community participation
ANNEXURE 1
PICTURES OF WORKSHOP
The workshop about to commence
Mr. Manu Kumar convening the workshop
Lighting the inaugural lamp
188 | P a g e
ANNEXURE 7: SECOND CSTF WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, SHIMOGA

The meeting commenced with the welcome address to all the CSTF members by Mr. Jayanna,
Commissioner, City Municipal Council, Shimoga for preparation of CSP by welcoming
representative of ASCI, Hyderabad and CMAK, Bangalore. Mr. Manu Kumar, Environmental
Engineer addressed the purpose of the meeting by giving an overall scenario of preparation of
CSP. The presentation on the progress status was made by Ms. Uzra Sultana, Senior Research
Associate, Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), Hyderabad. The presentation
basically aimed in making the CSTF members understand the importance of their involvement
during the preparation and finalization, process and methodology, data gaps and their support
required for the preparation of CSP for Shimoga city. The scope for further citys development
and performance on sanitation issues was also discussed. Agenda of the 2nd round CSTF
meeting
Present status of City Sanitation Plan
Importance of CSTF members
Way forward for Shimoga City
Discussion on survey templates
Interactive session
The following are the key issues incurred during the meeting:
1. Awareness: Ward wise committee to involve awareness in Schools focusing
involvement of NSS group for wider range of awareness.
2. Expansion of the city or the increase in the city area in coming years should be
considered while finalizing CSP. The industrial growth, educational institutions and
settlements might increase in the city.
3. The construction of outer ring road is yet to commence upon approval from the
Government. This infrastructure development should also be included while drafting
CSP.
4. Water is the main problem and the crisis will be soon faced in coming years in
Shimoga city. There needs to be different water lines for water supply.
5. The information on drainage network is very limited. Hence, survey needs to be
conducted.
6. Primary survey: It is recommended by the CSTF members, atleast 10% of the total
present population should be considered for the primary survey.
7. In the data formats received by the CMC, Shimoga, the area of the city is mentioned
differently in two different places as 50 sq. km and 62 sq. km. It is suggested to take it
as 62 sq. km. as given in the demographic details under Table 3.
9. There is no slaughter house in Shimoga. Slaughtering of animals is done within the
premises of meat stalls.
To get the total existing industries it is recommended to contact MESCOM.
1. Conservancy should be considered ward wise on solid waste management.
2. Meeting with stakeholders needs proper timetable with the plan and accordingly shared
with the ULB for further coordination and arrangement.
The meeting could not conclude at 1:30 PM as scheduled due to time limit. Hence CSTF
members decided to have another round of discussion on the data templates, data collection
and way forward for the preparation of CSP for Shimoga. It was decided to meet again at 5:00
PM for further discussion and conclusion. The meeting points discussed in the second half of the
meeting is as follows:
1.
It is recommended to include survey for the Hostels, as Shimoga comprises of many
Government Hostels where the sanitation is poor.
2.
The primary survey templates were discussed in detail and were accepted by the CSTF
members.
189 | P a g e

3.
4.
It is recommended to speed up on the data collection and the departments with the
available information were requested to cooperate in furnishing the information
required.
It is recommended to prepare a brief plan along with the time frame and share to the
CSTF members on the primary survey progress to be made.
Discussion with Mr. Girish, Town Planning Manager, Shimoga Urban Development Authority
(SUDA), Shimoga | On 11th May 2011 at 11:00 AM
In future the industrial sectors will increase thereby city growing significantly.
a) The city is experiencing growth in the North West and South West part.
b) Some of the proposed ring road area is not currently within municipal limit, but with the
development and construction of ring road it is likely that the surrounding area of the
ring road will be included into municipal limits in near future.
c) Nedlgemachahalli, Devakatikoppa and Siddhipura industrial estates are in the
developing stage, which is at the periphery of 3-6 km within the range of municipal
limits.
d) Development is also likely to be observed towards the Bhadravati region.
e) Conurbation limit to be considered during CSP preparation.
f) Master Plan which is currently under preparation needs to be considered for CSP.
g) Sogare Airport at Shimoga city will be commissioned shortly within 3-4 months which is
again an indication of future city growth. Thus this should be strongly considered.
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ANNEXURE 8: SECONDARY DATA FORMATS PROFILING OF THE ULBS

TABLE 1: DETAILS OF ULB
Name of the ULB
Address
Area
Population
No. of Wards
Please attach organizational structure of the ULB
TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF GROWTH TRENDS
Sl.
No
Year
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Total
Population
Total
households
Area of the
city
Total BPL
population
Total
population
in slums
Total
Households
in Slums
Area of slums
(nos.)
(nos.)
(sq.km)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(sq.km)
Note: The figures for 2011 will be estimated figures, while the 1961- 2001 figures should be taken from the Census
Note: Remarks column could indicate any explanation for figures not keeping in line with trends (e.g. jurisdictional changes),migration ,floating
population rates.
Source
191 | P a g e

TABLE 3: WARDWISE DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS
Ward No.
Area
(sq.km)
Population
(nos.)
Households
(nos.)
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 4: WARDWISE DETAILS OF TYPES OF PROPERTIES
Sl. No. Ward
Residential
Commercial Institutional
No.
properties
properties
properties
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
Govt.
Schools
Govt.
Hospitals
Other Govt.
health
institutions
Slaughter
houses
Industries
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
1
2
3
4
5
192 | P a g e

TABLE 5: WARDWISE SLUM DETAILS
Ward No
Name of the slum
Slum area
Type of slum
Slum population
Slum households
(sq.km)
(notified, non-notified,
identified)
(nos.)
(nos.)
BASE MAPS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Map showing ward boundaries, Population density

Map showing zone wise boundaries
Map with location of notified and non-notified slums
Master plan (old and new)
Transportation network map
Map showing location of different types of areas by activities/Landuse (industries, commercial activity, recreational activity)
Map showing location of public and community toilets
Map showing open defecation areas / Septage disposal sites.
Map of DTD routing and Location of solid waste dumping grounds and compost yards
Location of Sewerage network, STPs and outfall points
Maps showing water supply network,
Map of Storm water drainage network / drain out falls
Map showing location of water bodies
Location of slaughter houses
Maps showing low lying and water logging areas
TABLE 6: LIST OF Secondary Data /REPOrts

