GOVT.

COLLEGE OF NURSING
RAJNANDGAON(C.G.)
SUBJECT: NURSING MANAGEMENT
SEMINAR ON: DISASTER MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO
DR. MRS. UMA SHENDEY SUBMITTED BY
PROFESSOR MRS. CHANDRIKA SAHU
DEPARTMENT OF CHILD HEALTH NURSING M.Sc. NURSING 2ND YEAR
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF NURSING GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF
RAJNANDGAON (C.G.) NURSING RAJNANDGAON (C.G.)
 Introduction
• Disaster word originated from Greek Word, DUS= Bad &
ASTR= Star….The root of disaster comes from an
Astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of
a planet.

• Health Sector Emergency Managers are concerned with

Public safety and public Health. Clients are
threatened/injured and damaged during Disaster. The
Disaster Management Act was established in 2005.
 Definition of Disaster
• “Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life , deterioration of health and
health services , sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected community/area.”

(WHO)

• “Disaster is an event capable of causing widespread

destruction due to the various forces of nature”.
(According to dr. Sridhar Rao)
Basic concepts of disaster
1) A disaster is defined as a serious disruption to a

community caused by hazardous events that lead to

human, material, economic, and environmental losses
and impacts.
2) Disaster risk is determined by the potential loss caused

by an interaction between hazards, exposure,

vulnerability, and capacity.
3c in disaster
Crises Control offers a comprehensive emergency
management platform that enhances :
Communication,

Coordination, and

Collaboration.

Its features enable businesses to quickly disseminate

critical information, streamline coordination efforts, and

foster collaborative decision-making.
Seven main components of disaster
There are seven main components of any good disaster
recovery plan. These include
• mapping out your assets,

• identifying your assets' criticality and context,

• conducting a risk assessment,

• defining your recovery objectives,

• choosing a disaster recovery setup,

• budgeting for your setup, and

• testing and reviewing the plan.

Seven effect of disaster
• loss of life,

• injury or other health impacts,

• property damage,

• loss of livelihoods and services,

• social and

• economic disruption,

• environmental damage.
4 R’s of disaster
• The New Zealand integrated approach to civil defence

emergency management can be described by the four

areas of activity, known as the '4 Rs';
• Reduction,

• readiness,

• response and

• recovery.
Classification of disasters
1.Natural disaster
2.Man-made disaster
• NATURAL DISASTERS

• Metrological disaster: Storms (Cyclones, typhoons,

hurricanes, tornados, hailstorms, snowstorms), cold

spells, heat waves and droughts.

Cyclone hurricane
cyclone
Cont.
Hail Storm

Snow Storm
Cont….
• Typological Disaster: landslides, avalanches,
mudflows and floods.

landslides, floods
Cont…
• Telluric and Teutonic (Disaster originate
underground): Earthquake, volcanic eruptions and
tsunamis (seismic sea waves).

tsunamis
Cont….
• Biological Disaster: communicable disease, epidemics
and insects worms (locusts).
Cont.
MAN MADE DISASTERS
• Warfare: conventional warfare (bombardment, blockade
and siege) and non-conventional warfare (nuclear,
chemical and biological).
• Civil disasters: riots and demonstration.
Cont.
• Accidents: transportation (planes, trucks, automobiles,
trains and ships); structural collapse (building, dams,
bridges, mines and other structures); explosions and fires.

• Technological failures: A mishap at a nuclear power

station, leak at a chemical plant causing pollution of
atmosphere or the breakdown of a public sanitation
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 Disaster Management
• A continuous and integrated process of planning,

organizing, coordinating and implementing measures

which are necessary for:

● Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.

● Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity.

● Capacity-building.

● Preparedness to deal with any disaster.

Con…
● Prompt response to any threatening disaster
Condition
● Assessing the severity of effects of any disaster.

● Evacuation, rescue and relief.

● Rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Basic concepts of disaster management

• Both pre (prevention, mitigation and preparedness) and

• post disaster (response, search and rescue, relief,

reconstruction and rehabilitation) activities.
Aim of disaster management
Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid the
potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and
appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve
rapid and effective recovery.
Principles of Disaster Management
• Prevent the disaster.

