PETROL

• also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of
mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations
• The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum
products that consist of refined crude oil.

• A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms,

mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both
prolonged heat and pressure.

• Petroleum is primarily recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out after studies of structural
geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisati on. Unconventi onal reserves such
as oil sands and oil shale.

• Petroleum exploitation can be damaging to the environment and human health.

• Extraction, refining and burning of petroleum fuels all release large quantities of greenhouse gases, so
petroleum is one of the major contributors to climate change.

• Other negative environmental eff ects include direct releases, such a s oil spills, and as well
as air and water pollution at almost all stages of use.

• These environmental effects have direct and indirect health consequences for humans. Oil has also
been a source of internal and inter-state conflict, leading to both state-led wars and other
resource conflicts.

• Production of petroleum is estimated to reach peak oil before 2035 as global economies lower
dependencies on petroleum as part of climate change mitigation and a transition towards renewable
energy and electrification.
HISTORY OF
PETROL
• Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times. More than 4300 years
ago, bitumen was mentioned when the Sumerians used it to make boats.
• Tablet of the legend of the birth of Sargon of Akkad mentioned a basket which was closed by straw and
bitumen.
• More than 4000 years ago, according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in the
construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a
pitch spring on Zacynthus.
• Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, one of the tributaries of the Euphrates.
Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their
society.
• The use of petroleum in ancient China dates back to more than 2000 years ago.
• The I Ching, one of the earliest Chinese writings, cites that oil in its raw state, without refining, was first
discovered, extracted, and used in China in the 1st century BCE.
• In addition, the Chinese were the first to record the use of petroleum as fuel as early as the fourth
century BCE. By 347 CE, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China.
ADVANTAGES OF PETROL
• Petroleum is extremely easy to extract.
• Petroleum can be transported over long distances.
• It provides a fuel that works with our infrastructure.
• It can be used in a wide variety of ways.
• It is a high-density fuel.
• Petroleum is essentially used in the cosmeti c industry.
• Many more make and models are available in petrol version,
especially in hatchback body type
DISADVANTAGES OF PETROL
• Combustion contributes dangerous gasses to the environment.
• Petroleum is a finite resource.
• The refinement process of petroleum can be toxic.

• They typically have more CO2 emission and therefore the tax amount will
be more for petrol cars

• The petrol engine is not usable in much larger vehicles such as SUVs,
pickups, and trucks

• It is non-renewable source of fuel. This means it cannot be replaced back

easily after it is depleted or burned.

• Petroleum spills in water bodies have adverse effects on marine life and
lead to water pollution.
USES OF PETROL
• Petrol is used in the producti on of ammonia which serves as a
source of Nitrogen
• Petroleum by-products like mineral oil and petroleum are used in
many creams and other pharmaceuti cals.
• Petrochemicals are also used in manufacturing syntheti c rubber
which is further used to make rubber soles on shoes, car tire and
others rubber products.
• Plasti cs are mostly made of petrochemicals. Petroleum-based
plasti c like nylon or Styrofoam and other are made from this
element.
• Distillates of petroleum that include toluene, benzene, xylene,
amongst others are used to obtain raw materials that are
further used in products like syntheti c detergents, dyes,
and fabrics.
THERMOCOL / POLYSTERENE
• Polystyrene or Thermopolis is a synthetic polymer made from monomers of
the aromati c hydrocarbon styrene.
• Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and brittle. It
is an inexpensive resin per unit weight.
• It is a poor barrier to oxygen and water vapor and has a relatively low melting point. Polystyrene is
one of the most widely used plasti cs, with the scale of its production being several million
tonnes per year.
• Polystyrene is naturally transparent, but can be coloured with colorants.
• Uses include protective packaging containers, lids, bottles, trays,
tumblers, disposable cutlery, in the making of models, and as an alternative material
for phonograph records.
• As a thermoplasti c polymer, polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature but
flows if heated above about 100 °C, its glass transition temperature.
• It becomes rigid again when cooled. This temperature behaviour is exploited for extrusion (as
in Styrofoam) and also for molding and vacuum forming, since it can be cast into Molds
with fine detail.
• The temperatures behaviour can be controlled by photo crosslinking.
 Eduard
Simon apothecary
storax
Liquidambar orientalis
styrene

polymer
styrene oxide

John Buddle
Blyth August Wilhelm
von Hofmann
[12]

[13]
Marcellin
Berthelot
[14]
polymerisation

HISTORY OF Staudinger
macromolecules
Hermann

THERMOCOL
ADVANTAGES OF THERMOCOL
• It is available in different forms.For instance,when air is added up
to it,it can make the ordinary polystyrene.
• There are also sheets that are made when polystyrene is passed
through high pressure
• Sculpturing it is also easy using a wire. Using a hot wire or a C N C
machines, it is possible to sculpture this by-product into different
polymolds which can be use in shaping alphabets for displaying
business names.
• It is easier to handle and also less expensive in nature
• Superior insulation which protects products from temperature
changes.
• Dimensional stability and recovery.

• Light weight and easy to stack.

DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOCOL
• The by-product is fl ammable.
• Perhaps,this makes many people avoid using sheets made of
polystyrene.
• Decomposing polystyrene takes a very long time. This makes it
an
environmental pollutant especially when used in packaging.
• This aspect has been considered on various occasions by
environmentalists in determining its merits and demerits to
determine if it is environmental friendly
• Polystyrene of low impact is weak. It breaks very easily
making it
unfit for a number of applicati ons.
• Older forms of polystyrene that are expanded contain
CFC(Chlorofl urocarbon).
USES OF THERMOCOL
• Medically it is used for sterilizing test tubes, diagnosti c
components, and other medical devices.

• It is used to manufacture car parts which include knobs,

instrument panels, sound dampening foam, etc.

• Polystyrene foodservice packaging keeps the food fresh for a

longer period of ti me and is less expensive than alternatives.

• It is used in packaging consumer goods such as DVD cases, and

egg cartons, to protect against spoilage or damage.

• It provides thermal insulati on and is used in refrigerators, freezers,

etc.
PREPARING ADHESIVE FROM PETROL AND
THERMOCOL

AIM: MATERIAL REQUIRED:

To prepare Adhesive from Petrol and Glass rod, Petrol, Thermocol, Beaker
Thermocol
 OBJECTIVES

To prepare adhesives To Reduced To Reduced amounts

from waste consumption of of solid waste going
Thermocol. energy. to landfill.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Volume of Thermocol Adhesive obtain from

consumed for 1liter 1 liter of petrol and
of petrol= 420gm of Thermocol
50368.1cm3 is = 1.2 kg
PROCEDURE
• Take 50 ml of petrol with burette in a clean
beaker
• Take thermocol cut into two pieces and add
slowly to petrol in the beaker
• Mix continuously and add pieces of thermocol
in the beaker
• Stop adding Thermocol and allow it to stand for
few minutes
• Now it forms a thick and coagulated mass in it.
• This shows the resultant Adhesive
 OBSERVATION
• This shows that when petrol and
Thermocol are mixed in a beaker then it
forms a thick gum which we say that as a
Adhesive / Gum
RESULT

•Thus it forms a thick gum when

both are mixed
USES OF THIS ADHESIVE

• Using this adhesive in construction of walls

and reducing the cost of binding material
• To reduced the consumption of energy
• To reduced the amount of solid waste going
to landfill

• we can reuse the waste thermocol and the

fuel required to burn the waste Thermocol