نسخة Wind 02

Wind Energy 2
Wind Energy
Basic Aerodynamic of Wind Turbine
As the wind passes over the cross section of
turbine blade so there is a relative fluid velocity
flowing from left to right. However, because of
intricacies of the flow pattern passing the
object, the resulting force on the object is
unlikely to be parallel to the upstream flow.
The reacting force F from the flow is
decomposed into a direction perpendicular and
parallel to the velocity at infinity. The former
component is known as the lift, L; the latter is
called the drag, D. The physical explanation of
the lift is that the shape of the aerofoil forces
the streamlines to curve around the geometry.
From basic fluid mechanics it is known that a
pressure gradient. This pressure gradient acts
like the centripetal force known from the
circular motion of a particle. This pressure
difference gives a lifting force on the aerofoil.
2.1 Power available in the wind spectra
The kinetic energy of a stream of air with mass m and
moving with a velocity V is given by
=
Consider a wind rotor of cross sectional area A exposed to
this wind stream as shown in Fig. The kinetic energy of the
air stream available for the turbine :
where is the density of air and v is the volume of air parcel available to the rotor.
The air parcel interacting with the rotor per unit time has a cross-sectional area equal to that of the rotor ()
and thickness equal to the wind velocity (V).
Hence energy per unit time (power):

P
Ideal gas
Dry air can be considered as an ideal gas P
where P is the pressure, is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of the gas, T is the
temperature and is the universal gas constant (8.3145 J/mol K ).
M = m/n
Where: M = molar mass of the mixture (kg/mol)
m = mass of the mixture
P
R = /M = specific gas constant
Density of air, which is the ratio of the mass of 1 kilo mole of air to its volume, is given by
If we know the elevation Z and temperature T at a site, then the air density can be calculated
by
Influence of land surface type on wind characteristics
Wind Energy
Wind Energy
Wind turbine power and torque
Theoretical power available in a wind stream is given by Eq.
P
Actual power produced by a rotor would thus be decided by the efficiency
with which this energy transfer from wind to the rotor takes place.
This efficiency is usually termed as the power coefficient ().
The power coefficient of the rotor can be defined as the ratio of actual
power developed by the rotor to the theoretical power available in the wind
Where is the power developed by the turbine

Wind Energy
The power coefficient of a turbine depends on many factors such as the profile of the rotor
blades, blade arrangement and setting etc. A designer would try to fix these parameters at its
optimum level so as to attain maximum Cp at a wide range of wind velocities
The actual power that is obtainable from a wind turbine is given by:
P
Where
P = power in watts
= generator efficiency
= gearbox/bearings efficiency
The thrust force experienced by

the rotor (F) can be expressed as
F
The rotor torque (T) as
T
where R is the radius of the rotor.
This is the maximum theoretical torque and in practice the rotor shaft can develop only a fraction of
this maximum limit. The ratio between the actual torque developed by the rotor and the theoretical
torque is termed as the torque coefficient ( ). Thus, the torque coefficient is given by T.
Where is the actual torque developed by the rotor.

The power developed by a rotor at a certain wind speed greatly depends on the relative velocity between the
rotor tip and the wind.
Tip -Speed Ratio (𝝀).

• Tip -speed ratio is the ratio of the speed of the rotating
blade tip to the speed of the free stream wind (wind
velocity ).
• There is an optimum angle of attack which creates the
highest lift to drag ratio.
• Because angle of attack is dependant on wind speed,
there is an optimum tip -speed ratio
where is the angular velocity and N is the rotational speed of the rotor
Performance Over Range of Tip Speed Ratios
• Power Coefficient Varies with Tip Speed Ratio
• Characterized by Cp vs Tip Speed Ratio Curve
• The power coefficient and torque coefficient

of a rotor vary with the tip speed ratio. There
is an optimum for a given rotor at which the
energy transfer is most efficient and thus the
power coefficient is the maximum ( ).
Now, let us consider the relationship between the power coefficient and the tip speed ratio.
Thus, the tip speed ratio is given by the ratio between the power coefficient and torque
coefficient of the rotor.
Betz’s Elementary Momentum
Theory
Betz’s Elementary Momentum Theory
Betz’s Theory: Why?
Not all the energy «contained» within the wind flow can be
transformed into energy. In 1926 Betz demonstrated that it is not
possible to extract more than 16/27 (~2/3 or ~59%) of the
energy contained within the wind flow.
This simple model is based

on a linear momentum
theory developed to predict
the performance of ship
propellers
The analysis assumes a control volume, in which the control volume boundaries are
the surface of a stream tube and two cross-sections of the stream tube. The only flow
is across the ends of the stream tube.
The turbine is represented by a uniform
“actuator disk” which creates a
discontinuity of pressure in the stream
tube of air flowing through it.
Note that this analysis is not limited to any particular type of wind turbine.
This analysis uses the following assumptions:
• Homogenous, incompressible, steady state fluid flow
• No frictional drag
• An infinite number of blades
• Uniform thrust over the disk or rotor area
• A nonrotating wake
• The static pressure far upstream and far downstream of the rotor is equal to the
undisturbed ambient static pressure
…..(3)
A plot of CP as a function of v2/v1it shows that the curve passes through a

maximum at 0.593 when v2/v1=1/3. Therefore, according to Eq. (2), the
maximum value for the power extracted from the wind is 0.593 or 16/27 of the
total power in the wind.
Mono dimensional model of an ideal rotor
Rotor decreases the flow speed (upstream) to speed u (rotor plane) and then
(downstream) Streamlines diverge
• Pressure Gap over the rotor (drag force)