• Minimize the casualties.

• Prevent further casualties.

• Rescue the victims.

• First aid.

• Evacuate.

• Medical care.

• Reconstruction.
4 types of disaster management
Emergency managers think of disasters as recurring events
with four phases:
• Mitigation,

• Preparedness,

• Response, and

• Recovery.
DISASTER
IMPACT
Cont…
• Disaster event: This refers to the real time event of the

hazard occurring and affecting elements of risk.

Cont…
• Response and relief: This refers to the first stage

response to any calamity, which include setting up control

rooms, putting the contingency plan in action, issue
warnings, evacuating people to safe areas, rendering
medical aid to the needy, etc.
 Cont…
• Recovery: It has three overlapping phases of

emergency relief rehabilitation and reconstructing.

Cont…
• DEVELOPMENT: Evolving economy and long-term
prevention/disaster reduction measures like construction
of houses capable of withstanding the on slought of heavy
rains, wind speeds and shocks of earthquakes.
Cont…
• REDUCTION AND MITIGATION: Protective or preventive

actions that lessons the scale of impact. Minimizing the

effects of disaster. Eg. building codes and zoning,
vulnerability analyses, public education.
 Disaster Preparedness

• Includes the formulation and development of viable

emergency plans, of the warning system, the
maintenance of inventories and the training of
personnel.
 “TRIAGE”
FOR
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
 Triage
• The word triage is derived from French word “Trier” which means sorting

or choosing.

• Assigns priorities when resources limited

• “Triage is the process of determining the priority of patients

treatments based on the severity of their Condition.”

 Aims of Triage

1. To sort patients based on needs for immediate care

2. To recognize futility

3. Medical needs will outstrip the immediately

available resources
4. Additional resources will become available given

enough time.
 Objectives of triage

An effective triage system should be able to achieve the

following:
• Ensure immediate medical intervention in life threatening

situations.
• Expedite the care of patients through a systematic initial

assessment.
• Ensure that patients are prioritized for treatment in
accordance with the severity of their medical condition.
Con….
• Reduce morbidity through early medical intervention.

• Improve public relations by communicating appropriate

information to friends and relatives who accompany

patients.
• Improve patients flow within emergency departments

and/or disaster management situation. Provide

supervised learning for appropriate personnel.
 Principles of Triage
1. Every patient should receive and triaged by

appropriate skilled health care professionals.

2. Triage is a clinic managerial decision and

must involve collaborative planning.

3. The Triage process should not cause a delay

in the delivery of effective clinical care.

 Need of the Disaster Triage
1. Inadequate Resources to Meet immediate
needs.
2. Infrastructure limitations.
3. Inadequate Hazard preparation.
4. Limited transport capabilities.
5. Multiple agencies responding.
TRIAGE (CATEGORIZING)
 Red - high priority
 Yellow - medium priority
 Green – ambulatory
 Black – dead
 Classification of Triage

LEVEL COLOR CODING

1. Immediate Red
2. Delayed Yellow
3. Minimal Injury Green
(Ambulatory)
4. Expectant (Dead) Black
 Advantages of Triage
• Helps to bring order and organization to a chaotic scene.

• It identifies and provides care to those who are in

greatest need.
•Helps make the difficult decisions easier.

• Assure that resources are used in the most

effective manner.
• May take some of the emotional from
those doing triage.
 HOSPITAL DISASTER PLAN
• The hospital is an integral part of the society and it has great role

to play in the disaster management. Every hospital big or small,

public or private has to prepare a disaster plan, and must learn to
activate the disaster plan at the hour of need. Disasters in the
hospital perspective can be grouped into two categories:
• Internal Hospital disasters like fire, building collapse, terrorism, etc.

• External disasters like earthquakes, floods, etc.

OBJECTIVES OF HOSPITAL DISASTER PLAN

• Preparedness of staff, optimizing of resources and

mobilization of the logistics and supplies within short notice.

• To make community aware about the hospital disaster plan

and benefits of plan.

• Training and motivation of the staff.

