PRE-TEST: MULTIPLE CHOICES

Have you seen any of these features in our region?

What Is Plate Tectonics?
Is a theory which suggests that Earth’s
crust is made up of plates that interact
with various ways, thus producing
earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes and
other geologic features.
-Earth’s lithosphere
Two Layers:
1.Crust
2.Upper part of the mantle
TWO KINDS OF CRUST  Thickest in a part where
a relatively young
mountains is present
 It has an average
density of 2.8 g/cm3
 Made of variety of solid
rocks like sedimentary,
metamorphic, and
igneous.
 Thickness ranges from 5
to 50 Km.
What is Plate?
-are rigid sections of the lithosphere that move as a unit.
What is the consequence of Plate Tectonic?

Answer: Earthquake
Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using Triangulation Method.mp4
Figure 3. Map of the Philippines Lifted from:
https://www.drivingdirectionsandmaps.com/wp-
content/uploads/country-maps/rp-country-map.gif
Guide Questions:
1. Where is the epicenter of the hypothetical
earthquake? __________________
2. 2. What difficulty will you encounter if you
only have data from two recording stations?
___________________________________________________
Activity No. 6: PROXIMITY POINT!
Objective: Discuss the proximity of volcanoes
and earthquake epicenters
Procedure:
1. Study the map of earthquake epicenters and the location of volcanoes.
2. Using a ruler, measure the proximity of the earthquakes from any volcano
found in the map.
3. Study the records of volcanic activity within 20 years
Questions:
1. How close is the earthquake epicenters to any volcano found in the map?
2. Are all earthquakes possibly caused by volcanic activity?
3. Based on the records, did any of the volcanoes present have activity in the
past 20 years?
4. Is there any possibility that earthquakes can happen without any volcanic
activity?
Activity 7. MARK THE BOUNDARIES
(Earthquake Epicenters and Active Volcanoes)
Objective: Describe the distribution of active volcanoes and earthquake
epicenters.
Activity 8. STICK IT UP!
Objective: Identify the longest and the highest
mountain range in the world.
Guide Questions:
Q1. What mountain range
is the longest?
Q2. What mountain range
is the highest?
Q3. Does the longest and highest
mountain range lie on the same
location?
Q4.What are the mountain ranges
in the map?
Q5.How many are the major
mountain ranges in the world?
GUIDE
CONCEPTS
Mountain range-(mountain chain, mountain belt) is a geographic area with many
mountains.
Major Ranges
1. Himalayas are one of the highest mountain ranges in the world, located in South
Asia.
2. The Andes is the longest mountain range in the world and boasts some of the
highest peaks.
3. Alps, a small segment of a discontinuous mountain chain that stretches from the
Atlas Mountains of North Africa across southern Europe and Asia to beyond the
Himalayas.
4. Rocky Mountains, byname the Rockies, mountain range forming the cordilleran
backbone of the great upland system that dominates the western North American
continent.
5. Ural Mountains, also called the Urals, Russian Uralskie Gory or Ural, mountain
range forming a rugged spine in west-central Russia and the major part of the
traditional physiographic boundary between Europe and Asia.
Activity 10. “MARK THE BOUNDARIES” (Major Mountain Belts)
Objective: Describe the distribution of major mountain belts.

Question:How will you relate the distribution of mountain ranges with the distribution of
earthquake epicenters and active volcanoes?
What I Can Do as a student?
• Since the Philippines is in the Pacific Ring of Fire, we
should always be ready and alert for we do not know
when or where the disasters may occur.
• Plan a precautionary measure when volcanic eruption or
earthquake occurs. Write in a sheet of paper and discuss
it with your family/classmate so everybody in the will
know it.
• ____________________________________________
• ____________________________________________
• ____________________________________________
 Assessment

3. Draw a volcano on one flap (left) and label the flap Volcanoes then write what you know
about it on the back flap. Do the same on the other flap (right), but this time, on earthquakes
and at the back, for mountain ranges. The inside portion should be labeled Both and include
characteristics that both events share.
PERFORMANCE TASK:
Make a 3D map of the mountain ranges and volcanoes in Region XII.
Mark and label it.
Materials: Map of Region XII, map of mountain ranges and volcanoes in
Region XII, colored clay, hard board, labels .
COTABATO PROVINCE
SULTAN KUDARAT PROVINCE
SOUTH COTABATO PROVINCE
SARANGANI PROVINCE
 WEEK 2 Composition of Earths Interior
⇒ This is the internal structure of the Earth
⇒ The outside of the Earth is the solid
crust - the crust is very thin with a
maximum depth of around 50km
⇒ Under the crust we have the mantle - this
is a solid, even though parts of the upper
mantle can flow very slowly
⇒ Under this we have the outer core (this is
a liquid) and the inner core (which is solid)
⇒ There is no way for scientists to directly
The layers of Earth are: observe the interior of the Earth
•Crust - 5 to 70 km thick. •Even the deepest mines only go a few
•Mantle - 2,900 km thick. kilometers into the crust
•Outer Core - 2,200 km thick. ⇒ How do scientists know that the interior of
•Inner Core - 1,230 to 1,530 km the earth has this structure? The answer is to
do with ___________
thick.
Earthquakes⇒ An earthquake happens due to
a sudden movement between
the tectonic plates in the Earth's
crust
⇒ This causes seismic
waves which carry energy away
from the earthquake
Seismic Waves- The energy that
radiates in all directions from the
focus in the form of waves.
⇒ These seismic waves then pass
through the Earth and they can
be detected by seismometers
in different countries
⇒ The patterns of these waves
gives us information about
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za_22xo7ZQQ
the interior of the Earth
TWO MAIN TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
1.Surface waves can only move
along the surface of the planet like
ripples on water.
 TWO TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES
1.Love Wave 2. Rayleigh Wave
 Named after A.E.H Love-British
 Named after John William Strutt, 3rd
Mathematician
Baron Rayleigh ( Lord Rayleigh)
 Faster than Rayleigh wave
 Wave rolls along the ground just like a
 Moves the ground in a side to side
wave rolls across a lake or an ocean.
horizontal motion.  Moves the ground either up & down, or
 Like of a snake’s causing the
side to side.
ground to twist
 Cause the most damage to
structures during earthquake.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