CDP
Master Plan
DPRs
Water Supply
193 | P a g e

Solid Waste Management
Storm Water Drains
Sewerage
Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Ex: SJSRY, , IHSDP, BSUP, State level

programmes (Kanshi Ram Awas
Yojana, Indiramma)
Various ongoing schemes and its current status
Ex: JnNURM, UIDSSMT, ILCS, RAY, etc
OTHER REPORTS
Municipal finance details

Pollution Control board,
Environment Status report
Data of water bodies and extent of pollution
Census, NSSO,
Human Development Report
District handbook
Manual and codified procedures for sewerage, septage, drainage and SWM
Status of State/ULB Act provisions for punishments/fines for littering and letting out waste and excreta in the open
Implementation of above rules in practice
Instances of fines in the last one year
Reports on water borne diseases, annual occurrences, mortality and morbidity, and other diseases
Reports of IEC work done by the ULB or any other agency
194 | P a g e

TABLE 7: WARDWISE DETAILS OF TOILETS FOR NON-SLUM AREAS
Ward
No
Non slum
Population
Non
slum
HHS
Own septic
tank/Flush
Latrine
Own Dry
Latrine
Shared
Shared
Septic
Dry
Tank/Flush Latrine
Latrine
Community
Septic
Tank/Flush
Latrine
Community Open
Dry Latrine Defecation
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
1
2
3
4
TABLE 8: WARDWISE DETAILS OF TOILETS FOR SLUM AREAS

Ward Slum Slum
No
Name type
Population HH
(Notified (nos.)
/Non
Notified)
Own septic Own

Shared
Shared
tank/Flush Dry
Septic
Dry
Latrine
Latrine Tank/Flush Latrine
Latrine
(nos.) (nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
1
2
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Community Community Open

Septic
Dry Latrine Defecation
Tank/Flush
Latrine
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)

3
4
TABLE 9: WARDWISE DETAILS OF type of TOILETS outlets
Ward No.
Toilets
connected to
septic tanks
with soak pits
Toilets
connected to
septic tanks
without soak
pits
Toilets
connected to
open Nalas
Toilets
connected to
UGD
Length of UGD
Area covered
by UGD
Properties
covered by
UGD
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(km)
(%)
(%)
TABLE 11: FINANCIAL DETAILS OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Sl. no
Particulars
No of customers being charged for sewerage services (no)
Connection Fee (one-time) to Connect to System (Rs.)
Average Monthly Tariff (Rs. Per Connection)
4
5
Annual Demand for Sewerage Tariff (Rs.) - last year data

Annual Collection for Sewerage Tariff (Rs.) - last year data
Personnel expenditure charged to Sewerage System (O&M, Rs.)
Value
196 | P a g e
Remarks

7
Other Expenditure charged to Sewerage System (O&M, Rs.) - last year Data
Percentage of total water and sanitation budget spent on Sewerage System

(O&M, Rs.)
TABLE 12: WARDWISE NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGE OF FLOATING POPULATION

Ward No
Ward Population
No. of People
visiting town
every day by
ward
Percentage To
Ward
Population
(nos.)
(nos.)
(%)
Areas and
localities of
visiting
Reasons for
Visiting
Remarks
1
2
3
4
TABLE 13: ACCESS TO PUBLIC TOILETS IN COMMERCIAL AREAS AND PUBLIC PLACES
Ward
No
Name of Area
Location of
Public Toilet
Toilet Seats
Ladies
(nos.)
Number of
Persons Using
Gents
(nos.)
(nos.)
197 | P a g e
Type of
Management
Remarks
TABLE 14: DETAILS OF COMMUNITY TOILETS IN RESIDENTIAL / SLUM AREAS

War
d No
Name of
Slum/Are
a
Location of
Communit
y Toilet
Toilet Seats
Ladie
s
(nos.)
Gent
s
(nos.)
Childre
n
(nos.)
Number of
Household
s Using
Whethe
r pay
and use
Price
per
use
urinal
s
Price per
use
defecatio
n
Pric
e per
use
bath
(nos.)
(Y/N)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
Type of
Managemen
t
Workin
g /Not
working
TABLE 15: WARDWISE DETAILS OF SEPTIC TANKS, PITS AND THEIR CLEANING PROCEDURES
War
d No.
No. of
septi
c
tanks
(nos.)
Clearing Procedure
a) Manual
b) Motorized
Interval
of
cleanin
g
Quantit
y of
sludge
Monitorin
g present
No. of
Pits
(specif
ySingle
or
double
)
(litres)
(Yes/No)
(nos.)
Clearing Procedure
a) Manual
b) Motorized
198 | P a g e
Interval
of
cleanin
g
Quantit
y of
sludge
Monitorin
g present
(litres)
(Yes/No)
TABLE 16: SLUDGE/SEPTAGE EQUIPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

No. Indicator
A
Equipment Available
No of Sludge Suction trucks/equipment
Annual No of tanks cleaned - last year's estimate
Cleaned using mechanical equipment
Estimated Volume (ML) cleaned last year
Method of Conveyance and Disposal: Untreated
Amount Disposed Untreated (ML) - last year's estimate
Location of disposal - untreated
Method of Conveyance and Disposal: Treated
Amount Disposed Treated (ML) - last year's estimate
Location of disposal - treated
10
Cost per tank cleaning
Manual Cleaning of Tanks and Pits
11
Estimate Annual No of Tanks cleaned - last year's average
12
Cost per tank cleaning
Municipality Owned
199 | P a g e
Private
Agencies
Remarks

13
Method of disposal of sludge cleaned
14
Who are the persons cleaning tanks?
ML = Million Litres
TABLE 17: WARDWISE DETAILS OF GOVT. SCHOOLS AND THEIR SANITATION FACILITIES
Ward No.
Name of
the
school
Category
(PS. UPS,HS)
No. of toilets
No. of toilets
working
Is water
supply
present
in
toilets?
Girls
Boys
Girls
Boys
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
(nos.)
Toilet outlets
Sewerage
system
Septic
tanks
Open
nallas
(Y/N)
Please find attached questionnaire of school sanitation surveys
TABLE 18: WARDWISE DETAILS OF ANGANWADIS AND THEIR SANITATION FACILITIES

