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Lecture No.
02 BSCS – 1 st
Course: Introduction to Information
And Communication Technology Instructor: Mr. Sharjeel Ahmed
07/15/2024 1 Lecture Contents Evolution of Computer systems History of Computers Generations of Computers
07/15/2024 2 Evolution of Computer Systems
07/15/2024 3 Evolution of Computer: The advancement of the computer technology is known as the evolution of computer. Computers have covered distance from an abacus to intelligent robots. The evolution of computer system can be divided into five generations.
4 First generation Computers(Vacuum Tubes;1946 to1959)
The first generation computers used vacuum tubes.
Vacuum tubes are an electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum that are used for calculations. These tubes produced a lot of heat that caused breakdown of the computer. It was an unreliable and expensive technology.
5 First generation Computers(Vacuum Tubes;1946 to1959) These computers were large in size and they occupied a lot of space, special room with air conditioners were required to place these computers space. Also, they were mainly dependent on the batch operating systems and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices. Some representative systems: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
6 First generation Computers(Vacuum Tubes;1946 to1959)
7 First generation Computers(Vacuum Tubes;1946 to1959)
8 First generation Computers(Vacuum Tubes;1946 to1959) These computers were large in size and they occupied a lot of space, special room with air conditioners were required to place these computers space. Also, they were mainly dependent on the batch operating systems and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices. Some representative systems: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
9 Bug What is Bug?
07/15/2024 10 Bug In computer science, a "bug" refers to an error, flaw, or unintended behavior in a computer program or system.
07/15/2024 11 Bug (Term History)
The term "bug" in the context of computer programming has an
interesting origin. It dates back to the early days of computing, specifically to the year 1947. Grace Hopper, a computer scientist and rear admiral in the United States Navy, is credited with coining the term. The story goes that a computer malfunction was traced to an actual insect—a moth—caught between the relays of the Harvard Mark II computer that Hopper was working on.
12 Second generation Computers (Transistors;1959 to1965)
The computers of this generation were more faster, cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, reliable and faster as compared to first generation computers In second-generation computers, COBOL and FORTRAN are used as Assembly language and programming languages, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers. Some representative systems IBM1620,IBM7094,CDC3600.
13 Second generation Computers (Transistors;1959 to1965)
14 Third generation Computers (Integrated Circuts;1965 to1971) The third generation computers used integrated circuits(IC’s)(transferring electric current flow to various electronic components within a device, such as its capacitors, resistors, transistors, diodes, and inductors.) In this generation computers were smaller in size, reliable and efficient, moreover remote processing, timesharing, multi-programing operating system were used FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, and PASCAL PL/1 were used which are high-level programming languages. Some representative systems IBM-360,Honeywell-6000,TDC-316.
15 Third generation Computers (Integrated Circuts;1965 to1971)
16 Fourth generation Computers (Microprocessor;1971 to1981) The fourth generation computers used Very large Scale integrated(VLSI) circuits(an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. VLSI is a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements and because of these chips, the computers of this generation are more compact, powerful, fast, and affordable(low in cost). Real-time, time-sharing and distributed operating system are used by these computers. C and C++ are used as the programming languages in this generation of computers. For example STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, etc.
18 Fifth generation Computers (Artificial Intelligence;1980 to till date)
From 1980 – to till date these computers are used. The fifth generation computers used Ultra large Scale integrated(ULSI) technology. Based upon on parallel processing hardware and Artificial Intelligence(AI)(the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages) software Artificial Intelligence consists of robotics, game playing, development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations Microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components are used in these computers. Parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software are also used in fifth-generation computers. The programming languages like C, C++, Java, .Net, python etc. are used. 19 Fifth generation Computers (Artificial Intelligence;1980 to till date)