2.Body waves A seismic

wave that travels through
the Earth rather than across
its surface
TYPES OF BODY WAVES
⇒ P waves are longitudina waves.
They can pass through
both solids and liquids
⇒ P waves travel faster than S waves

⇒ S Waves are transverse waves (to

remember this, remember the word
'transverse' contains the letter S)
⇒ S waves can only travel
through solids
 Patterns of P and S Waves
 Seismic waves travel in curved
paths. That is due to density
changes in the Earth
 We can detect S Waves at any
point on the Earth's surface where
the S Wave is spread across i.e. the
area not within the S wave shadow
zone
 There are large parts of the Earth
where no S waves can be
detected - this is called the S
Wave shadow zone
 This is due to the fact that S
waves cannot pass through a
liquid
 This told scientists that the Earth
must contain a liquid core
 Move backward and forward
 P waves can be detected over large parts of
Patterns of P and S Waves
the Earth except the P wave shadow zone
 Again, there are parts of the Earth where P
waves cannot be detected - these are
called P wave shadow zones
 The P wave shadow zones are due to the
fact that P waves travel faster in
solids than liquids
 This means that the P waves slow down as
they enter the liquid outer core. This
causes them to refract (i.e. change
direction). They also refract when
they leave the outer core.
 Once again this confirms that the outer
core is a liquid
 Sometimes faint P waves can be detected
in the P wave shadow zone - this was used
by scientisits to show that the Earth also
contains a solid inner core
 Sway from side to side in rolling
motion
 Seismic waves as they travel through the
Earth
In 1909, Andrija Mohoroviciv
 Found out that the velocity of
seismic waves changes and
increases at a distance of 50km
below the Earth’s surface.
 MOHOROVICIC Discontinuity
(short term MOHO)-The
boundary between crust and
mantle.

 GUTENBURG Discontinuity- the

boundary between mantle and
core
 Named after Beno Gutenburg.
 He explained that the core
composed of material different
from that of the mantle causing
the bending of P waves
Seismic waves as they travel through the
Earth
In 1936, Lehmann
 A Danish
Seismologist,who
predicted the
innermost layer of
the Earth
 He discovered a
new region of
seismic reflection
within the core.
 So, the Earth has a
core within a core
(The outer core and
the inner core)
WHAT’S IN US?
Procedure:
Compare and contrast the
Primary (P) waves and
Secondary (S) waves.
Complete the Venn
diagram below by writing
their characteristics on
their corresponding column
and their similarities on the
specified column.
 Primary or P-Waves-
ANSWER KEY  The fastest kind of
waves, thus arrive at
the seismic stations
first.
 Can travel through
liquid and solids and
gases,
Secondary or S-
Waves-
 Slower than the P-
waves.
 Only travel through
solids.
Both P and S waves
travel into the
Earth’s interior.
ACTIVITY
ANSWER KEY

The energy that radiates in all

directions from the focus in the form of
waves.

BODY WAVES SURFACE WAVES

LOVE WAVES RAYLEIGH WAVES PRIMARY WAVES SECONDARY WAVES

Move side to side in up & down, or Move backward Sway from side to
horizontal motion. side to side. and forward side in rolling motion
Activity: SHAKE IT UP!
Objective: Determine the relationship of volcanoes and earthquakes
Various Effects Of Plate Tectonics On Lithosphere
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTuU1h2HQ_A
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the different arrivals
of seismic waves from first to last?
a. S waves ... P waves .... Surface waves
b. P waves ... S waves .... Surface waves
c. P waves ... Surface waves .... S waves
d. Surface waves …. P waves ... S waves
2. How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter
of an earthquake?
e. 1
f. 2
g. 3
h. 4
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

3. Which set of waves are the P waves?

a. A b. B c. C d. Both A and B
4. Which set of waves are the S waves? a. A b. B c. C d. Both A and B
5. The difference in arrival times between which pair of waves can be
used to determine the distance to the epicenter?
a. A and B b. B and C c. A and C d. None of the above
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
6. What is a volcano?
a. A vent where hot water shoots toward the surface
b. It is a fissure or vent, from which lava flows
c. It is a hole where liquefaction once occur
d. A hollow part of the earth
7. Which statement shows the difference between a volcano and a
mountain?
e. A volcano erupts while mountains do not.
f. Mountains grow high while volcanoes do not.
g. Volcanoes don’t erupt while mountains do.
h. Volcanoes and mountains are the same.
8. Volcanoes were often found in what specific part of the world?
a. Pacific b. Atlantic c. Arctic Region d. Antarctic Region
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT