4 Kingdomplantae

DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
KINGDOM PLANTAE
KINGDOM PLANTAE
 Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll - containing
organisms commonly called plants.
A few members are

partially heterotrophic
such as the
insectivorous plants or
parasites.
e.g. Bladderwort and Venus fly trap
Cuscuta is a complete
parasite
 The plant cells have eukaryotic structure with prominent
chloroplasts.
Cell wall is
mainly made of
cellulose.
 The reserve food is generally starch.
 Plantae includes….. Plants show
• Algae absorptive mode
• Bryophytes of nutrition.
• Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
 The kingdom is characterised by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
That are
multicellular and
their cells lack
cell walls.
 Animals directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.
 They digest their food in an internal cavity and store food reserves
as glycogen or fat.
Their mode of
nutrition is
holozoic-by
ingestion of food.
 Animals follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults that
have a definite shape and size.
Higher forms show

elaborate sensory
and neuromotor
mechanism.
 Most of them are capable of locomotion.
 The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female

followed by embryological development.
1. Cuscuta is a…. MCQ

1) Partial parasite
2) Complete parasite
S
3) Autotroph
4) Saprophyte
2. Eukaryotic chlorophyll containing organisms commonly called as….
1) Animals
2) Plants
3) Wild population
4) None of these
3. Cell wall of plants is made up of ….

1) Cellulose
2) Chitin
3) Pseudomurein
4) Peptidoglycan
SIX KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATION
SIX KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
 Carl Woese proposed six kingdom classification.
 Thus the six kingdoms include…..
• Bacteria
He replaced kingdom
• Archaebacteria
Monera with two distinct
kingdoms, Bacteria and
• Protista
Archaebacteria.
• Fungi Carl Woese
• Plantae
• Animalia
 A small subunit of ribosomal RNA (16s rRNA) was used as a
marker for studying evolutionary relationship.
Carl Woese and coworkers
observed that the six
kingdoms naturally cluster
into three main categories
or Domains.
 This classification has three domains such as Bacteria, Archaea
and Eukarya and these are believed to be originated from a
common ancestral group of early living organisms (progenote).
Archaea and Eukarya

are more closely
related to each other
than to Bacteria.
VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS
 In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker.
VIRUSES Lichens and some of

acellular organisms like
 These organisms didviruses,
not findviroids
a place in classification.
Since they are and
prionsnot
aretruly
not included.
Living as those
‘living’.
organisms that
have a cell
structure.
 The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterised by
having an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell.
 Once they infect a cell they take over the machinery of the host
cell and replicate themselves.
killing the
host
 The name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid was given by
Pasteur.
Viruses are A virus contains
obligate nucleic acid and
parasites. protein.
That are capable of growing and

reproducing inside the cells of a host.
Pasteur
The nucleic It could be
acid is either RNA or
infectious. DNA.
No virus contains
both RNA and DNA
as their genetic
material.
The protein part forms a cover or coat called

capsid and encloses the nucleic acid core.
 Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) and Human Immuno Virus (HIV) are
examples for RNA containing viruses.
 Viruses which infect bacteria are called bacteriophages.
DNA is the
genetic
material in
bacteriophages.
VIROIDS
 In 1971 T.O.Diener discovered a new infectious agent.
 It was found to be a free RNA that is found in viruses, hence the
name viroid. That was smaller
than viruses and
The RNA of viroid
causedItpotato
lackedspindle
the
was of low tuber disease.
protein coat
molecular weight.
Viroids
T.O. Diener
PRIONS
 There are some infectious agents which posses only proteins but
not nucleic acids.
Such agents
They cause ‘scrapie disease’ of sheep and ‘mad cow disease’.
are called
prions.
Scrapie disease of sheep Mad cow disease

LICHENS
 Lichens are symbiotic associations.
Mutually useful
associations, between
algae and fungi.
Lichen
 The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component
as mycobiont, which are autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively.
Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb
mineral nutrients and water for its partner.
If one saw a lichen in nature one would never imagine that
they had two different organisms within them.
 Lichens are very good pollution indicators.
They do not
grow in
polluted areas.
1. Six kingdom classification was proposed by….
1) Carl Woese MCQ
2) Aristotle
S
3) Linnaeus
4) Haeckel
2. Obligate intracellular parasites are.….

1) Viruses
2) Bacteria
3) Fungi
4) Algae
3. TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) contains.….

1) ssRNA
2) ssDNA
3) dsRNA
4) dsDNA
4. Prions are the infectious agents which possess only.….

1) Proteins but not nucleic acids
2) Nucleic acids
3) Both proteins and nucleic acids
4) Carbohydrates
Thank you…

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DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

A few members are

Higher forms show

 The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female

1. Cuscuta is a…. MCQ

2. Eukaryotic chlorophyll containing organisms commonly called as….

3. Cell wall of plants is made up of ….

Archaea and Eukarya

VIRUSES Lichens and some of

That are capable of growing and

The protein part forms a cover or coat called

Scrapie disease of sheep Mad cow disease

 Lichens are very good pollution indicators.

2. Obligate intracellular parasites are.….

3. TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) contains.….

4. Prions are the infectious agents which possess only.….

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