Lecture 3 Tour of The Celll

A TOUR OF THE CELL
Cytology: science/study of cells

Light microscopy resolving power~
measure of clarity
 Electron microscopy
TEM ~ electron beam to study cell
ultrastructure (internal anatomy)
SEM ~ electron beam to study cell
surfaces
Cell fractionation ~ cell separation; organelle
study
Ultracentrifuge ~ cell fractionation; 130,000rpm
A cell is a living unit greater
than the sum of its parts
◦While the cell has many structures that have
specific functions, they must work together.
◦Cell Theory
◦Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
◦All cell arise from other cells
◦All living things are made of one or more cells
Cell Types: Prokaryotic
Domains: Bacteria and Archaea
Nucleoid: DNA concentration
No membrane bound organelles
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
Plasma membrane: (all cells); semi-
permeable
Cytoplasm/cytosol(all cells)
A Typical Bacterial Cell
Cell types: Eukaryotic
Kingdom: Protist, fungi, Plants, and Animals
Nucleus: membrane enclosed

organelle containing chromosomes
Membrane bound organelles of
specialized form and function
Generally larger than prokaryotic
cells
Cell Size
As cell size increases, the surface area

to volume ratio decreases (as well as the
% Diffusion)
Rates of chemical exchange may then
be inadequate for cell size
Cell size, therefore, remains small
Nucleus
Genetic material…
 chromatin
 Chromosomes
 Nucleolus: rRNA;
ribosome synthesis
Nuclear Envelope:
double membrane
with pores
mRNA~ protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Protein manufacture
Types: a) free cytosol; protein function in
cell
b) bound: on ER; proteins function
in
membranes, organelles and
export
Ribosomes
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
Continuous with nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
 no ribosomes
 Synthesis of lipids
 Metabolism of carbohydrates
 Detoxification of drugs &poisons
Rough ER
 With ribosomes
 Synthesis of secretory proteins
(glycoproteins)
 Membrane production
RER
SER
The Golgi apparatus
ER products are modified, stored, and

then shipped to either: lysosomes, central
vacuole, plasma membrane
Cisternae: flattened membranous sacs
Trans face(shipping) & cis face (receiving)
Transport vesicles
Lysosomes
Sac of hydrolytic
enzymes; digestion of
macromolecules
Phagocytosis
Autophagy: recycle cell’s
own organic material
Tay-Sachs disease~
lipid digestions disorder
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound
sacs(larger than vesicles)
Food (phagocytosis)
Contractile (pump excess
water)
Central (storage in plants
as well as lysosomal functions)
 Tonoplast membrane
Other Membranous Organelles
1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers

of cells
• Both organelles have small quantities of DNA that direct the synthesis of
the polypeptides produced by their internal ribosomes.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts grow and reproduce as semiautonomous
organelles.
2. Peroxisomes generate and degrade H2O2 in performing various

metabolic functions
• What enzyme breaks down H2O2?
Mitochondria (Powerhouse of
the Cell)
Site of cellular respiration
have a smooth outer membrane and a highly
folded inner membrane, the cristae
inner membrane encloses the
mitochondrial matrix, a fluid-filled space
with DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
Chloroplasts
found in plants, and eukaryotic algae
(protista)
site of photosynthesis.
Inside the innermost membrane is a
fluid-filled space, the stroma, in which
float membranous sacs, the thylakoids.
Peroxisomes
◦generate and degrade H2O2 in
performing various metabolic
functions
◦bounded by a single membrane.
◦They form not from the endomembrane
system, but by incorporation of proteins
and lipids from the cytosol.
Peroxisomes
The Cytoskeleton
◦Providing structural support to the cell,

the cytoskeleton also functions in cell
motility and regulation
◦There are three main types of fibers in the
cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments,
and intermediate filaments.
The Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
◦the thickest fibers, are hollow
rods about 25 microns in
diameter.
◦They move chromosomes

during cell division.
◦Another function is
as tracks that guide
motor proteins
carrying organelles
to their destination.
Microtubules
◦In many cells, microtubules grow
out from a centrosome near the
nucleus.
◦In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of
centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules
arranged in a ring.
◦During cell division the centrioles replicate.
Cilia and Flagella.
◦Microtubules are the central structural

support
◦Cilia usually occur in large numbers on
the cell surface.
◦There are usually just one or a few
flagella per cell
Cilia
A flagellum has an undulatory
movement
Cilia move more like oars with
alternating power and recovery
strokes.
have the same ultrastructure.
Microfilaments
◦the thinnest class of the
cytoskeletal fibers,
are solid rods of the globular
protein
actin.
•designed to resist tension

form a three-dimensional
network just inside
the plasma membrane.
Microfilaments
◦In muscle cells, thousands of actin filaments are arranged
parallel to one another.
◦Thicker filaments, composed of a motor protein, myosin,
interdigitate with the thinner actin fibers
Microfilaments
◦In other cells, these actin-myosin aggregates are less
organized but still cause localized contraction
•Pseudopodia, cellular extensions, extend and

contract through the reversible assembly and
contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments.
Microfilaments
◦In plant cells (and others), actin-myosin
interactions and sol-gel transformations drive
cytoplasmic streaming.
Intermediate filaments
◦more permanent fixtures

of the cytoskeleton than
are the other two classes
◦reinforce cell shape
◦and fix organelle location.
Cell Surfaces and Junctions
1. Plant cells are encased by cell walls

2. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions
in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
3. Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher
levels of structure and function
4. The cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts
Plant cells are encased by
cell walls
◦The cell wall, found in prokaryotes, fungi,
and some protists, has multiple functions.
◦In plants, the cell wall protects the cell,
maintains its shape, and prevents
excessive uptake of water.
◦It also supports the plant against the force
of gravity.
A mature cell wall consists of a primary cell wall, a
middle lamella with sticky polysaccharides that holds cell
together, and layers of secondary cell wall.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal
cells functions in support, adhesion,
movement, and regulation
◦In many
cells,
fibronectins
in the ECM
connect to
integrins,
intrinsic
membrane
proteins.
Intracellular junctions help
integrate cells into higher levels
of structure and function
◦Plant cells are
perforated with
plasmodesmata,
channels allowing
cysotol to pass
between cells.
Animal have 3 main types of intercellular links:
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
◦In tight
junctions,
membranes of
adjacent cells are
fused, forming
continuous belts
around cells.
◦This prevents
leakage of
extracellular fluid.
Desmosomes (or anchoring junctions) fasten
cells together into strong sheets, much like
rivets.
Gap junctions (or communicating

junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels
between adjacent cells.

Lecture 3 Tour of The Celll

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 3 Tour of The Celll

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 3 Tour of The Celll

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A TOUR OF THE CELL

Cytology: science/study of cells

Nucleus: membrane enclosed

As cell size increases, the surface area

ER products are modified, stored, and

1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers

2. Peroxisomes generate and degrade H2O2 in performing various

◦Providing structural support to the cell,

◦They move chromosomes

◦Microtubules are the central structural

•designed to resist tension

•Pseudopodia, cellular extensions, extend and

◦more permanent fixtures

1. Plant cells are encased by cell walls

Gap junctions (or communicating

You might also like