Ward No.
Name of
No. of toilets
the
Anganwadi
Girls
Boys
centre
(nos.)
(nos.)
No. of toilets working
Girls
Boys
Is water
supply
present in
toilets?
(nos.)
(nos.)
(Y/N)
200 | P a g e
Toilet outlets
Sewerage
system
Septic
tanks
Open nallas
INFORMATION REQUIRED ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES IN THE ULB

Waste segregation, process, quantities,
Bio-hazardous/ industrial waste quantity, treatment procedure
Treatment facilities, capacities, identification of dumpsites, area, no. of years of operation, present status
Technology of waste processing and recycling, proportion of waste that is processed and recycled
Category wise numbers of public health workers (cadre, contractual, permanent), provision of safety equipment for them
Complaints redressal system, efficiency
SWM tariff structure
Future SWM projects and proposals
TABLE 19: WARDWISE SWM DETAILS

Ward No
SWM generated
Quantity
SWM Collection
Quantity
Door-toDoor collection HHs
Segregation
practiced
No. of local open

dumpsites
(MT)
(MT)
(nos.)
(Yes/No)
(nos.)
1
2
3
4
TABLE 20: DETAILS OF VEHICLES USED FOR DOOR TO DOOR WASTE COLLECTION
201 | P a g e

Vehicle Type
No .of vehicles
Capacity of each vehicle

(Tons)
No. of trips
Total waste collected

(Tons)
TABLE 21: DETAILS OF VEHICLES USED FOR SECONDARY WASTE TRANSPORTATION

Vehicle Type
No. of vehicles
Capacity of each vehicle

(Tons)
No. of trips
Total waste collected

(Tons)
TABLE 21: DETAILS OF WASTE ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT CATEGORIES

Category of waste
Quantity of waste
generated
(MT/Month)
Quantity of
waste collected
(MT/Month)
Category of waste
Residential
Slaughter Houses
Commercial
Industries
Street sweeping
Construction waste
Market waste
Any other (please

specify)
Quantity of waste
generated
(MT/Month)
202 | P a g e
Quantity of waste
collected
(MT/Month)

INFORMATION REQUIRED ON WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN THE ULB
Source, treatment facilities,

Capacity, present production
Length of distribution network, coverage
Water quality
Water tariff structure
Future water supply projects and proposals
TABLE 22: WARDWISE DETAILS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Ward
No.
HHS connected
to Piped Water
(nos.)
No. of
hours per
day
HHS
connected to
stand posts
(nos.)
No. of
hours per
day
HHS connected
to Tube
wells/own
sources and
others
(nos.)
1
2
3
4
5
INFORMATION REQUIRED ON STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN THE ULB
Outfall points,
203 | P a g e
Bulk
connections
(nos.)
Other
properties
connected to
piped water
system
(nos.)
Water recycling, re-use and their technology

Areas of flooding and water logging and no. of instances annually.
Future drainage projects and proposals
TABLE 23: WARDWISE DETAILS OF DRAINAGE NETWORK
Ward
No.
Length of Drainage
System
(Pucca/semi
pucca/kachha)
(km)
Length Roads
%
(Pucca/semi
Area
Pucca/kachha) covered
(km)
Volume of
grey
water
generated
(MLD)
%
Treated
Identification Functional Remarks

of problem
Status
areas
1
2
3
4
5
204 | P a g e
ANNEXURE 9: PRIMARY DATA SURVEY FORMATS

SURVEY FORMAT 1 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
16. If water closet
connected to Septic Tank
17. In case of Dry Pit

Latrine/unimproved pit
latrine
Month and Year of last

cleaning:
Is it constructed as per
approved plan:
Cleaned by:
b. Private Sweepers:
a. Municipality
c. Cost of cleaning toilet
Frequency of cleaning
a. Less than 6 months
b. Once in 6 months
c. Once in a year
d. Once in two year
Whether the soakpit is
working in all seasons
a. Yes
b. No
Where do you dispose the septic

tank waste
Is septic tank constructed as per

building plan approval
If not, what are the problems

they face
Whether soak pit is connected to the

open drain
a. Yes
b. No
Year of construction:
Month and Year of last cleaning:
Do you experience
overflowing
a. Yes
b. No
Other problems faced by dry pit latrine

a. Odour,
b. Fly nuisance
c. hygienic issues
d. cleanliness
Reason for not upgrading:

18. Water
toilet
supply
19. If Municipal Supply
to
Is the building plan approved by

Municipality
a. Stand post:
b. Own Arrangement:
c. Municipal Supply
d. Hand pump
a. Adequate:
b. Not Adequate:
205 | P a g e

20. If,
a. All members
Community/Public, Who
in family uses it?
21. No. of people using the community toilet
b. Only Adult Men
c. Only Adult Women
a. 10-20
b. 20-30
c. 30-40
d. 40-50
22. No. of seats

a. Less than 10
b. 10-15
c. 15-20
d. 20-30
d. All Adults
e. 50 and above
e. 30 & above
23. Condition of the toilets

a. Good
b. Average
c. unusable
24. Payment Arrangements for community toilets

a. Pay and use (Every use) b. Monthly
family c. Free of cost
pass
25. Charges
a. 50 paise
b. Rs 1-2
26.Are you satisfied with a. Yes

present arrangement
27. If No state reasons*
(tick all possible options)
28.Why you have not
constructed toilet
(Applicable if Q 14-15 are
answered)
29.What facility would
a. poor maintenance
d. Not in use
c. Rs. 2-3
d. Rs 3 and above
e. monthly pass
1. less than 20
2. 20-30
3. 30-40
b. No
b. corruption
c. lack of facilities
d. Other, Specify
a. Affordability to construct toilet

c. Uncertainty over land and tenure
b .Affordability of connecting to sewer network

d. Space Constraints
e. Low priority given to sanitation (awareness)
f. Lack of water
g. Lack of know how
h. Any other
a. Household latrine (types):
b. Pour flush twin
206 | P a g e

