Civil Aviation

Characteristics of the civil
aviation
I.C.A.O
 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a UN
specialized agency, established by States in 1944 to manage
the administration and governance of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention).
 ICAO works with the Convention’s 191 Member States and

industry groups to reach consensus on international civil
aviation Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and
policies in support of a safe, efficient, secure, economically
sustainable and environmentally responsible civil aviation
sector.
Characteristics of the civil aviation
 These SARPs and policies are used by ICAO Member States to

ensure that their local civil aviation operations and regulations
conform to global norms, which in turn permits more than
100,000 daily flights in aviation’s global network to operate safely
and reliably in every region of the world.
 Its mission is to serve as the global forum of States for

international civil aviation. ICAO develops policies and Standards,
undertakes compliance audits, performs studies and analyses,
provides assistance and builds aviation capacity through many
other activities and the cooperation of its Member States and
stakeholders.
Characteristics of the civil aviation
ICAO develops :
• policies and Standards,
• undertakes compliance audits,
• performs studies and analyses,
• provides assistance and builds aviation capacity through many

other activities
• the cooperation of its Member States and stakeholders.

Freedoms of the air / rights to fly
 Traditionally, an airline needs the approval of the governments of

the various countries involved before it can fly in or out of a
country, or even fly over another country without landing.
 Prior to World War II, this did not present too many difficulties
since the range of commercial planes was limited and air
transport networks were in their infancy and nationally oriented.
 In 1944, an International Convention was held in Chicago to

establish the framework for all future bilateral and multilateral
agreements for the use of international air spaces.
 Five freedom rights were designed, but a multilateral agreement
went only as far as the first two freedoms (right to overfly and
right to make a technical stop).
 The first five freedoms are regularly exchanged between pairs of
countries in Air Service Agreements. The remaining freedoms are
becoming more important, however.
 Freedoms are not automatically granted to an airline as a right;
they are privileges that have to be negotiated and can be the
object of political pressures.
 The 1944 Convention has been extended since then, and there
are currently nine different freedoms
 The use of the terms ‘freedom’ and ‘right’ only confer

entitlement to operate international air services within the scope
of the multilateral and bilateral treaties that allow them.
 The first two freedoms solely concern the passage of commercial
aircraft through foreign airspace and airports and contrast with
the remaining freedoms which concern airlines carrying people,
mail and cargo internationally.
 The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by
international treaties, especially the Chicago Convention.
 Several other freedoms have since been added and although most
are not officially recognized under international treaties, they have
been agreed by a number of countries.
 The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the
higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial.
 Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive
form of air services agreements and may include many if not all
freedoms.
 They are relatively rare but examples include the recently
developed single aviation markets in the European Union and
between Australia and New Zealand.
 So here are the nine freedoms
First Freedom of the Air
the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air
services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across
its territory without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right ).
Second Freedom of the Air
The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air
services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in
its territory for non-traffic purposes (also known as a Second
Freedom Right ).
Third Freedom of The Air
services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the
territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the
carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right ).
Fourth Freedom of The Air
services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the
territory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the
carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right ).
Fifth Freedom of The Air
services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to
take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or
destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right).
ICAO characterizes all “freedoms” beyond the Fifth as

