H2O

Part 1
Naming Ions
 OBJECTIVES:

–Identify the charges on

monatomic ions by using
the periodic table, and
name the ions.
 Part 1
Naming Ions
 OBJECTIVES:

–Define a polyatomic ion

and write the names and
formulas of the most
common polyatomic ions.
 Part 1
Naming Ions
 OBJECTIVES:

–Identify the two common

endings for the names of
most polyatomic ions.
 Atoms and Ions
 Atoms are electrically neutral.
– Because there is the same number of
protons (+) and electrons (-).
 Ionsare atoms, or groups of atoms,
with a charge (positive or negative)
– They have different numbers of protons
and electrons.
 Only electrons can move, and ions
are made by gaining or losing
electrons.
 An Anion is…
A negative ion.
 Has gained electrons.
 Nonmetals can gain electrons.
 Charge is written as a superscript on
the right.
Has gained one electron (-ide
1-
F is new ending = fluoride)
2- Gained two electrons (oxide)
O
 A Cation is…
A positive ion.
 Formed by losing electrons.
 More protons than electrons.
 Metals can lose electrons

1+ Has lost one electron (no

K name change for positive ions)

2+
Ca Has lost two electrons
 Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 1A: Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions

H1+ Li1+ Na1+ K1+ Rb1+

 Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 2A: Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions

Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+

 Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 3ALoses
: 3
B3+ Al3+ Ga3+
electrons to form
3+ ions
 Predicting Ionic Charges
Neither! Group 4A Group 4ADo
: they
elements rarely form lose 4 electrons or
ions (they tend to share) gain 4 electrons?
 Predicting Ionic Charges
N3- Nitride Group 5AGains
: 3
P3- Phosphide electrons to form
As3- Arsenide 3- ions
 Predicting Ionic Charges
O2- Oxide Group 6AGains
: 2
S2- Sulfide electrons to form
Se2- Selenide 2- ions
 Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 7AGains
: 1
F1- Fluoride Br1- Bromide electron to form
Cl1- Chloride I1- Iodide 1- ions
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 8AStable
:
noble gases do not
form ions!
 Predicting Ionic Charges
Group B elements Many
: transition elements
have more than one possible oxidation state.
Note the use of Roman Iron (II) = Fe2+
numerals to show charges Iron (III) = Fe3+
 Naming cations
 Two methods can clarify when
more than one charge is possible:
1) Stock system – uses roman
numerals in parenthesis to
indicate the numerical value
2) Classical method – uses root
word with suffixes (-ous, -ic)
• Does not give true value
 Naming cations
 We will use the Stock system.
 Cation - if the charge is always the
same (like in the Group A metals) just
write the name of the metal.
 Transition metals can have more
than one type of charge.
– Indicate their charge as a roman
numeral in parenthesis after the name
of the metal (Use your Ion Sheet)
 Predicting Ionic Charges
Some of the post-transition elements also
have more than one possible oxidation state.
Tin (II) = Sn2+ Lead (II) = Pb2+
Tin (IV) = Sn4+ Lead (IV) = Pb 4+
 Predicting Ionic Charges
Group B elements : transition elements
Some
have only one possible oxidation state, such
as these three:
Silver = Ag1+ Zinc = Zn2+ Cadmium = Cd2+
 Exceptions:
 Some of the transition metals
have only one ionic charge:
–Do not need to use roman
numerals for these:
–Silver is always 1+ (Ag1+)
–Cadmium and Zinc are always
2+ (Cd2+ and Zn2+)
 Practice by naming these:
 Na1+
 Ca2+
 Al3+
 Fe3+
 Fe2+
 Pb2+
 Li1+
 Write symbols for these:
 Potassium ion
 Magnesium ion
 Copper (II) ion
 Chromium (VI) ion
 Barium ion
 Mercury (II) ion
 Naming Anions
Anions are always the same charge
Change the monatomic element
ending to – ide
F1- a Fluorine atom will become a
Fluoride ion.
 Practice by naming these:
Cl1-
N3-
Br1-
O2-
Ga3+
 Write symbols for these:
Sulfide ion
Iodide ion
Phosphide ion
Strontium ion
 Polyatomic ions are…
 Groups of atoms that stay together and
have an overall charge, and one name.
 Usually end in –ate or -ite

 Acetate: C2H3O21-
 Nitrate: NO31-
 Nitrite: NO21-
 Permanganate: MnO41-
 Hydroxide: OH1- and Cyanide: CN1-?
 Know Common Polyatomic Ions
 Sulfate: SO 2-  Phosphate: PO43-
4
 Sulfite: SO 2-  Phosphite: PO33-
3
 Carbonate: CO32-
 Ammonium: NH41+
 Chromate: CrO42- (One of the few positive
 Dichromate: Cr2O72- polyatomic ions)

If the polyatomic ion begins with H, then combine the

word hydrogen with the other polyatomic ion present:
H1+ + CO32- → HCO31-
hydrogen + carbonate → hydrogen carbonate ion
 Now start your Practice
Naming and Writing Anions
and Cations worksheet

FINISH FOR HOMEWORK!

