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    Lecture 13

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    Instrument and measurements lecture notes slides

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    Lecture 13

    Uploaded by

    gamingzonedead880
    8 views21 pages
    Instrument and measurements lecture notes slides

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    Instrument and measurements lecture notes slides

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views21 pages

    Lecture 13

    Uploaded by

    gamingzonedead880
    Instrument and measurements lecture notes slides

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Analog to Digital

    Converter
    Ramp Type Analog to Digital
    Converter
    Ramp Type Analog to Digital
    Converter
    • It uses a ramp generator to produce a time
    period that is proportional to the analog to
    the analog input voltage.
    • The ramp voltage
    starts from ground level
    and increases at
    constant rate.
    Ramp Type Analog to Digital
    Converter
    • The ramp is feed to one input of a voltage
    comparator, and the input analog
    voltage(Vi) is applied to the other
    comparator input terminal.
    • During the time that the ramp voltage(Vr)
    is below the level of Vi, the comparator
    output is high.
    • This allows to pass the clock pulses from
    AND gate to counting circuit(register).
    Ramp Type Analog to Digital
    Converter
    • When Vr becomes exactly equal to Vi, the
    comparator output switches to low level.
    • Thus, stopping further clock pulses from
    toggling the counting circuit.
    • The time period (t1) of the comparator is
    directly proportional to the input voltage Vi.
    • Because the counting circuits are toggled
    only during t1, the count is the digital
    equivalent of the analog input.
    Ramp Type Analog to Digital
    Converter
    • The negative- going voltage step at the
    end of the ramp resets the register to its
    zero condition before the cycle of ramp
    generation and counting recommences.

    • The digital output will be depend upon the


    display circuit whether in binary or BCD.
    Quantitating Error
    • In the process of conversion from analog
    to digital, the input voltage is quantized
    into a number of discrete levels.
    • For example:

    • An input which ranges from 0 up to


    maximum of 10V is converted into a digital
    output which is an integer from 0 to 10.
    Quantitating Error
    • Clearly, the output cannot accurately
    represent an input of 9.1v or 9.9v.
    • Both are likely to produce a 9 output,
    giving an error that can be a maximum of
    1 in 10 or 10%
    • This is known as the conversion error,
    quantizing error of the ADC.
    Digital to Analog
    Converter
    R/2R Network
    R/2R Network
    • The simplest kind of digital to analog
    converter (DAC) consists of an R/2R
    network.
    • Since there are four digital input terminals,
    the circuit is known as 4-bit DAC.
    • Resistors R3,R5 and R7 each have a
    resistance R.
    • Resistors R1,R2,R4,R6 and R8 each have a
    resistance of 2R.
    R/2R Network
    • The resistance R might be anywhere in
    the range from 1k to 100k-ohm depending
    on the load current supplied at the circuit
    output.
    • Each digital i/p voltage is either 0 or 5v.
    • The analog o/p voltage depends on the
    presence or absence of each digital input
    bit.
    R/2R Network
    • When input A is present and all other
    inputs are zero.
    • Vi is potentially divided by resistor
    R1 and R2 to give an open circuit
    voltage of Vi/2 at the junction of
    R1 and R2.
    • At this junction output resistance
    is R1||R2=R.
    R/2R Network
    R/2R Network
    • The table shows the analog voltage levels
    for all combinations of digital inputs.
    • The o/p voltage for any given i/p
    combination can be determined by
    assigning appropriate numeral to each i/p
    according to its level of importance.
    • Thus, bit A assign numeral 1 while bit B
    assign 2.
    R/2R Network
    • Similarly, bit C assign 4 and bit D is given
    8.

    • The output voltage is:


    Vo=(D+C+B+A)Vi/16

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