“so -called” because only the first five “freedoms”
have been officially recognized as such by
international treaty.
Sixth Freedom of The Air
the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of
transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two
other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right ). The so -called Sixth
Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as
such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the “Five
Freedoms Agreement”.
Seventh Freedom of The Air
the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services,
granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the
territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to
include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State,
i.e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service
to/from the home State of the carrier.
Eighth Freedom of The Air
The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of
transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the
granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home
country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so -called Seventh
Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as
a Eighth Freedom Right or “consecutive cabotage”).
Ninth Freedom of The Air
 the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the
granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory
of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or “
stand alone" cabotage).
I.A.T.A
 The International Air Transport Association (IATA), is
defined as: "IATA is an international trade body,
created over 60 years ago by a group of airlines.
 The organization Also Represents, Lead and Serve the
airline industry in general. IATA has Developed That
the commercial standards built a global industry.
 IATA mission is to Represent, lead and serve the
airline industry.
I.A.T.A
 The International Air Transport Association was created in April
1945 in Havana, Cuba to represent airlines at the United Nations
body of civil aviation authorities, the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO).
 At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in
Europe and North America.
 Today, IATA has over 230 members from 126 nations in every
part of the globe.
 IATA has more than 1 300 employees in over 60 offices
worldwide.
 Its headquarters are located in Montreal, Canada with an
executive office in Geneva, Switzerland.
I.A.T.A: Mission, Priorities and Values
 “to represent, lead and serve the airline industry”.
Representing:
 IATA seeks to improve understanding of the industry among

decision makers and increase awareness of the benefits that
aviation brings to national and global economies.
 It fights for the interests of airlines across the globe, challenging

unreasonable rules and charges, holding regulators and
governments to account, and striving for sensible regulation.
Leading:
 IATA helps airlines help themselves by driving industry-wide

programs that simplify processes and increase passenger
convenience while reducing costs and improving efficiency.
Serving:
 IATA ensures that people and goods can move smoothly around
the global airline network, between multiple carriers and nations.
Safety:
 At IATA, safety is number one priority. IATA Operational Safety
Audit, IOSA, and IATA Safety Audit for Ground Operations, ISAGO,
and data analysis play critical roles in the IATA safety plan. These
initiatives and global standards help make flying the safest way to
travel.
Security:
 Security goes hand in hand with safety as a top industry priority.
IATA leads efforts to streamline requirements and apply
advanced technology to reduce costs and hassle for passengers
and shippers.
Environment:
 Aviation, which contributes only 2% of CO2 emissions, is
committed to limiting its impact on the environment. IATA has
established industry targets, including: carbon-neutral growth
from 2020, 1.5% annual improvement in fuel efficiency and an
overall reduction in CO2 emissions of 50% by 2050 over 2005
levels.
 A four-pillar strategy, comprising technology, effective
operations, efficient infrastructure and economic measures, has
been established to achieve these goals.
Simplifying the Business:
 Their business solutions continue to reshape the industry.
 100% electronic ticketing worldwide was a solid start.
 Now, the Fast Travel initiative is bringing more self-service

options and streamlined processes for passengers from
reservation to arrival, while e-Freight simplifies shipping cargo by
air.
Financial:
 IATA achieves billions of dollars in industry savings each year in

taxes, charges, fuel fees, and reduced fuel burn. It also deliver
essential financial services to airlines.
Regulatory:
 IATA works on behalf of all airlines to represent the industry

before governments around the world and to ensure that
regulations are both functionally effective and cost efficient.

Civil Aviation

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Civil Aviation

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Characteristics of the civil

 ICAO works with the Convention’s 191 Member States and

 These SARPs and policies are used by ICAO Member States to

 Its mission is to serve as the global forum of States for

• policies and Standards,

• undertakes compliance audits,

• performs studies and analyses,

• provides assistance and builds aviation capacity through many

• the cooperation of its Member States and stakeholders.

 Traditionally, an airline needs the approval of the governments of

 In 1944, an International Convention was held in Chicago to

 The use of the terms ‘freedom’ and ‘right’ only confer

ICAO characterizes all “freedoms” beyond the Fifth as

 IATA seeks to improve understanding of the industry among

 It fights for the interests of airlines across the globe, challenging

 IATA helps airlines help themselves by driving industry-wide

 Their business solutions continue to reshape the industry.

 100% electronic ticketing worldwide was a solid start.

 Now, the Fast Travel initiative is bringing more self-service

 IATA achieves billions of dollars in industry savings each year in

 IATA works on behalf of all airlines to represent the industry

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