Naming and Writing Formulas
for Ionic Compounds

 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply the rules for naming

and writing formulas for
binary ionic compounds.
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Ionic Compounds

 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply the rules for naming

and writing formulas for
compounds containing
polyatomic ions.
 Naming Ionic Compounds
 1. Name the cation first, then anion
 2.Monatomic cation = name of the
element
Ca2+ = calcium ion
 3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide
Cl = chloride
CaCl2 = calcium chloride
 Naming Ionic Compounds
(Metals with multiple oxidation states)
 some metals can form more than one
charge (usually the transition metals)
 use a Roman numeral in their name:

PbCl2 – use the anion to find the charge

on the cation (chloride is always 1-)

Pb2+ is the lead (II) cation

PbCl2 = lead (II) chloride
 Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Barium nitrate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
CHARGES!
Ba2+( NO3)- 2
2. Check to see if charges are Now balanced.
balanced. Not
= Ba(NO3)2
balanced!
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance subscripts.
 Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Ammonium sulfate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including ( NH4)+ SO42-
CHARGES! 2
2. Check to see if charges Now balanced.
are balanced. Not
= (NH4)2SO4
balanced!
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance the subscripts.
 Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Iron (III) chloride (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including Fe Cl3 3+ -
CHARGES!
2. Check to see if charges Now balanced.
Not
are balanced. = FeCl
balanced! 3
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance the subscripts.
 Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Aluminum sulfide (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
CHARGES!
Al3+
2 S 2-
3
2. Check to see if charges Now balanced.
are balanced. Not
= Al S
balanced!
2 3
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance the subscripts.
 Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Magnesium carbonate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including Mg CO 2+
3
2-
CHARGES!
2. Check to see if charges They are
are balanced. balanced!
= MgCO3
 Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Zinc hydroxide (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
CHARGES!
Zn2+ ( OH)- 2
2. Check to see if charges are Now balanced.
balanced. Not
= Zn(OH)
balanced! 2
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance the subscripts.
 Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Aluminum phosphate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
CHARGES!
Al3+ PO43-
2. Check to see if charges are
balanced. They ARE
balanced!
= AlPO4
 Things to look for:
1) If cations have ( ), the number
in parenthesis is their charge.
2) If anions end in -ide they are
probably off the periodic table
(Monoatomic)
3) If anion ends in -ate or –ite,
then it is polyatomic
 Practice by writing the formula
or name as required…
 Iron(II) Phosphate
 Stannous Fluoride
 Potassium Sulfide
 Ammonium Chromate

 MgSO
4

 FeCl
3
 Section 7.1 Part 3
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Molecular Compounds
 OBJECTIVES:

–Interpret the prefixes in the

names of molecular
compounds in terms of
their chemical formulas.
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Molecular Compounds

 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply the rules for naming

and writing formulas for
binary molecular
compounds.
 Molecular compounds are…
 made of just nonmetals
 smallest piece is a molecule
 can’t be held together by
opposite charge attraction
 can’t use charges to figure out
how many of each atom (there
are no charges present)
Molecular compounds are easier!
 Ioniccompounds use charges to
determine how many of each.
– You have to figure out charges.
– May need to criss-cross numbers.
 Molecularcompounds: the name
tells you the number of atoms.
– Uses prefixes to tell you the exact
number of each element present!
 Prefixes (Table 9.4, p.269)
 1 = mono-
 2 = di-
 3 = tri-
 4 = tetra-
 5 = penta-
 6 = hexa-
 7 = hepta-
 8 = octa-
 Prefixes
 9 = nona-
 10 = deca-
 To write the name, write two words:

Prefix & name Prefix & name -ide

 Prefixes
 9 = nona-
 10 = deca-
 To write the name, write two words:

Prefix name Prefix name -ide

 One exception is we don’t write

mono if there is only one of the first
element.
 Prefixes
 9 = nona-
 10 = deca-
 To write the name, write two words:
 One exception is we don’t write mono if
there is only one of the first element.
Prefix name Prefix name -ide
 Normally, we do not have double vowels
when writing names (oa oo)
 Practice by naming these:
N = dinitrogen monoxide
2O (also called nitrous oxide or laughing gas)
 NO = nitrogen dioxide
2