you prefer over open
c. pit/Septic tank with soak pit/ others
defecation
e. Community Toilet
(Applicable if Q 14-15 are
answered)
30.In case of
a. Yes
Public/Community
Toilet; willing to pay for
use
31. If Yes, How much? (Rs)
a. 50 paise
b. Rs 1-2
32.Disposal of household
waste water ( from
kitchen, bath and wash
other than latrine)
33. Were you affected by
any diseases in last six
months
34. What type of disease
d. Public
b. No
a. Discharged to river/pond/nalas
e) Monthly Pass
1. less than 20
2. 20-30
3. 30-40
b. Reuse in the garden after passing through soak pit
c. Directly to public drain
d. Both a & b
a. Yes (specify when)
b. No
a.
dysentery
Amoebic b. Cholera
c. Rs. 2-3
d. Rs. 3 and above
c. Diarrhea
e. Malaria
f. Skin disease
g.
35.
Expenditure
towards
health
(Monthly)
36. Do you know that good sanitation is linked to health
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

37. Where is household solid waste disposed?
a. Disposed in Roadside Bin
b. Disposed at designated open dumping

spot
c. Disposed in drain
d. Door-to-door collection
207 | P a g e

38. Distance to Disposal Spot
(Feet)
a. Less than 50
b. 50 to 100
c. 100 to 200
d. 200 to 500
e. More than 500

39. Does municipality carry the waste
dumped in your locality?
40. Do you have door to door
collection?
41. Frequency of collection?
42. Is the waste segregated at the

source?
a. Yes
a.
b. No
Yes
a. Daily twice
a.
b.
b. Daily once
c. Once in 2 days
Yes
No
d. Once in three days
b.
No
43. Do you pay for the waste collected

from the municipality?
a.
a. 0-10
44.How much do you pay
(Rs per month)
Yes
b. 10-20
c. 20-25
b.
d. 25-30
45.Are you satisfied with the service
a. Very good
b. Good
c. Average
d. Bad
46. Frequency of road sweeping
a. Daily once
b. Once in two c.
days
weekly
47.Frequency of cleaning drains
a. Daily once
b. Once in two c. once in 3 d. once in a week

days
days
48. Structure
a) Pucca
b) semi-Pucca
c) Kutcha
Flooding
No
e. 30-35
Twice d. Once in a week
Housing
208 | P a g e
e. Three days &

Above
e. 35 and
above
e.
Irregular
e. Irregular

49. Whether the area is prone to flooding during rains?
50. Frequency of flooding/Water Logging
a) Yes
b) No
a) During rainy season
b) Once in a while
Sewerage
51. Do you have sewer connection?
a) Yes
52. If yes, How much do you pay?
a) 20-50
b) No
b) 50-80
c) 80-100
d) 100-130
e) 130-150
f)
150- g) 180
180
above
&
Grievance redressal mechanism

53. whom do you approach to give your complaint
Regarding sanitation and water supply?
a)
Supervisor
d) NGO
54. How do you make complaints?
a) Direct (By word)
55.Time taken to solve the

problem
1) Water leakage
2)
Solid
Management
3) Sanitation
56. Are you satisfied with present system
f) others (Specify)
c) Phone
d) Internet
a) 0-5 Hours
b) 5-10 Hours
c)10-15 Hours
Waste a) 0-5 Hours
b) 5-10 Hours
c) 10-24 Hours
b) Letter
a)
0-24 b) Two Day
Hours
b) Satisfied
c) Partially
c) Three days
d) Bad
d)Within 24
Hours
e) More than a
day
d) More than
3 days
e)worse
How:
Advertisement
Wall poster
News paper
1. Open Defecation
2. Disposal of Sludge
3. Disposal of Liquid waste (Black and grey)
c) MLA
e) RWA
a) Highly Satisfied
57. Are you informed about City Sanitation if YES/ No

yes how?
Suggestions:
Sanitary b) Corporator
209 | P a g e

SURVEY FORMAT - 02
COMMUNICATION NEED ASSESSMENT: FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS (FGD)
The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure as well as the
strategy to go with expansion of infrastructure. Following steps identified before visiting the
field.
1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication categorize
them
2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks.
3. Topic Guides were prepared for each stakeholder group.
4. Data Collection. Field assessment of communications needs was carried out.
Stakeholders: FGDs will target the stakeholder groups eg. Residents, establishments and ULB
officials. Opinion leaders also needs to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews
and implementation of communications strategies. Following are the key personnel to be
interviewed:
Key officials-Commissioners, sanitation inspectors, medical/health officers,
Councilors, Community elders,
City media: newspapers reporters,
RWA office bearers,
NGOs,
Safaikaramcharies union office bearers,
Heads of Commercial establishments and shopkeepers, including public places such as
bus - stands
Random Samples of Residents from Rich neighborhoods.
Slum residents
School teachers, employees
School children
Hospital employees and doctors
IEC Probes for field trip
As per the City Sanitation Rankings the OUPUT, PROCESS and OUTCOME indicators cover a
whole range of issues such as, Quality of water supply (also in non-slum areas), Practices of
SWM, dumping, segregation at source, collection (also in non-slum areas), ODF, types of latrines,
problems and gaps. We conduct FGDs with reference to how city fared on each of these
indicators.
1. Residents in Slum
Awareness regarding Health and Hygiene: The current level of awareness regarding
ill-effects of lack of sanitation, ODF, Hand washing, SWM etc
Awareness regarding Govt. policies for improving water and sanitation: NUSP,
Sources and channels of such knowledge and communication
Awareness regarding technical options such as Toilet options
Willingness to upgrade financial and behavioral constraints
Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, Agencies that
carried the campaign and learnings from the campaign
Activities of local SHG's and other community organization, areas of engagement
In non-slum areas - check for RWAs
210 | P a g e
Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc (also in non-slum

areas)
Information regarding demography of the slum (To be gathered from surveys)
Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do
they deal with water and sanitation crisis, Approaching local corporator, Complain
to Municipality, Agitate
2. Municipal officials (including Safaikaramcharies)
Role envisaged for communication for implementing NUSP.

