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Switching
• A network is a set of connected devices
• Problem of how to connect multiple devices to make one-to-one communication possible
• The solution is Switching
• Switched network consists of a series of switches Switched Network Three Methods of Switching • Three Methods:
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Message switching
• The first two are
commonly used today
• The third has been
phased out in general communications Taxonomy of Switched Networks Circuit-switched Networks • A set of switches connected by physical links • A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links • Each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link • Each link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or TDM Circuit-switched Networks • A set of switches connected by physical links A Circuit-Switched Network Example As a trivial example, let us use a circuit-switched network to connect eight telephones in a small area. Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels. We assume that each link uses FDM to connect a maximum of two voice channels. The bandwidth of each link is then 8 kHz. Example As another example, consider a circuit-switched network that connects computers in two remote offices of a private company. The offices are connected using a T-1 line leased from a communication service provider. There are two 4 × 8 (4 inputs and 8 outputs) switches in this network. Three Phases in a Circuit Switched Network • The actual communication in a circuit-switched network requires 3 phases:
Connection Setup Data Transfer Connection Teardown Three Phases in a Circuit Switched Network Efficiency of a Circuit-Switched Network • Not as efficient as packet switching because resources are allocated during the entire duration of the connection and these resources are unavailable to other connections Efficiency of a Circuit-Switched Network • In a telephone network, people normally terminate the communication when they have finished their conversation
• Data Network is an issue
Delay in a Circuit-Switched Network • Circuit switched networks have low efficiency but minimal delay
• Data is not delayed at
each switch; the resources are allocated for the duration of the connection Delay in a Circuit-Switched Network
Data transfer Packet Switching • If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched network, it needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variable size
• The size of the packet is
determined by the network and the governing protocol Datagram Networks • Each packet is treated independently of all others.
• Even if a packet is part
of a multi-packet transmission, the network treats it as though it existed alone
• Packets are referred to
as datagrams Virtual-Circuit Networks • A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network Virtual-circuit network Virtual-Circuit Networks • A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network Virtual-Circuit Networks Virtual-Circuit Networks • A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network Virtual-Circuit Identifier Switch & table for a virtual-circuit network Structure Of A Circuit Switch
• Circuit switching today
can use either of two technologies:
The Space-Division switch The Time-Division switch Crossbar switch with 3 inputs & 4 outputs Multistage Switch Time-Division Switch
• Uses TDM inside a switch
• Most popular technology
is Time-Slot Interchange (TSI) Time-Division Switch