 Cl
2 O7 = dichlorine heptoxide
 CBr
4
= carbon tetrabromide
 CO
2
= carbon dioxide
(This one will not use prefixes, since it is
 BaCl an ionic compound!)
2
 Write formulas for these:
 diphosphorus pentoxide
 tetraiodine nonoxide
 sulfur hexafluoride
 nitrogen trioxide
 carbon tetrahydride
 phosphorus trifluoride
 aluminum chloride (Ionic compound)
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Acids and Bases

 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply three rules for

naming acids.
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Acids and Bases

 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply the rules in reverse

to write formulas of acids.
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Acids and Bases
 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply the rules for naming

bases.
 Acids are…
 Compounds that give off
hydrogen ions (H1+) when
dissolved in water (the Arrhenius definition)
 Will start the formula with H.
 There will always be some
Hydrogen next to an anion.
 The anion determines the
name.
Rules for Naming acids: Name
it as a normal compound first
1) If the anion attached to
hydrogen ends in -ide, put the
prefix hydro- and change -ide to
-ic acid
• HCl - hydrogen ion and chloride
ion = hydrochloric acid
• H2S hydrogen ion and sulfide ion
= hydrosulfuric acid
 Naming Acids
• If the anion has oxygen in it, then it ends in
-ate or -ite
2) change the suffix -ate to -ic acid (use no
prefix)
• Example: HNO3 Hydrogen and nitrate
ions = Nitric acid
3) change the suffix -ite to -ous acid (use no
prefix)
• Example: HNO2 Hydrogen and nitrite ions
= Nitrous acid
 Naming Acids
Normal ending Acid name is…

____-ide hydro-___-ic acid

____-ate _____-ic acid

____-ite _____-ous acid

 2 additional rules (not mentioned in the book)
4) If the acid has 1 more oxygen than
the –ic acid, add the prefix per-
a. HClO3 (Hydrogen Chlorate) is chloric acid
b. HClO4 would be perchloric acid
5) If there is 1 less oxygen than the
-ous acid, add the prefix hypo-
• HClO2 (Hydrogen Chlorite) is chlorous acid,
then HClO would be hypochlorous
acid
 Practice by naming these:
 HF

H P
3

H SO4
2

H SO3
2
 HCN

H CrO4
2
 Writing Acid Formulas – in reverse!
• Hydrogen will be listed first
• The name will tell you the anion
• Be sure the charges cancel out.
• Starts with prefix hydro?- there is
no oxygen, -ide ending for anion
• no prefix hydro?
1) -ate anion comes from –ic ending
2) -ite anion comes from –ous ending
 Write formulas for these:
 hydroiodic acid
 acetic acid
 carbonic acid
 phosphorous acid
 hydrobromic acid
Names and Formulas for Bases
A base is an ionic compound that
produces hydroxide ions (OH1-)
when dissolved in water (the Arrhenius definition)

 Bases are named the same way

as other ionic compounds:
– The name of the cation (which is a
metal) is followed by the name of
the anion (which will be hydroxide).
Names and Formulas for Bases
 NaOH is sodium hydroxide
 Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide
 To write the formula:
1) Write the symbol for the metal
cation
2) followed by the formula for the
hydroxide ion (OH1-)
3) then use the criss-cross method to
balance the charges.
Practice by writing the formula
for the following:
Magnesium hydroxide
Iron (III) hydroxide
Zinc hydroxide
 The Laws Governing
Formulas and Names

 OBJECTIVES:

–Define the laws of definite

proportions and multiple
proportions.
 Section 7.1 Part 5
The Laws Governing
Formulas and Names
 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply the rules for naming

chemical compounds by
using a flowchart.
 The Laws Governing
Formulas and Names

 OBJECTIVES:

–Apply the rules for writing

the formulas of chemial
compounds by using a
flowchart.
 Some Laws:
 1. Law of Definite Proportions-
in a sample of a chemical
compound, the masses of the
elements are always in the
same proportions.
 H O (water) and H O
2 2 2
(hydrogen peroxide)
 Some Laws:
 2.Law of Multiple Proportions-
Dalton stated that whenever two
elements form more than one
compound, the different masses of
one element that combine with the
same mass of the other element
are in the ratio of small whole
numbers.
Same mass
of oxygen
 Helpful to remember...
1. In an ionic compound, the net ionic
charge is zero (criss-cross method)
2. An -ide ending generally indicates a
binary compound
3. An -ite or -ate ending means there is
a polyatomic ion that has oxygen
4. Prefixes generally mean molecular;
they show the number of each atom
 Helpful to remember...
5. A Roman numeral after the
name of a cation is the ionic
charge of the cation
 Use the handout sheets
provided by your teacher!