Channels of communication are at ULBs disposal, Extent to which these channels are
being exploited.
Technological options, geographic and infrastructural issues involved in implementing
Water and Sanitation schemes.
M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records, discernible
patterns in complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal.
Details of any specific communication campaign being take up, Content, Channels used,
budget allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media.
Kinds of training and tools are given to Safaikaramcharies for safe disposal of waste etc
and their satisfaction at what has been provided.
3. Commercial establishment and Public places
Observation regarding sanitation is these places

Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as segregation, shopkeeper
participation
O&M, regular upkeep of public places
4. School Sanitation
Status of school sanitation

Health Problems
issues-drop out rates/ enrollment rates,
girl children, status of SSA ,
O&M problems, Health problems.
5. Hospitals
6.
Examine Disposal of hazardous waste, specifically if effluents are being left into open
drains
Disease burden of the town, data from District Medical/Health Officer, information on
campaigns to mitigate, budget allocated
Disease burden, Diarrhea, GET, Cholera, Malaria, Skin problems
Communication efforts with reference to diarrhea, malaria etc.
Media Persons
Main Sanitation issues in the city
Sanitation news stories
Municipality PR. Who answers media enquiries?
Municipal Advertisements in dailies.
211 | P a g e

Checklists
1. Messages: Behavior change communication for residents, sustaining behavior and attitude
change, attitudes of officials. Creating awareness about health and hygiene, environmental
sanitation, helping officials be good listeners, improving management within existing
constraints through better communication. Developing content for manuals for best
communication practices, posters etc.
2. Channels of communication: these include grievance redressal mechanism of the MC, MCs
interaction with people- feedback seeking mechanisms, postures, hoardings, exhibitions, school
activities, cable TV, FM Radio, Handbills, Newspapers, Street Plays, Meetings/seminars,
workshops, presentations and interpersonal means.
Interpersonal means include interactive group education and door to door motivational
programmes. Here the role of NGOs is important.
3. Parameters: OUTPUT, PROCESS, OUTCOME as per NUSP
Environmental Sanitation
SWM: market waste, domestic waste, waste segregation at source and at collection
point, waste disposal measures
Treatment of solid waste and dump
Deviance on part of polluters and institutions such as hospitals
Proportion of solid waste, grey water, black water generated that is treated and
disposed safely
ODF: public toilets, individual latrines, toilet maintenance, disposal of human waste,
M&E to Track OD
Check if Sewage systems are working properly
Disposal of septage
UGS: awareness, usercharges, problems
Water,
Quality of water in the city,
in the water bodies in and around city,
Reduction in water borne diseases amongst city-population
212 | P a g e

SURVEY FORMAT 03: INSTITUTIONS
V1. Institution name:
V2. Complete address:
V3. Number of Staff:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1 to 5
6 to 10
11 to 15
15 to 25
25 and above
V4. CONDITONS OF TOILETS (Observation)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Good
Average
Bad
Worst
V5. Toilet facility is provided to staff
1.
2.
Yes
No
V6. Toilets are provided separately for Male &

Female?
1. Yes
2. No
V7. No. of toilets provided to Male staff of the

Institute
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 to 3
4 to 6
7 to 9
Above 9
V8. No. of toilets provided to Female staff of

the Institute
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 to 3
4 to 6
7 to 9
Above 9
V9. No. of seats available in the toilet for both

the gender.
1. 1 to 5
2. 6 to 10
3. 11 to 15
4. Above 16
V10. Does
infrastructure.
the
toilets
have
minimum
1
2
Yes
No
V11. If yes, What type of facilities are

available
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Water Supply
Doors with Bolts
Buckets
Lights
Tiled Bathrooms
Sinks are available
Soaps
Hand wash
Anything else
213 | P a g e

V12. If Water supply is there then what is the
source
V13.
Are
maintained well
they
1.
2.
3.
4.
Overhead Tank water

Piped water
Ground water
Surface Water
1. Yes
2. No
(Note: Take a photograph of the toilets)

V14. Do you need to improve the
toilet condition:
1. Yes
2. No
V15. type of improvement Required

1. Cleaning
2. Continuous water Supply
3. Maintenance
4. Change design
5. Upgrade infrastructure
6. Others
INTERVIEW WITH HEADS
V16. Monthly / Annual Budget for O&M of toilets
V17. Who is responsible for operation and maintenance?
V18. Who maintains the toilets?
V19. Are there any user charges collected
1. Yes
2. No
V20. Other suggestions
214 | P a g e

SURVEY FORMAT 04
COMMUNITY TOILETS
1. Town/city
2. Location
3. Maintained by/ service provider
4. Number of toilets
a. Urinals
b. Bath
5. Male :
6. Female:
7. Children:
8. Pay per Use (In Rs)
a. Defecation:
c. Washbasins
b. Urinal:
c. Bathing:
9. Number of people visiting per day

10. Condition
a. Very good
b. good
c. average
d. bad
11. Cleaning (Times per day):

12. Type of latrine
13. Feacal Sludge Management
a)
Sewer
b)
Manually Lifted
c)
Onsite treatment
d)
Other
14. Effluent Discharge(where does it go)
15. O & M Arrangement
215 | P a g e
e. worse

SURVEY FORMAT 05
PUBLIC TOILETS
1. Town/city
2. Location
3. Maintained by/ service provider
4. Number of toilets
Urinals
Bath
5. Male :
6. Female:
7. Children:
8. Pay per Use (In Rs)
d. Defecation:
Washbasins
e. Urinal:
f. Bathing:
9. Number of people visiting per day

10. Condition
f. Very good
g. h.
g Average
o
o
d
i. Bad
j. Worse
11. Cleaning (Times per day):

12. Type of latrine
Pit / WC
13. Fecal Sludge Management

e)
Sewer
f)
Onsite treatment
g)
Other
15. O & M
Arrangement
14.
PPP
Onsite treatment Waste water

a.
Sewer drain
b.
Septic tank
c.
Septic tank
d.
Other
NGO
216 | P a g e

SURVEY FORMAT 06
HOSPITALS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name of the Hospital

