Water Treatment Process

WATER TREATMENT
PROCESS
INTRODUCTION
WHY IT IS NEEDED ?
• TO KILL ALL PATHOGENIC GERMS, WHICH ARE HARMFUL TO HUMAN HEALTH.
• TO REMOVE THE UNPLEASANT AND OBJECTIONABLE TASTE AND ODOURS FROM THE WATER
.
• TO REMOVE DISSOLVED GASES ,COLOUR OF WATER.
• TO MAKE WATER FIT FOR DOMESTIC, INDUSTRIAL, AND COMMERCIAL USES.
• TO REMOVE MICRO ORGANISM AND COLLOIDAL MATTERS.

COLLECTION OF SEWAGE
• A SYSTEM OF SEWER PIPES (SEWERS) COLLECTS SEWAGE AND TAKES IT FOR
TREATMENT OR DISPOSAL.
• THE SYSTEM OF SEWERS IS CALLED SEWERAGE OR SEWERAGE SYSTEM.
• WHERE A MAIN SEWERAGE SYSTEM HAS NOT BEEN PROVIDED, SEWAGE MAY BE
COLLECTED FROM HOMES BY PIPES INTO SEPTIC TANKS OR CESSPITS, WHERE IT
MAY BE TREATED OR COLLECTED IN VEHICLES AND TAKEN FOR TREATMENT OR
DISPOSAL.
• PROPERLY FUNCTIONING SEPTIC TANKS REQUIRE EMPTYING EVERY 2–5 YEARS
DEPENDING ON THE LOAD OF THE SYSTEM.
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
• SEWERAGE SYSTEM, NETWORK OF PIPES, PUMPS, AND FORCE MAINS FOR THE COLLECTION
OF WASTEWATER, OR SEWAGE, FROM A COMMUNITY.
• MODERN SEWERAGE SYSTEMS FALL UNDER TWO CATEGORIES:
(A). DOMESTIC
(B). INDUSTRIAL SEWERS
(C). STORM SEWERS.
• SOMETIMES A COMBINED SYSTEM PROVIDES ONLY ONE NETWORK OF PIPES, MAINS, AND
OUTFALL SEWERS FOR ALL TYPES OF SEWAGE AND RUNOFF.
• THE PREFERRED SYSTEM, HOWEVER, PROVIDES ONE NETWORK OF SEWERS FOR DOMESTIC
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE, WHICH IS GENERALLY TREATED BEFORE DISCHARGE, AND A
SEPARATE NETWORK FOR STORM RUNOFF, WHICH MAY BE DIVERTED TO TEMPORARY
DETENTION BASINS OR PIPED DIRECTLY TO A POINT OF DISPOSAL IN A STREAM OR RIVER.
SEWERAGE SYSTEM TYPES
• IT IS THE SYSTEM AND INFRASTRUCTURE OF COLLECTING, TREATING AND
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE.
• THERE ARE THREE SEWERAGE SYSTEMS TYPES:-
1. SEPARATE SYSTEM.
2. PARTIALLY SEPARATED SYSTEM.
3. COMBINED SYSTEM.
1.Separate System :
• IN THIS SYSTEM THE SANITARY SEWAGE AND STORM WATER

