07 Timber

Modern Construction Technology
(CoTM 5272)
TIMBER STRUCTURES
Outline
• General Background
• Modern Timber Construction Technologies
– Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)
– Glue Laminated Timber (GLT)
– Steel Reinforced Timber
– Composite Structures
• Timber frames construction principles.
Introduction
◾ Wood is one of the oldest
and most widely used
construction materials utilized
by humanity.
◾ Its use has been based rather on

traditions and past experiences
than on engineering principles.
Timber Construction History

◾ Till the Late 1800s most
– Construction was Timber
(and/or masonry)
– Wood to Wood Connections
 WHY?
• Timber (Trees) Plentiful
• Craftsman Available
• Nails & FastenersChair of Appropriate Building Technology 3
Introduction
 Timber Construction Today
• Alternate Structural Systems Available
• For Both Residential & Commercial
• Commercial Alternatives
• Concrete & Steel (late 1800s)
What is “Timber”?
Wood: The hard, fibrous substance composing most of the

stem and branches of a tree or shrub, and lying beneath the
bark; the xylem.
Timber: Timber refers to any stage of the wood after the tree
has been cut down. Timber is also known as lumber.
Chair of Appropriate Building Technology 4

Cont’d
Advantages as a structural material:
• renewable,
• machinable,
• has a good strength-to-weight ratio,
• immune to corrosion
• aesthetically pleasing.
• Has characteristics that make it suitable for a wide range of

applications - products can vary from a minimally processed
log in a log-home building site to a highly processed and
highly engineered wood composite manufactured in a large
production facility.

Cont’d
Over the past decade, the

concept of green building
has brought attention to
another important quality
of wood –
its environmental
benefits:
• low embodied energy
• low carbon impact and
• sustainability

Cont’d
Disadvantages :
• affected by fire,
• decay or rot,
• attacked by insects such as termites and marine
borers,
• the high levels of moisture in the air accentuate the
decay and rot in the wood. The moisture content
variability makes wood susceptible to volumetric
instability.
• its characteristics are highly variable (including
strength and stiffness variation within the cross section
of a tree log); thus can differ widely between species and
even between trees of the same species.

Cont’d
•Fresh timber which is

obtained from trees have
about 30-40 % sap or
moisture. This sap is very
harmful for the life of the
timber.
•Therefore it is essential to
remove the sap by applying
certain special methods.
•All such methods are

collectively termed as
seasoning of timber.
Cont’d
Advantages of seasoned timber
• It has reduced weight
• Strong and durable
• Resistance to decay and rot
• Takes high polish
• Easier to work with
• Lasts longer
Timber preservatives
The main classes of timber
preservatives are :
• Chemical salts
• Coal tar is highly
effective against fungi.
• Oily substances insoluble
in water
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• Chair of Appropriate Building Technology
Types of engineered timber

Cross laminated timber
• an innovative wood product that was introduced in the

early 1990s in Austria and Germany.
• a potentially cost competitive wood-based solution
that complements the existing light frame and heavy
timber options,
• a suitable candidate for some applications
which currently use concrete, masonry and steel.

• CLT construction can be

competitive, particularly in mid-
rise and high-rise buildings.
• easy handling during

construction and a high level of
prefabrication facilitate rapid
project completion.
• good thermal insulation,

• good sound insulation and good
performance under fire.

• made of a number of layers
of lumber, glued together with
the grain of alternate layers
laid at right angles to one
another, much like the
veneers of plywood.
• CLT panels can be as large as
0.5 x 6 x 18 meters.
• CLT panels also can be made
using relatively low quality,
small diameter timber.
• CLT products are usually
fabricated with three to seven
layers and even more in some
cases.
• 9-story apartment
buildings - Växjö, Sweden,
2009.
• 14-story Treet building
completed in 2015.

