Thermodynamics Lesson 1

DAR ES SALAAM MARITIME INSTITUTE (DMI)
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Code: MEU 07305
Name: THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
Number of Credits: 6
Topic 1; INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS
Prepared by ;
Eng. LAZARO I
contents
 Introduction
 State laws of thermodynamics
 Reversible engine and Carnot cycle
 Adiabatic, isobaric , Isothermal and Isometric processes
 Entropy disorder
 Limitations of thermodynamics
Introduction to thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the science that deals with heat and work as well
as the properties of substance that bear a relation to heat and work.
OR;
Is the study of the patterns of energy change.
Mostly this course will be concerned with understanding the patterns of
energy change.
Thermodynamics is derived from two words:
“Thermo” which means 'Heat energy' and
“Dynamics” which means 'conversion' or 'transformation‘
Generally
Thermodynamics is an axiomatic science which deals with the relations
among heat, work and properties of system which are in equilibrium. It
describes state and changes in state of physical systems.
Introduction to thermodynamics
Changing of thermal energy to mechanical and electrical energy.
Introduction to heat transfer
What is Heat Transfer?
Heat transfer is the movement of heat energy from one substance
to another due temperature differences.
Heat (energy) always moves from a warmer substance to a
cooler substance
Heat will continue to move until equilibrium is attained (i.e both

substances are of the same temperature).
Heat transfer
Conduction Convection Radiation
Conduction is the transfer convection is the transfer Radiation is the transfer

of heat that exists due to of heat due to the bulk of energy due to
direct contact without movement of fluids. As electromagnetic waves
movement. A temperature such convection only when thermal energy is
gradient within a substance applies to heat transfer converted by the
causes a flow of energy within a fluid or between movement of the charges
from a hotter to a colder a solid and fluid. of electrons and protons in
region. the material.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
The principles of thermodynamics are summarized in the form of
four thermodynamics laws;
Laws of thermodynamics
The First law throws light on concept of internal energy.

The Zeroth law deals with thermal equilibrium and establishes a
concept of temperature.
The Second law indicates the limit of converting heat into work
and introduces the principle of increase of entropy.
The Third law defines the absolute zero of entropy.
NB;
These laws are based on experimental observations and have no
mathematical proof. Like all physical laws, these laws are based on
logical reasoning
Thermodynamics Approaches
Thermodynamic studies are undertaken by following two
different approaches.
1. Macroscopic approach—(Macro mean big or total)
2. Microscopic approach—(Micro means small)
MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC POINTS OF
VIEW
SN. Macroscopic Approach Microscopic Approach
1 Macroscopic approach is known as Microscopic approach is known as

Classical Thermodynamics Statistical Thermodynamics
2 Attention is focused on a certain A knowledge of the structure of matter
quantity of matter without taking into under consideration is essential
account the events occurring at
molecular level
3 Only a few variables are used to A large no. of variables are required for a
describe the state of the matter under complete specification of the state of
consideration. matter under consideration
4 The values of the variables used to The variables used to describe the state of
describe the state of the matter are matter cannot be measured easily and
easily measurable. precisely
THERMODYNAMICS SYSTEM TERMINOLOGIES
Thermodynamics system;
Refers to a finite quantity of matter or a prescribed region of space
where thermodynamic process takes place.
Boundary;
Refers to the actual or hypothetical envelope enclosing the
system .
Surrounding;
Refers to anything outside the boundaries of thermodynamics
system.
Closed system
Is a type system that doesn’t allow matter to exchange but allows
energy to exchange between the system and surroundings.
Hence If the boundary of the system is impervious to the flow of
matter, it is called a closed system
Open System
Is a type of the system that allows both matter and energy to pass
between the system and the surroundings.
In an open system matter flows into or out of the system. Most of
the engineering systems are open.
Isolated system
An isolated system is that system which exchanges neither energy
nor matter with any other system or with environment.
An example of isolated system is a sealed thermos container.

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DAR ES SALAAM MARITIME INSTITUTE (DMI)

Heat will continue to move until equilibrium is attained (i.e both

Conduction is the transfer convection is the transfer Radiation is the transfer

The First law throws light on concept of internal energy.

1 Macroscopic approach is known as Microscopic approach is known as

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