ARE CARRIED SEPARATELY IN TWO SETS OF SEWERS.
• THE SEWAGE IS CONVEYED TO WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT (WWTP) AND THE STORM WATER IS DISCHARGES INTO
RIVERS WITHOUT TREATMENT.
• THE SEPARATED SYSTEM IS SUITABLE WHEN SEPARATE
OUTLET FOR STORM WATER IS AVAILABLE AND THE
TOPOGRAPHY IS SUCH THAT STORM WATER CAN BE DISPOSED
OF IN NATURAL DRAINS.
2.Partially Separated System :
• THIS SYSTEM IS THE COMPROMISE BETWEEN SEPARATE AND
COMBINE SYSTEM TAKING THE ADVANTAGES OF BOTH SYSTEMS.
• IN THIS SYSTEM THE SEWAGE AND STORM WATER OF BUILDINGS
ARE CARRIED BY ONE SET OF SEWERS WHILE THE STORM WATER
FROM ROADS, STREETS, PAVEMENTS ETC ARE CARRIED BY OTHER
SYSTEM OF SEWERS USUALLY OPEN DRAINS.
• ADVANTAGES :
• IT COMBINES THE GOOD FEATURES OF BOTH SYSTEMS.
• THE SILTING IS AVOIDED DUE TO ENTRY OF STORM WATER.
• THE STORM WATER FROM HOUSES IS EASILY DISPOSED OFF.
• THE SEWERS ARE OF REASONABLE SIZE.
3.COMBINED SYSTEM:
• IN THIS SYSTEM THE SEWAGE AND STORM
WATER ARE CARRIED COMBINE IN ONLY ONE
SET OF SEWERS TO THE WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP) BEFORE
DISPOSAL.
• ADVANTAGES :
• EASY CLEANING BECAUSE OF LARGER
DIAMETER.
• REASONABLE MAINTENANCE COST.
STRENGTH OF SEWAGE IS REDUCED DUE TO
DILUTION OF SEWAGE BY STORM WATER.
• THIS SYSTEM REQUIRES ONLY ONE SET OF
SEWER MAKING IT ECONOMICAL.
WATER TREATMENT
• WHEN SEWAGE WAS DUMPED INTO WATERWAYS, A NATURAL PROCESS OF PURIFICATION
BEGAN.
• FIRST, THE SHEER VOLUME OF CLEAN WATER IN THE STREAM DILUTED WASTES. BACTERIA
AND OTHER SMALL ORGANISMS IN THE WATER CONSUMED THE SEWAGE AND OTHER
ORGANIC MATTER, TURNING IT INTO NEW BACTERIAL CELLS CARBON DIOXIDE AND OTHER
PRODUCTS.
• TODAY’S HIGHER POPULATIONS AND GREATER VOLUME OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER REQUIRE THAT COMMUNITIES GIVE NATURE A HELPING HAND.
• THE BASIC FUNCTION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT IS TO SPEED UP THE NATURAL
PROCESSES BY WHICH WATER IS PURIFIED.
• THERE ARE TWO BASIC STAGES IN THE TREATMENT OF WASTES,
(A).PRIMARY.
(B). SECONDARY.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
• AS SEWAGE ENTERS A PLANT FOR TREATMENT, IT FLOWS
THROUGH A SCREEN, WHICH REMOVES LARGE FLOATING
OBJECTS SUCH AS RAGS AND STICKS THAT MIGHT CLOG PIPES
OR DAMAGE EQUIPMENT.
• AFTER SEWAGE HAS BEEN SCREENED, IT PASSES INTO A GRIT
CHAMBER, WHERE CINDERS, SAND, AND SMALL STONES
SETTLE TO THE BOTTOM.
• A GRIT CHAMBER IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN
COMMUNITIES WITH COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS WHERE
SAND OR GRAVEL MAY WASH INTO SEWERS ALONG WITH
STORM WATER.
• AFTER SCREENING IS COMPLETED AND GRIT HAS BEEN
REMOVED, SEWAGE STILL CONTAINS ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC MATTER ALONG WITH OTHER SUSPENDED
Primary Treatment
• THESE SOLIDS ARE MINUTE PARTICLES THAT CAN BE REMOVED FROM SEWAGE IN A
SEDIMENTATION TANK.
• WHEN THE SPEED OF THE FLOW THROUGH ONE OF THESE TANKS IS REDUCED, THE
SUSPENDED SOLIDS WILL GRADUALLY SINK TO THE BOTTOM, WHERE THEY FORM A MASS
OF SOLIDS CALLED RAW PRIMARY BIOSOLIDS FORMERLY SLUDGE).
• BIOSOLIDS ARE USUALLY REMOVED FROM TANKS BY PUMPING, AFTER WHICH IT MAY BE
FURTHER TREATED FOR USE AS A FERTILIZER, OR DISPOSED OF IN A LAND FILL OR
INCINERATED.
• OVER THE YEARS, PRIMARY TREATMENT ALONE HAS BEEN UNABLE TO MEET MANY
COMMUNITIES’ DEMANDS FOR HIGHER WATER QUALITY.
• TO MEET THEM, CITIES AND INDUSTRIES NORMALLY TREAT TO A SECONDARY TREATMENT
LEVEL, AND IN SOME CASES, ALSO USE ADVANCED TREATMENT TO REMOVE NUTRIENTS
AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS.
SECONDARY TREATMENT
• THE SECONDARY STAGE OF TREATMENT REMOVES
ABOUT 85 PERCENT OF THE ORGANIC MATTER IN SEWAGE
BY MAKING USE OF THE BACTERIA IN IT.
• THE PRINCIPAL SECONDARY TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
USED IN SECONDARY TREATMENT ARE THE TRICKLING
FILTER AND THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
• AFTER EFFLUENT LEAVES THE SEDIMENTATION TANK IN
THE PRIMARY STAGE IT FLOWS OR IS PUMPED TO A
FACILITY USING ONE OR THE OTHER OF THESE
PROCESSES.
• A TRICKLING FILTER IS SIMPLY A BED OF STONES FROM
THREE TO SIX FEET DEEP THROUGH WHICH SEWAGE
PASSES.
Secondary Treatment
• MORE RECENTLY, INTERLOCKING PIECES OF CORRUGATED PLASTIC OR OTHER SYNTHETIC MEDIA HAVE