• To carry out mock drills.

• Documentation of the plan and making hospital staff aware

about the various steps of the plan.

DESIGNING OF HOSPITAL DISASTER
PLAN
1. Disaster management committee:
• The hospital disaster management committee is the

decision making body for formulation of the policy and

plan for disaster management. It constitutes the following
members.
• Director of the hospital.

• HOD of accidents and emergency services.

Con..
• All heads of the departments.

• Nursing superintendent.

• Hospital administrator.

• Representatives of the staff.

 Cont...
2.-Functions of the disaster management committee-The
functions of the committee are:

• To prepare a hospital disaster plan for the hospital.

• To prepare departmental plan in support of the hospital plan.

• Assign duties to the staff.

• Establishment of criteria for emergency care.

• To conduct, supervise and evaluate the training programmes.

Cont...

• To supervise the mock drills.

• Updating of plans as need arises.

• Organise community awareness programmes, through

mass media.

• Assist in information, education, communication (IEC)

programmes in respect of the disaster preparedness,

prevention and management.
Cont…
3.-Role and functions: The effective implementation of the
program will depend upon clarity of the plan, role and
functions of the different members and the staff. They are:
• Disaster co-ordinator: The co-ordinators role will be:

• Organising

• Communicating

• Assigning duties

• Deployment of staff

• Taking key decisions

Cont...
• Administrator: The responsibilities of the administrator is

to execute the authority through the departmental heads.

• Departmental heads: Development of departmental
plans.
• Nursing superintendent: deployment of nursing staff.

• Medical staff: specific role of rendering medical care both

pre-hospital and hospital care.

• Nursing staff: nursing care and support critical care.
Cont…
4.-Important departments

The important department of the hospital have to play a key role in

the disaster management.

• Accident and emergency department.

• Operating department.

• Critical care units.

• Radiology departments

• Laboratory.

• Blood bank.
 Cont.

5.-Support areas
• Prompt supply of drugs, linen and surgical items, fluids are

required in the hospital and due care has to be taken to

incorporate the role and function of following units.
• Laundry

• CSSD

• Dietary department

• Housekeeping services

• Medical records
Cont...
• Public relations

• Communications

• Transportation

• Mortuary

• Medico-social worker

• Engineering department

• Security and safety services

• Media relations
The Chairman of the National

Disaster management Authority is The

Prime Minister of India.

National Institute of Disaster is

situated at New Delhi.

 Nodal Ministries related with Disasters

Type of Disaster Nodal Ministry

Natural- Flood, Tsunami, Cyclone,

Earthquake Home Affairs
Manmade-Civil
strife
Drought ( Low Rainfall ) Agriculture
Biological, Epidemics Health & Family Welfare
Chemical, Forest related Environment & Forest
Nuclear Atomic Energy
Air Accidents Civil Aviation
Railway Accidents Railway
Industrial Accidents Labour
5
4
MOCK DRILLS

5
5
 Definition
• A disaster drill is an exercise in which people

simulate the circumstances of a disaster so that they

have an opportunity to practice their responses.
• A safety drill is a drill that is practiced to prepare

people for an emergency.

 Features
• On a basic level, drills can include responses by

individuals to protect themselves, such as learning how to

shelter in place, understanding what to do in an
evacuation, and organizing meet up points so that people
can find each other after a disaster.
Con….
• Disaster drills handle topics like what to do, how to deal

with lack of access to equipment, tools, and even basic

services like water and power, and how to handle
evacuations.
• It also provides a chance to practice for events such as

mass casualties which can occur during a disaster.

 Benefits

• Used to identify weak points in a disaster

response plan.
• To get people familiar with the steps they

need to take so that their response in a

disaster will be automatic.
ROLE OF NURSES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

In disaster preparedness
• To facilitate preparation with community, the nurse can help

initiate updating disaster plan, provide educational

programmes & material regarding disasters specific to areas.
• To provide updated record of vulnerable populations within

community.
• Nurse leads a preparedness effort Nurse can help recruit

others within the organization that will help when a response

is required.
Con….
• Nurse might be involved in many roles. As a community

advocate, the nurse should always seek to keep a safe

environment. She must assess and report environmental
hazards.
• Nurse should have understanding of community resources.

