Fluid Statics - Pressure

Fluid Mechanics and Its
Applications
Vijay Gupta
Professor, Sharda University
Honorary Professor, I I T Delhi
Ex-Professor, I I T Kanpur
1
Lecture 3: Fluid Statics - Pressure
Learning Objectives:
• Pressure variations in liquids and in atmosphere
• Measurement of atmospheric pressure
Pressure in a Static fluid
Pressure
Imagine a small surface immersed in a fluid:
A fluid at rest (or in uniform motion) cannot apply a shear

force on this surface.
The only possible force is, thus, normal to the surface,
whatever be the orientation of the surface.
This force is compressive, and depends on the area of
the surface.
Pressure
• The compressive force acting on a surface immersed in a
fluid is expressed as a force per unit area and is termed
pressure.
• Thus, pressure is measured as force per unit area, and its
units are N/m2.
• It is given the name Pascal (Pa).
• Typical atmospheric pressure is about 105 Pa, or 100 kPa.
Pressure at a Point
A
Surface OA OB AB
Area δy δx δy/cosθ δl
Force px δy py δx pn δy/cos θ θ
δy
x-force px δy - - (pn δy/cosθ)cosθ
y-force - py δx - (pn δy/cosθ)sinθ B
O
δx
Horizontal force balance:
Vertical force balance:
Pascal law: Pressure at a point is same in all directions

Variation of Pressure
in Horizontal Direction
p𝛿A 
 p
p 
 x  A
 x 
𝛿𝑥
Horizontal force balance will give
Therefore, pressure does not change in a horizontal

plane.
Variation of Pressure in Vertical
Direction
 p 
Force balance in vertical  p  z  A
 z 
direction gives:
p
 zA  gzA 0,
z 𝜌𝑔𝛿𝑧 𝛿 𝐴
p δz
or,  g
z
Since p does not vary in the x and y 𝑝𝛿 𝐴
directions,
dp
 g
dz
Hydrostatic Pressure Variation
Hydrostatic Pressure variation
𝑑𝑝 z
=− 𝜌 𝑔
𝑑𝑧 •
𝑝= 𝑝𝑜 at 𝑧 =0
Integration gives
Or h
For water with a free surface exposed to atmosphere ,

Variation of Pressure
Plot of pressure
𝑝 𝑎𝑡𝑚
h
𝜌 1 𝑝 =𝑝 + 𝜌1 𝑔 h 1
h1 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
h2
𝜌2 𝑝 2=𝑝1 + 𝜌 2 𝑔 ( h2 −h 1)
h 3 𝜌 3 𝑝 3=𝑝 2+ 𝜌 3 𝑔 ( h 3 − h2 )
𝜌4
h4 𝑝 4 =𝑝 3 + 𝜌 4 𝑔 ( h4 − h3 )
Pressure Head
Gauge pressures are expressed in terms of how much
water column is required to create a given gauge pressure.
Piezometer
Head
● Units: Meter
Example: What is the head in meters water for a
automobile tyre pressure of 30 lb/sq inch?
30 lbf/in2 = 30 lbf/in2X 0.456 kgf/lbf

= 13.68 kgf/in2 X9.8 N/kgf
= 134 N/in2 X [in2/(0.0254 m)2]
= 2.077×105 N/m2 = 2.077×105 Pa
1 m head of water = ρg(1 m) = 103 ×9.8 × 1

=9.8 ×103 Pa
So, 2.077×105 Pa = 2.077×105/ 9.8 ×103 = 21.2 m
A Liquid Maintains its Level
•2
•1
h2
h1
•3 •4
p3 = patm +ρgh1 or, p3, gauge = ρgh1
p4 = patm +ρgh2 or, p4, gauge = ρgh2

Alternate Proof
Horizontal force balance

requires the free
surface to be horizontal
◙
Atmospheric Pressure:
Barometer
patm
patm = ρgH
Atmospheric Pressure
Variation
For air: p = ρRT, So, ρ = p /RT,  p 
 p   z  A
and  z 
ρgδzδA
Atmospheric temperature δz
decreases with altitude to about 11
km
pδA
T = 288 – 6.5X10-3z
dp
 g
TROPOSPHERE dz
Atmospheric Pressure Variation
𝑑𝑝 𝑔 11
=− 𝑑𝑧 10
𝑝 𝑅𝑇 9
8
Elevation, km
With T = 288 – 6.5X10-3z, 7
𝑑𝑝 𝑔 6
= 𝑑𝑧 5
𝑝 𝑅 ( 288 – 6.5 X10−3 z ) 4
which, on integration gives

3
2
1
0
10
30
50
70
90
0
11
Atmospheric pressure, kPa
Standard Atmosphere
Calculator
https://www.digitaldutch.com/atmoscalc/
Altimeter
QFE to show altitude

above the ground
QNH to show altitude

above mean sea-level
Pressure and Machinery
Hydraulic force Multiplier
𝐹2
𝐹1
Force
A1 A2
Pneumatic lift
IN OUT The passenger capsule ascends
within a cylindrical tube when the
in port is closed, and a vacuum
pump sucks air from the out port.
The bottom of the capsule is
maintained at atmospheric
pressure. The capsule descends
when air is pumped through the
in port, the out port being closed
Actuator
Applications
Fluid Moving as a Rigid Body
Accelerating Container
p1dA−p2dA=dm×acceleration
But pressure in fluid depends on depth

from the free surface
p1 p2
Hence depth has to be different

Accelerating Container
ρgh1− ρg(h+dh)=ρdx×a
𝑑h / 𝑑𝑥=− 𝑎/𝑔 h1 h2
p1 p2
Rotating container
[ρgh− ρg(h+dh)]×2πrdz =−ρdr×2πrdz×rω2
Or, dh = (ω2/g)rdr
h−hr=0 = (ω2r2/2g)
Parabolic
AV
MatLAB calculations
Increasing ω
Lecture 4: Pressure Forces on
Submerged Surfaces
Learning Outcomes:
• Manometry
• Surface tension

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Fluid Mechanics and Its

A fluid at rest (or in uniform motion) cannot apply a shear

Pascal law: Pressure at a point is same in all directions

Therefore, pressure does not change in a horizontal

For water with a free surface exposed to atmosphere ,

30 lbf/in2 = 30 lbf/in2X 0.456 kgf/lbf

1 m head of water = ρg(1 m) = 103 ×9.8 × 1

p3 = patm +ρgh1 or, p3, gauge = ρgh1

p4 = patm +ρgh2 or, p4, gauge = ρgh2

Horizontal force balance

which, on integration gives

QFE to show altitude

QNH to show altitude

But pressure in fluid depends on depth

Hence depth has to be different

[ρgh− ρg(h+dh)]×2πrdz =−ρdr×2πrdz×rω2

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