ALSO BEEN USED IN TRICKLING BEDS.
• BACTERIA GATHER AND MULTIPLY ON THESE STONES UNTIL THEY CAN CONSUME MOST OF THE ORGANIC
MATTER.
• THE CLEANER WATER TRICKLES OUT THROUGH PIPES FOR FURTHER TREATMENT. FROM A TRICKLING
FILTER, THE PARTIALLY TREATED SEWAGE FLOWS TO ANOTHER SEDIMENTATION TANK TO REMOVE EXCESS
BACTERIA.
• THE TREND TODAY IS TOWARDS THE USE OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS INSTEAD OF TRICKLING
FILTERS. THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS SPEEDS UP THE WORK OF THE BACTERIA BY BRINGING AIR
AND SLUDGE HEAVILY LADEN WITH BACTERIA INTO CLOSE CONTACT WITH SEWAGE.
• AFTER THE SEWAGE LEAVES THE SETTLING TANK IN THE PRIMARY STAGE, IT IS PUMPED INTO AN
AERATION TANK, WHERE IT IS MIXED WITH AIR AND SLUDGE LOADED WITH BACTERIA AND ALLOWED TO
REMAIN FOR SEVERAL HOURS.
• DURING THIS TIME, THE BACTERIA BREAK DOWN THE ORGANIC MATTER INTO HARMLESS BY-PRODUCTS.
THE SLUDGE, NOW ACTIVATED WITH ADDITIONAL BILLIONS OF BACTERIA AND OTHER TINY ORGANISMS,
CAN BE USED AGAIN BY RETURNING IT TO THE AERATION TANK FOR MIXING WITH AIR AND NEW SEWAGE.
• FROM THE AERATION TANK, THE PARTIALLY TREATED SEWAGE FLOWS TO ANOTHER SEDIMENTATION TANK
FOR REMOVAL OF EXCESS BACTERIA
Secondary Treatment
• TO COMPLETE SECONDARY TREATMENT, EFFLUENT FROM THE SEDIMENTATION TANK IS USUALLY
DISINFECTED WITH CHLORINE BEFORE BEING DISCHARGED INTO RECEIVING WATERS.
• CHLORINE IS FED INTO THE WATER TO KILL PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, AND TO REDUCE ODOR.
• DONE PROPERLY, CHLORINATION WILL KILL MORE THAN 99 PERCENT OF THE HARMFUL
BACTERIA IN AN EFFLUENT.
• SOME MUNICIPALITIES NOW MANUFACTURE CHLORINE SOLUTION ON SITE TO AVOID
TRANSPORTING AND STORING LARGE AMOUNTS OF CHLORINE, SOMETIMES IN A GASEOUS FORM.
• MANY STATES NOW REQUIRE THE REMOVAL OF EXCESS CHLORINE BEFORE DISCHARGE TO
SURFACE WATERS BY A PROCESS CALLED DECHLORINATION.
• ALTERNATIVES TO CHLORINE DISINFECTION, SUCH AS ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT OR OZONE, ARE ALSO
BEING USED IN SITUATIONS WHERE CHLORINE IN TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENTS MAY BE
HARMFUL TO FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC LIFE.
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS
• NEW POLLUTION PROBLEMS HAVE PLACED ADDITIONAL BURDENS ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
TODAY’S POLLUTANTS, SUCH AS HEAVY METALS, CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES, ARE MORE
DIFFICULT TO REMOVE FROM WATER.
• RISING DEMANDS ON THE WATER SUPPLY ONLY AGGRAVATE THE PROBLEM. THE INCREASING NEED TO REUSE
WATER CALLS FOR BETTER WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
• THESE CHALLENGES ARE BEING MET THROUGH BETTER METHODS OF REMOVING POLLUTANTS AT TREATMENT
PLANTS, OR THROUGH PREVENTION OF POLLUTION AT THE SOURCE.
• PRETREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE, FOR EXAMPLE, REMOVES MANY TROUBLESOME POLLUTANTS AT THE
BEGINNING, NOT THE END, OF THE PIPELINE.
• TO RETURN MORE USABLE WATER TO RECEIVING LAKES AND STREAMS, NEW METHODS FOR REMOVING
POLLUTANTS ARE BEING DEVELOPED.
• ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT TECHNIQUES IN USE OR UNDER DEVELOPMENT RANGE FROM BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT CAPABLE OF REMOVING NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS TO PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL SEPARATION
TECHNIQUES SUCH FILTRATION, CARBON ADSORPTION, DISTILLATION, AND REVERSE OSMOSIS.
• THESE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION, CAN ACHIEVE ALMOST ANY DEGREE
OF POLLUTION CONTROL DESIRED, WASTE EFFLUENTS PURIFIED BY SUCH TREATMENT, CAN BE USED FOR
INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, OR RECREATIONAL PURPOSES, OR EVEN DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES.
Typical steps in modern wastewater treatment
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Water Treatment Process

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WATER TREATMENT

• TO KILL ALL PATHOGENIC GERMS, WHICH ARE HARMFUL TO HUMAN HEALTH.

• TO MAKE WATER FIT FOR DOMESTIC, INDUSTRIAL, AND COMMERCIAL USES.

• TO REMOVE MICRO ORGANISM AND COLLOIDAL MATTERS.

• IN THIS SYSTEM THE SANITARY SEWAGE AND STORM WATER

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