Before the rotor  pressure increases from (atmospheric)
to P Then, a discontinuity DP on the rotor
• Low Mach, constant density  axial speed

decreases constantly from to
• Introducing “a” (axial induction factor) as
• u = (1 – a) V0 also u1 = (1 – 2a) V0
where “a” represents the difference between u1 and V0
• If A is the area swept by the rotor:
• P = 2 r V03 a (1 – a)2 A (Power)
• T = 2 r V02 a (1 – a) A (Thrust)
Power in section A swept by the rotor:
Pavail = (1/2) m· V02 = (1/2) r V03 A
A dimensional Power referred to Pavail 
-“Power Coefficient CP”:
Cp = P / [ (1/2) r V03 A]
-“Thrust Coefficient CT”:
CT = T / [ (1/2) r V02 A]
• Combining the definition of a with CP and CT:
– CP = 4a (1 – a)2
– CT = 4a C(1p, –isa)determined by taking the derivative of the power coefficient with respect
The maximum
to a and setting it equal to zero:
(dCP / dA) = 4 (1-a) (1-3a)
C = 16/27 when a = 1/3

• The theoretical maximum is then CP=16/27 valid when a=1/3 (Betz’s
Limit), and for an ideal horizontal axis turbine When a < 0.4
• When a > 0.4 the difference (V0 - u1) is
enough big to create vortexes
transporting linear momentum from
external flow within the wake
(turbulent wake state); the
assumptions are not valid anymore.
The Betz limit = 16/27 is the maximum theoretically

possible rotor power coefficient. In practice three
effects lead to a decrease in the maximum achievable
power coefficient:
1. Rotation of the wake behind the rotor
2. Finite number of blades and associated tip losses
3. Non-zero aerodynamic drag

The essential findings derived from the momentum theory can be
summarised in words as follows:
• The mechanical power which can be extracted from a free-stream airflow
by an energy converter increases with the third power of the wind velocity.
• The power increases linearly with the cross-sectional area of the converter
traversed, it thus increases with the square of its diameter.
• Even with an ideal airflow and lossless conversion, the ratio of extractable
mechanical work to the power contained in the wind is limited to a value of
0.593. Hence, only about 60 % of the wind energy of a certain cross-section
can be converted into mechanical power.
• When the ideal power coefficient achieves its maximum value Cp = 0.593,
the wind velocity in the plane of flow of the converter amounts to two
thirds of the undisturbed wind velocity and is reduced to one third behind
the converter.
Weibull Statistics
Weibull density function f(u) for scale parameter c = 1.

Example1
The Weibull parameters at a given site are c = 6 m/s and k = 1.8. Estimate the number
of hours per year that the wind speed will be between 6.5 and 7.5 m/s. Estimate the
number of hours per year that the wind speed is greater than or equal to 15 m/s.
From Eq. ,the probability that the wind is between 6.5 and 7.5 m/s is just f(7), which
can be evaluated from Eq. as:
Wind Energy
Example 2
A wind turbine has swept area of a diameter of 80m and the average wind
speed is 10 m/s. If the ratio of downstream to upstream velocities of the
turbine is 1/3 and the efficiency of the generator and gearbox are 90%,
calculate the power produced from this turbine. (air density is 1.24 kg/m3).
Wind Energy
Example 3
Consider a wind turbine with 5 m diameter rotor. Speed of the rotor at 10m/s
wind velocity is 130 r/min and its power coefficient at this point is 0.35.
Calculate the tip speed ratio and torque coefficient of the turbine. What will
be the torque available at the rotor shaft? Assume the density of air to be 1.24
kg/m3.

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Wind Energy 2

Hence energy per unit time (power):

Theoretical power available in a wind stream is given by Eq.

Where is the power developed by the turbine

The thrust force experienced by

Where is the actual torque developed by the rotor.

Tip -Speed Ratio (𝝀).

• The power coefficient and torque coefficient

This simple model is based

A plot of CP as a function of v2/v1it shows that the curve passes through a

• Pressure Gap over the rotor (drag force)

• Low Mach, constant density  axial speed

• If A is the area swept by the rotor:

• P = 2 r V03 a (1 – a)2 A (Power)

Pavail = (1/2) m· V02 = (1/2) r V03 A

A dimensional Power referred to Pavail 

-“Power Coefficient CP”:

-“Thrust Coefficient CT”:

• Combining the definition of a with CP and CT:

C = 16/27 when a = 1/3

The Betz limit = 16/27 is the maximum theoretically

1. Rotation of the wake behind the rotor

2. Finite number of blades and associated tip losses

3. Non-zero aerodynamic drag

Weibull density function f(u) for scale parameter c = 1.

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