Location
Capacity (Beds)
Services Provided
Quantity of Solid waste produced by
hospital (Kg)
6. Quantity of liquid waste produced by
hospital (Liters)
7. Is colour coding done for the waste Yes
produced
8. What is the arrangement for disposal Municipality Private
of Bio Medical Waste
9. If it is private, how much do you pay?
10. Is there a system of segregating Yes
No
biodegradable and non biodegradable
wastes
11. Is the system of disposing Bio-medical waste Is in Yes
accordance with
Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) rules,
1998 and amendments
12. Frequency of collection and disposal
BMW (Hours)
13. How is the liquid BMW is disposed,
Such as Blood, Mucus, Secretion and
urine
14. Is
there
a
mechanism
for Yes
management of sludge from hospital
cesspools?
15. If yes, Please explain
16. Is there any decentralized waste Yes
water treatment
If yes, give details
a. Capacity of plant
No
Own Arrangement
No
No
No
b. What type of treatment

c. Discharge after treatment (COD
level after treatment)
217 | P a g e

SURVEY FORMAT 07
SCHOOLS
a. Basic Information
Name of the Respondent:
Student
Teacher
Male/Female
Principal
Others
Name of the School

I.
II.
III.
Ownership of School Building:

Own
Rent
Address and location
Landmark
Strength
(a)
No. of Students
No.
of
No.
of Teachers
Students
(b)
(c)
3(a
3(b)
3(b)
Girls
Boys
Female
Male
No. of other Female

Staff
Students
No. of Urinals
Total
Presently existed
o.k
Under repairs
requirement
F
M
F M F
M
Male
No. of WCs
Balance to be Total
constructed
requirement
F
M
F
M
Presently
existing
F
M
Balance to be
constructed
F
M
Teachers
No. of Urinals
Total
Presently existed
required
o.k
Under repairs
F
M
F M F
M
No. of WCs
Balance to be Total
constructed
requirement
F
M
F
M
Presently
existing
F
M
Balance to be
constructed
F
M
Other staff
No. of Urinals
Total
Presently existed
o.k
Under repairs
required
F
M
F M F
M
No. of WCs
Balance to be Total
constructed
requirement
F
M
F
M
Presently
existing
F
M
Balance to be
constructed
F
M
Does the school have a waste water disposal (Other than WC water)
Yes
Toilets Connected to: Septic Tank Sewerage Open drains Not connected
6
7
8
8(a)
9
No
Is the toilet properly ventilated?
Is the toilet tiled?
Does the toilet has electricity connection?
If yes, is it working?
Does the school have water connection?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
218 | P a g e

10
10 (a)
11
12
12(a)
13
13(a)
15
16
16(a)
17
18
18(a)
Are there other sources of Water Supply?

Borewell
Tankers
Others (specify) :
Is there a facility for water storage? Yes/No
Overhead Tank
Sump
Filled into Barrels/Drums
Is there flowing water in the toilets?
Yes
Is the toilet in working condition? (No Blockades, Usable)
Yes
If no, Reasons: No Water Damaged Door Bolt broken inside the toilet
Others(Specify) :
Is Toilet cleaned regularly?
Yes
No
If so, what is the interval?

a) Twice in a day
b) Once in a day
c) Once in 2 days
d) Others(specify):
Who is in-charge of O&M of Toilets? Contractor
Out sourced School Employees
Others(specify):
Budget allocated for O&M of Toilets Rs.
Source of Budget Funding SSA Parents State Government No specific allocation
Others(Specify) :
Generally, how much is spent on O &M of Toilets, Rs. /year
Is there sanitary and hygiene education in this school?
If yes, Special Classes
Yes
No
Topics in Curriculum Others(specify):
19
Drop-out
Drop-out Diseases
Enrollment Drop-out
Diseases
ratio of
rate
reported
rate
rate
reported
students
Boys
Girls
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
Note: No. of Drop outs on a record basis (or) Strength of the students in the respective years.
20
Any improvements made to the toilets during the last three years. Details:
21
No
No
When is the potable water stored tank cleaned?

Monthly
2-6 Months Biannually
Annually
Others(Specify):
21(b)
Is the school constructed after taking building plan approval?
22
Where is solid waste in the school disposed?

At Roadside bin Open site In drains D-D collection Others(Specify) :
Enrollment
rate
Yes / No
219 | P a g e

b. Perception Survey:
Principal:
1
Do you use toilets?
If no, Where do you go by? a) Your home is nearby b) to neighbors home

c) dont drink water d) open defecate
d) others (specify):
Are students allowed to leave in the mid of the classes to use the
urinals?
Are students of different classes having breaks at the same
time/intervals?
Do you feel any students having dropped out or frequently fallen
sick & away from school days due to poor sanitation?
Other Concerns/issues in maintenance of toilets?
3
4
5
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Teachers:
1
Do You use the toilets?
If no, Where do you go by? a) Your home is nearby b) to neighbors home

c) dont drink water d) open defecate
d) others (specify):
Do you feel any students having dropped out or frequently fallen

sick & away from school days due to poor sanitation?
Have you seen any teacher transferred to another school due to
poor sanitation?
3
4
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Students:
1
Do You use the toilets?
If no, Where do you go by?

c) dont drink water
Do they wash their hands after they go to toilets?
Yes
No
Are you allowed to leave in the mid of the classes to use the urinals?
Yes
No
Are different classes having breaks at the same time/intervals?
Yes
No
Have you seen any of your friends having dropped out or frequently
fallen sick & away from school days due to poor sanitation?
Yes
No
a) Your home is nearby b) to neighbors home

d) open defecate
e) others (specify):
Girl Students:
1
2
3
Is there arrangement for dustbin in the toilets?

