Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 6 views

    Antibiotics 1

    Uploaded by

    adugnahirpessa12

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Antibiotics 1

    Uploaded by

    adugnahirpessa12
    6 views21 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    6 views21 pages

    Antibiotics 1

    Uploaded by

    adugnahirpessa12

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Chemotherapeutic Agents

    Prepared by

    Dr. Sibbala Subramanyam,


    Assistant professor
    Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
    College of Health Sciences
    Haramaya University

    1
    Chemotherapy
    The use of drugs to treat a disease

    Paul Ehrlich introduced the term


    chemotherapy in 1907
    Alexander Fleming
    The world's first antibiotic substance
    benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould
    Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he secured
    the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945

    ‘” Antibiotics are defined as chemical substances produced by


    various species of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi,
    which in low concentrations destroy, kill or inhibit the growth of
    other species of microorganisms.”

    Greek words anti = against ; bios = life


    3
    CLASSIFICATION OF Antibotics

    Antibiotics s are classified in several ways, including:


     1 Based on source
     2.Spectrum of activity
     3.Mode of action
     4.Chemical nature
     5.Mechanisam of action
     6.Based on pharmacological action

    4
    Classification of Antibiotics
    Based on mode
    of Action

    Bacteriostatic Bactericidal

    Based on their
    spectrum of
    action

    Narrow
    Broad-spectrum
    Spectrum
    2.Based on spectrum of activity
    Narrow Spectrum: have limited activity and are primarily only useful
    against particular species of microorganisms.
    bacitracin are only effective against Gram-positive bacteria,
    Polymixins -only effective against Gram negative bacteria.
    Broad spectrum antibacterials are active against both Gram-
    positive and Gram-negative organisms. Examples include:
    tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, Ampicillin,
    Chloramphenicol,sulfonamides.
    3. Mode of action(Type of Action)
    Bacteriostatic - Antimicrobial agents that reversibly inhibit
    growth of bacteria are called as bacteriostatic
    (Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Sulphonamides)
    Bactericidal – these drugs kills the microorganisam
    (Penicillin, vancomycin, Isoniazide, Aminoglycosides)
    7
    4.Chemical Classification of Antibiotics
     Beta lactam antiobiotics: Penicillins and
    cephalosporins( cephalexin)
     Fluoroquinolones: Levofloxacin, Norfloxacin
     Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin, Kanamycin,streptomycin
     Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin
     Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, chlortetracycline
     Nitrobenzene derivative: Chloramphenicol
     Lincosamide antibiotics: Lincosamide,Clindamycin
     Polypeptide antibiotics :Polymixin-B,Bacitracin,polyenes
     Polyenes :Nystatin,Amphotericin-B
     Glycopeptideantibiotiics: Vancomycin
    Streptogramins -DalfoPristin
    2,4-diaminopyrimidine- . Quinu Pristine
    Trimethoprim,pyrimethamine
    Oxazolidine-2-one - Linezolid 8
    1. Drugs Inhibiting of cell wall synthesis-( Bactericidal)
     By inhibiting cell wall of bacteria------pencillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin( bacteria)
    Isoniazide(mycobacteria), Caspofungin,micafungin (fungi)

    2. Drugs inhibiting cell membrane function: ( Bactericidal)


     Polymyxin, Polyenes
    3. Drugs inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis(bactericidal)
    Drugs inhibiting RNA synthesis- Rifampicin
    Drugs inhibiting DNA synthesis- Metronidazole, Fluroquinolones
    4.Drugs inhibiting folic acid synthesis: (Bacteriostatic)
    Sulfonamides,PAS, Dapsone Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine
    5 Drugs inhibits Mycolic acid synthesis -- Isoniazide, Pyrazinamide, Ethionamide
    6. Drugs inhibiting celldivision or mitosis: ( AntiMiitotic drugs)
    Vincristine, Griseofulvin
    7.Drugs inhibiting Protein synthesis:Bactriostatic except
    ( aminoglycosides( bactericidal)
    By blocking to 30Sribsomes: -Aminoglycosides, Tertacyclines
    By blocking to 50 S ribosome: Chloramphenicol,Clindamycin,Erythromycin,linezolid,
    CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
    Cont…..

    Polymixin B, Nystatin,
    Amphotericin
     Based on pharmacological activity

    1 ANTI-TB Antibiotic--- - Isoniazide (INH),Rifampicin


    2 ANTI-Fungal antibiotic– Griseofulvin and
    Polyenes( natamycin,amphotericin –B)
    3 ANTI-Cancer Antibitics –Vinca alkaloides-
    Vincristine,Vinblastine
    4 -Anti-malarial antibiotics-Pyrimethamine,Trimethoprim
    5- Anti-leprotic antibiotics- Dapsone, Rifampicin
    Adverse effects of antibiotics
    S. Antibiotic Adverse effect
    No
    1 Aminoglycosides Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity
    2 Tetracyclins Teeth Discoluration, Liverfailure
    3 Chlormphenicol Gray baby syndrome and
    Bonemarrow depression
    4 Isoniazide Nephrotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity
    5 Sulphonamides Steven Johnson syndrome, kernicterus

    6 Pencillin & cephalosporins Hypersensitivity

    7 Vancomycin Neurotoxicity,Redmansyndrome
    8
    Antibiotic resistance
    Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to
    resist the effects of an antibiotic.
    Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria
    change in a way that reduces the effectiveness of
    drugs The bacteria survive and continue to
    multiply, causing more harm.
    MECHANISMS OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE

    1.Inhibition of drug uptake or blocking the


    entry
    2. Produce enzymes that destroy the chemical
    structures of drugs
    Ex- Bactria produce beta lactamse enzymes .it
    inactvates Beta lactam antibiotics
    3.Alter or modified the target molecule.
    4. Active efflux of the drug from cell
    b -lactamase against penicillins and
    cephalosporins
     Acetyltransferase against
    chloramfenicol
     Phosphorilase, acetylase and
    adenylase againstaminoglycosides
    PREVENTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

    Don’t take antibiotics for a viral infection like a cold


    or the flu.
    Do not save any antibiotics for the next time you get
    sick. Discard any leftover medication once you have
    completed your prescribed course of treatment
    Take an antibiotic exactly as the healthcare provider
    tells you. Do not skip doses.
    Never pressure your doctor to prescribe an
    antibiotic.
    Contraindications of antibiotics during
    pregnancy
    The following drugs should not be given during pregnancy
    for treatment of bacterial infection

    S A F E T Y P M & CM
    S- Sulfonamides
    A- Amino glycosides ( streptomycin,Kanamycin)
    F- Fluroquinolones- Ciprofloxacin
    E- Macrolides– Erythromycin
    T- Tetracyclines
    Y- ClindmY cin
    P- Primaquine only ( not chlorquine)
    M- Mebendazole, Misoprostol
    C-chloramphenicol
    M-Metronidazole
    Contraindications of antibiotics during pregnancy
    • S A F ET YPM &
    CM
    • Safe during pregnancy
    S- Sulfonamides • PCM
    A- Amino glycosides • Penicillin
    ( streptomycin,Kanamycin)
    F- Fluroquinolones- Ciprofloxacin • Cephalosporons
    E- Macrolides– Erythromycin • Macroliodes
    T- Tetracyclines
    Y- ClindmY cin
    P- Primaquine only ( not
    chlorquine)
    M- Mebendazole, Misoprostol
    C-chloramphenicol

    You might also like