1.1.2.3. Introduction

1.
Introduction
1.1. What is an operating system

1.2. History of operating systems
1.3. Computer Hardware Review
1
1.1. What is an operating system
2
Components of a Modern Computer (1)
– One or more processors
– Main memory
– Disks
– Printers
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Display
– Network interfaces
– I/O devices
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Components of a Modern Computer (2)
Most computers have two

modes of operation: kernel
mode and user mode. The
operating system, the most
fundamental piece of
software, runs in kernel
mode (also called supervisor
mode). In particular, those
instructions that affect
control of the machine or do
I/O are forbidden to user-
mode programs.
Figure 1-1. Where the operating system fits in.

The Operating System as an
Extended Machine
Figure 1-2. Operating systems turn ugly hardware into

beautiful abstractions.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
The Operating System as a
Resource Manager
• Top down view
– Provide abstractions to application programs
• Bottom up view
– Manage pieces of complex system
• Alternative view
– Provide orderly, controlled allocation of resources
1.2. History of Operating Systems
7
History of Operating Systems
• The first generation (1945–55) vacuum tubes
• The second generation (1955–65) transistors
and batch systems
• The third generation (1965–1980) ICs and
multiprogramming
• The fourth generation (1980–present) personal
computers
• The fifth generation (1990–present) mobile
computers
The second generation (1955–65)
transistors and batch systems (1)
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Transistors and Batch Systems (2)
The structure of a typical input job is shown in Fig. 1-4. It started
out with a $JOB card, specifying the maximum run time in
minutes, the account number to be charged, and the programmer’s
name. Then came a $FORTRAN card, telling the operating system
to load the FORTRAN compiler from the system tape.
It was directly followed by the program to be
compiled, and then a $LOAD card, directing
the operating system to load the object
program just compiled. (Compiled programs
were often written on scratch tapes and had
to be loaded explicitly.)
Next came the $RUN card, telling
the operating system to run the
program with the data following it.
Finally, the $END card marked the
end of the job.
Figure 1-4. Structure of a typical FMS job.
The third generation (1965–1980) Ics
(Integrated Circuits) and multiprogramming
Figure 1-5. A multiprogramming system with

three jobs in memory.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
1.3 Computer Hardware Review
- CPU
- Memory
- I/O Devices
- Buses
12
Processors (1)
Figure 1-6. Some of the components of a

simple personal computer.
Processors (2)
Figure 1-7. (a) A three-stage pipeline. (b) A superscalar CPU.
Memory (1)
Figure 1-8. (a) A quad-core chip with a shared L2 cache.

(b) A quad-core chip with separate L2 caches.
Memory (2)
Figure 1-9. A typical memory hierarchy. The numbers are

very rough approximations.
Memory (3)
Caching system issues:
1. When to put a new item into the cache.
2.Which cache line to put the new item in.
3.Which item to remove from the cache when
a slot is needed.
4.Where to put a newly evicted item in the
larger memory.
Disks
Figure 1-10. Structure of a disk drive.

I/O Devices
Figure 1-11. (a) The steps in starting an I/O device

and getting an interrupt.
I/O Devices
Figure 1-11. (b) Interrupt processing involves taking the interrupt,

running the interrupt handler, and returning to the user program.
GPU = Graphics Processing
Unit Buses
DDR = Double Data Rate
DMI = Direct Media
Interface
PCI = Peripheral
Component
Interconnect
PCIe = … Express
SCSI = Small Computer
System
Interface
SATA = Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment
Figure 1-12. The structure of a large x86 system

Computer Hardware overview
Modern-day computer systems usually contain, at
a minimum, the following hardware components:
• The System Unit
o Motherboard (aka System Board)
o CPU (Central Processing Unit)
o Memory, such as RAM, ROM, Cache, and
Flash
o Ports
o Expansion Slots
•Secondary Storage, such as hard disk drives, CD-
ROMs, etc.
•Input / Output Devices
•Communications Devices
22

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1.

1.1. What is an operating system

Most computers have two

Figure 1-1. Where the operating system fits in.

Figure 1-2. Operating systems turn ugly hardware into

Figure 1-4. Structure of a typical FMS job.

Figure 1-5. A multiprogramming system with

Figure 1-6. Some of the components of a

Figure 1-7. (a) A three-stage pipeline. (b) A superscalar CPU.

Figure 1-8. (a) A quad-core chip with a shared L2 cache.

Figure 1-9. A typical memory hierarchy. The numbers are

Figure 1-10. Structure of a disk drive.

Figure 1-11. (a) The steps in starting an I/O device

Figure 1-11. (b) Interrupt processing involves taking the interrupt,

Figure 1-12. The structure of a large x86 system

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