Do you attend school during menstrual period?
Any special menstrual hygiene classes?
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
220 | P a g e

SURVEY FORMAT 08
SLAUGHTER HOUSE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Name of the city/town:

Location of the slaughter house:
Year of construction
Condition of the slaughter house (to be written by observation)
Is the slaughter house managed by municipality/corporation:
Is there a veterinary doctor to look after the slaughter house?
How many animals are slaughtered per day
Does the veterinary doctor examine the animals regularly?
Is there a Karmachari/worker to regularly clean the blood and other waste in the
slaughter house?
How frequent is the cleaning done?
Waste disposal arrangement-Liquid waste
A) Open drain
B) Sewerage
C) Open Place D) other (Specify)
Waste disposal arrangement-Solid waste
A) Open drain
B) Sewerage
C) Open Place D) other (Specify)
Institutional Arrangement for maintenance of Slaughter House
Did approval of the plan taken from municipality
221 | P a g e

SURVEY FORMAT 09
COMMERCIAL PLACES
1. Name of the Commercial place
2. Name of Respondent
3. Gender
a. Male
b. Female
4. Duration of work
5. Number of workers in the shop
Male :
Female:
a. 1-2
b. 1- 5
c. 5-10
d. 10-20
e. 20-30
f.
6. Toilets Availability in the Shop/complex
a. Yes
b. No
7. Number of seats
a. 1 to 5
b. 6 to 10
30 & above
c. Above10
d. Only Urinals
8. Are the workers allowed to use
a. Yes
b. No
9. Awareness about a Public toilet in the premises
a. Yes
b. No
10. In case of necessity, usage pattern
a. Complex toilets
b. Public toilets
c. open defecation
d. wait for an opportunity
11. Willingness to have pay and use toilets

(in case of no provision)
12. Specific amount they can afford (Rs.)
a. Up to 1
a. Yes
b. No
b.1 to 2
c. 2-3
d. Monthly pass
1. less than 2. 20-30
20
13. Where do you throw your waste

14. How much do you pay for Garbage collection?
Per Month
a. On the road
b. Nearby bin
c. Nalas
d. Other
a. 100-300
b. 301-700
d. 1501-3000
e. 3000 Above
15. Is the garbage collected regularly?
a. Yes
16. How regularly the garbage is being collected
a. Daily twice
b. once daily
d. once in 3 days
e. 3 days and above
3. 30-40
c. 701-1500
b. No
222 | P a g e
c. once in two days

17. Levels of satisfaction in waste management
a. very good
b. good
c. Average
d. Bad
18. Suggestion on existing sanitation arrangements

19. Is the building constructed as per plan approval
Yes/No
SCHEDULE FOR COMMERCIAL PLACES (Individuals)

1. Name of the Commercial place
2. Name of the Respondent
3. Gender
a. Male
b. Female
a. Yes
b. No
4. Frequency of visit to the commercial place

5. Average time spent in market
6. Aware about toilet provision in the premises
7. In case of necessity, usage pattern
a. Toilet available in shops
b. Public toilet
c. Open Defecation
d. Wait for opportunity
8. Difficulties faced in open defecation

9. Willingness to have pay and use toilets
a. Yes
10. Specific amount they can afford to pay (in Rs.)
a. Less than 1
b. No
b. 1-2
c. 2-3
d. 3 and above
Waste Management
11. Problems of garbage in Market
12. Satisfaction about present garbage management
a. Very good
b. Good
13. Suggestions to improve sanitation situation
223 | P a g e
c. Average
d. Bad

SURVEY FORMAT 10
INDUSTRIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of the Town/City

Name of the industry
Type of industry
Location of the city
a) Residential Area
b) Institution area
c) Market area
d) Industrial area
e) Other (Specify)
5. Size of the industry
a) Small scale,
b) medium scale
c) large scale
6. Amount of Solid Waste generated per day?
7. How is the Solid Waste managed?
a) By industry itself
b) By municipality
c) Private agency
d) Other (Specify)
8. If it is municipality, how much do you pay per month?
Specify the amount
9. If it is private agency, how much do you pay per month?(Specify the amount)
10. Is source segregation done at industry?
11. Amount of Liquid waste generated per day?
12. How is the liquid waste managed?
1. Treated in PTP (primary treatment plant) in the industry and left to Nalla
2. Directly left to sewerage
3. Directly left to Nalla
4. Led to open place
5. Led to a water body
13. Is there a primary treatment plant in the industry?
14. What is the O&M cost for maintaining PTP in the industry?
Specify the amount
15. Is the industry in conformity with the state and Central Pollution Control Board set
parameters?
224 | P a g e

SURVEY FORMAT 11
WATER BODIES
1. Type of water body : Canal / River / Pond/ Stream
2. Map Location in city/ town:
3. Size of the water body (Area):
4. Outfall of the water body (show in the map):
5. Uses of the water body: Recreational/ functional/ bathing/ drain receiving point/
drinking water/ any other use.
6. OD practice near water body: Yes or No
If Yes, How many people (approx).
7. Toilet discharge : yes or no (estimate no of toilets discharged)

8. Water flow: Clogged / smooth flow
9. Cleaning mechanism and periodicity:
10. Water quality and pollution levels:
- Thermo-tolerant coli forms (TTC)
- Residual chlorine
- Turbidity
- BOD
- COD
- DO
11. Who maintains and monitors:
12. No. of people using the water body per day:
13. Flooding in nearby areas: Yes / No if yes, what is frequency
14. Any back siphoning reported in toilets nearby
225 | P a g e
SURVEY FORMAT 12
A. CHECK LIST
I Base Maps
1. Map showing ward boundaries with population
2. Map showing zone wise boundaries with population
3. Map with location of notified and non-notified slums
4. Map showing location of different types of areas by activities (industries, commercial
activity, recreational activity
5. Map showing location of public and community toilets
6. Map showing open defecation areas / Septage disposal sites.
7. Maps showing water supply network, sewerage network, storm water drainage network
and SWM facilities
8. Map showing location of water bodies / drain out falls
II Secondary Information
1. District census handbook
2. Data on access to services from census and NSSO studies
3. CDP for the city
4. Master plan for the city
5. DPRs for water supply, sewerage including STPs, sanitation, storm water drainage,
SWM, environment including water bodies and slum development
6. Environment status report
7. Data on number of water bodies and extent of pollution
8. Quality of water in water bodies
9. Data on extent of grey water generation, collection and treatment and a comparative
assessment with sewage waste
10. Data on number of STPs, volume of waste generated and treated, extent of reuse and
recycle of waste water
11. Arrangements for septage treatment
12. Data on access to toilets by type (connected to sewerage, septic tanks, pits) and by
wards in terms of households and properties
13. Data on number of notified and non-notified slums by wards along with population and
access to services
14. Data on community toilets by wards and by slums
226 | P a g e