Glue laminated timber
• Glued laminated timber, also called glulam, is a type of
structural engineered wood product comprising a
number of layers of dimensioned lumber bonded
together with durable, moisture-resistant structural
adhesives.

Glue laminated timber

Steel reinforced timber
For modern multi-storey buildings

timber-steel-hybrid elements presen t
a very efficient construction
method.
• The combination of these two
materials leads to economic and
ecologic benefits
17
• Increased fire resistance
• Improved earthquake
resistance and
• the assembling can be
executed more efficiently.
• structures are light, fast
and clean
Steel reinforced timber

Composite structures

Timber Frame Construction
What is “Timber Frame Construction”?
 Timber frame construction consists of prefabricated

wooden wall panels, timber flooring and roof
materials built upon a timber framework.
 These timber components are nailed to the

framework to provide a sturdy skeleton around which
the external walls of a conventional building are
built.
 Timber Frame Construction is a type of off-site

construction.
 Generally occurs within a manufacturing or
production plan.
Structural timber components
Structural components include pre-fabricated frames,
wall panels, joists and roof trusses.

Cont’d
Timber Strength
Timber is stamped according to it’s strength properties,
as described below:-(as example)

Cont’d

Cont’d
Cont’d

Cont’d

Cont’d

Cont’d

Cont’d

Cont’d

Cont’d

Cont’d

Cont’d
Cont’d
Cont’d
Advantages of Timber Frame Construction
1. Sustainable Method of Construction
✓ Energy efficient & environmentally friendly
✓Has low embodied energy if constructed using local
timber
✓ Timber is recyclable
2. Low weight
✓Light weight construction requires less expensive
foundations
3. Drying Out Time

✓Reduced drying out time for wet trades thus internal
finishes completed quicker
4. Flexibility of Design
✓Extensions can be easily added and internal layouts can
be modified
Chair of Appropriate Building Technology
Cont’d
5. Speed of Construction
✓ Quicker on site build time
✓ Shorter program
✓ Execution of activities concurrently
✓ Reduction in trades on site
✓ Reduced preliminaries
✓ Quicker return on investment
6. Manufactured in Factory Controlled Environment
✓ Dimensionally accurate
✓ Reduced waste and better waste management
✓ Reduction in defects not weather dependent
✓ Factory controlled quality assurance
✓ Increased health and safety
✓Greater efficiency in the use of transport and
resources
Limitations
• Natural Size limitations
-Because the timbers come from trees, sizes are
naturally limited by the trees available.
-The natural strength to resist loading of the timbers
limits the span.
• Does not accommodate large open spaces
-The framing concept does not allow for large open
spaces as the posts are a necessary aspect of the
frame. Beam spans range from 2m to 10m.
•Wood is organic matter and is therefore subject to
decomposition over a period of time.
•Wood may absorb/lose water content causing warping
and deformation in the system over time.
•Wood is subject to infestations/invasions of
destructive insects such as termites, carpenter ants, etc
Summary
•Wood framing is ideal for residential construction and

some commercial construction.
•One of the best aspects to wood framing is the
modular concept and off- site construction. This allows
you to expand with great ease.
•For further exploration, one could investigate the
combination of the systems.
•More advanced structures may need to use more than
one structural concept act as a system and perform the
desired functions.

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Modern Construction Technology

◾ Its use has been based rather on

Timber Construction History

Wood: The hard, fibrous substance composing most of the

Chair of Appropriate Building Technology 4

• Has characteristics that make it suitable for a wide range of

Chair of Appropriate Building Technology 5

Over the past decade, the

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•Fresh timber which is

•All such methods are

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• an innovative wood product that was introduced in the

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• CLT construction can be

• easy handling during

• good thermal insulation,

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For modern multi-storey buildings

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What is “Timber Frame Construction”?

 Timber frame construction consists of prefabricated

 These timber components are nailed to the

 Timber Frame Construction is a type of off-site

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3. Drying Out Time

•Wood framing is ideal for residential construction and

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