• Nurse should have an understanding of what community

resources will be available after a disaster strikes and how

community will work together.
Cont.
• Disaster Nurse must be involved in community
organization.
• Nurse who sets greater involvement or a more in-depth

understanding of disaster management can be involved in

any number of community organizations such as the
American Red Cross, Ambulance Corps etc.
Cont.

In disaster response
• Nurse must involve in community assessment, case

finding and referring, prevention, health education and

surveillance.
• Once rescue workers begin to arrive at the scene,

immediate plans for triage should begin. Triage is the

process of separating causalities and allocating treatment
based on the victim‘s potential for survival.
Con…
• Higher priority is always given to victim‘s potential who

have life threatening injuries but who have a high

probability of survival once stabilized.
• Second Priority is given to victims who have injuries with

systemic complications that are not yet life threatening but

who can wait up to 45-60 minutes of treatment.
Cont.
• Last priority in given to those victims who have local

injuries without immediate complications and who can

wait several hours for medical attention.
• Nurse working as members of an assessment team have

the responsibility of give accurate feed back to relief

managers to facilitate rapid rescue and recovery.
Cont.
• In disaster recovery

• Successful Recovery Preparation: Flexibility is an

important component of successful recovery preparation.
Community clean up efforts can incur a host of physical
and psychological problems. Eg. Physical stress of
moving heavy objects can cause back injury, severe
fatigue and even death from heart attacks.
Con…
• Health teaching: The continuing threat of communicable

disease will continue as long as the water supply remains

threat and the relieving conditions remain crowded. Nurses
must remain vigilant in teaching proper hygiene and making
sure immunization records are up to date.
• Psychological support: Acute and chronic illness can be

exacerbated by prolonged effects of disaster. The

psychological stress of cleanup and moving can bring about
feelings of severe hopelessness, depression and grip.
Cont.
• Referrals to hospital as needed Stress can lead to suicide

and domestic abuse. Although most people recover from

disasters, mental distress may persist in vulnerable
populations. Referrals to mental health professionals
should continue as long as the need exists.
• Nurse must also remain alert for environment health

hazards during recovery phase of a disaster. Home visit

may lead the nurse to uncover situations such as lack of
water supply or lack of electricity.
 International Day for Disaster Reduction
(IDDR)
• International Day for Disaster
Reduction/International Disaster Day
celebrated in 13th October.
• Rallies and special lectures were organized in

the universities and colleges to mark the

initiatives of awareness for disaster reduction
amongst youth & children.
 Theme of International Day for Disaster
reduction in 2024 is:

“The role of education in protecting and

empowering youth for a disaster-free
future.”
SUMMARY
Recapitulation
1. What is disaster ? (2 marks)
2. What are the classification of disasters ? (2
marks)
3. What are the disasters management cycle ? (2
marks)
4. What do you mean by triage ? (2 marks)
5. Enlist the classification of triage? (2 marks)
 References
1. Anoop N. Chetan. K. et al. A textbook of nursing management, second
edition, EMMESS publication, Pp. 141-146.
2. Basavanthappa ВТ Community Health Nursing, Second edition, Jaypee
Brothers medical Publisher.(P) LTD, Pp No. 954-977.
3. Clement Nisha, Essentials of management of Nursing service and
education, first edition 2016, Jaypee the health sciences publisher, New
Delhi. Pp No.-175-188.
4. Kumar mithun B.P. A comprehensive text book on nursing management,
first edition 2013. Emmess medical publishers. Pp No.-163-170.
5. Park K. Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd Edition,
M/S Banarsidas Bhanot publishers Pp No. 795-802.
6. Saneesh VM Community Health Nursing, Arya Publishing, Pp No.-198-
193.
7. Swarnkar keshav, Community Health Nursing ,3rd edition, N. R. Brothers,
Indore, Pp No.-848-863.
8. www. Ndrf. gov. in.
9. www. Slide share. Abhishekh joshi.net.
7
3