15. Data on public toilets by wards and by type of areas (residential, industrial, commercial
etc.)
16. Data on manual scavenging practices and areas
17. Data on length of sewerage network and percentage of area and population covered by
sewerage network by wards
18. Data on length of drainage network , types of drains, location of drainage outfalls and
impact areas
19. Type of existing technological choices and feasibility of the same
20. Number of government and private primary, secondary and higher secondary schools
and the sanitation status for both boys and girls in terms of number and type of toilet
facilities
21. Details of hazardous, industrial, health and other types of wastes
22. Mapping of key institutions along with roles and responsibilities with a specific focus on
sanitation
23. Organogram for each key institution
24. Data on programmes and schemes implemented by various institutions with special
focus on ULB schemes and sanitation schemes
25. Existing regulatory arrangements for sanitation
26. Number of workers engaged in sanitation
27. Extent of cost recovery and user charges in sewerage and SWM
28. Type of O&M system
29. Monitoring and evaluation arrangements for sanitation and to track open defecation
30. Monthly collection of data on open defecation
31. Reportage on open defecation in a public forum
32. Incentives and awards for preventing open defecation
33. Complaint registration and grievance redressal mechanisms
34. Special focus on historical monuments and major recreation areas
35. Data on health indicators with a special focus on water and sanitation related diseases
and incidence of diarrheal diseases reported in the city over the last three financial
years
36. Data on drinking water quality
37. Roles of NGOs
38. Collection of existing IEC materials including news paper clippings
39. Number and percentage of floating population
227 | P a g e

40. Number of flooding and waterlogging incidences
41. Percentage of households/properties openly depositing human excreta into nalas and
drains
42. Proportion of storm water that is efficiently and safely managed 100% pacca drains
and flooding and water logging incidences
43. Protective gear and safety equipment to sewerage and STP workers
44. Mechanical, CCTV, systems are being used for monitoring and cleaning sewers
45. Whether workers are provided insurance/provident fund/gratuity
46. Whether there is functioning grievance redressal mechanism for complaints related to
sewerage and septage
47. Whether septage/sullage (cleaners) workers use protective gear and safety equipment
48. Whether mechanical (non-manual) systems are being used for cleaning tanks and pits
49. Whether the cleaning and disposal of sludge from tanks and pits is monitored
50. Centralized data base, maps exist for drainage system
51. Pre-monsoon and one other season cleaning, repairs and maintenance of drains
undertaken
52. Coverage of households and establishments by daily door-to-door collection
53. Proportion of city streets effectively covered by regular street sweeping, at least once a
day
54. Proportion of waste that is processes and recycled
55. Cost recovery for SWM services
56. Availability of written manual and codified procedures for sewerage, septage, drainage
and SWM
57. Status of State/ULB Acti provisions for punishments/fines for littering and letting out
untreated excreta in the open
58. Implementation of above rules in practice
59. Instances of fines in the last one year for littering and letting out in open
60. Conditions at dumping site and treatment plant
228 | P a g e

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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN SHIMOGA

Objectives of City-wide Sanitation Plan ............................................................................................ 19

City Sanitation Planning in SHIMOGA ................................................................................................ 22

PROCESS, DETAILED STEPS and Limitations ................................................................................. 25

ACTIVITY UPDATE ON SHIMOGA CSP ..................................................................................... 32

VERIFICATION OF MoUD CHECKLIST ............................................................................................... 34

National urban sanitation policy (NUSP) ......................................................................................... 41

NUSP the background.................................................................................................................. 41

Components of National Urban Sanitation Policy ............................................................... 41

National Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian Cities.................................................. 41

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE RULES, 2000 ......................................................................................... 44

KARNATAKA URBAN DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION POLICY, 2002 .................... 45

Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation (KUIDFC) .... 46

Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) .............................................................................................. 48

Asha Kiran Mahiti (AKM) ........................................................................................................................ 48

Rajiv Awas Yojana ...................................................................................................................................... 49

2.10. Urban Statistics for HR and Assessments (USHA) ...................................................................... 51

CITY SANITATION PLAN SHIMOGA

Location and regional linkages ............................................................................................................. 54

brief History ................................................................................................................................................. 56

Slums and squatter settlements ........................................................................................................... 61

3.10. MUNICIPAL Governance.......................................................................................................................... 64

Sanitation Situation Analysis ................................................................................................................. 68

Household Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 68

Slum sanitation .................................................................................................................................. 70

Open defecation areas .................................................................................................................... 75

Public toilets ....................................................................................................................................... 78

school sanitation ............................................................................................................................... 81

Wastewater treatment in Shimoga ........................................................................................... 82

Septage Management ...................................................................................................................... 83

STANDARDIZED SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKING INDICATORS ............................. 84

Waste water projections ................................................................................................................ 84

Ongoing and upcoming projects ................................................................................................. 85

STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 87

Natural Drainage System ............................................................................................................... 87

Review of the existing system ..................................................................................................... 87

Water logging and flooding areas .............................................................................................. 88

Standardized Service Level indicators ..................................................................................... 90

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 91

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN SHIMOGA

Primary collection and coverage ................................................................................................ 91

Street sweeping and drain cleaning .......................................................................................... 92

De-siltation of Roadside drains ...................................................................................................................... 93

Waste generation, Segregation, quantity and characteristics ........................................ 94

Secondary Collection ....................................................................................................................... 94

Treatment & Disposal ..................................................................................................................... 95

Service level benchmarking indicators ................................................................................... 96

Solid waste projections .................................................................................................................. 97

Water supply ................................................................................................................................................ 98

Source of water .................................................................................................................................. 98

Existing transmission, distribution and storage capacities ............................................ 98

Service coverage ............................................................................................................................... 99

Tariff structure and consumer mix ........................................................................................... 99

Standardized Service Level indicators ................................................................................... 100

Future demand and gap ............................................................................................................... 100

New and upcoming projects....................................................................................................... 101

Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 103