Poverty and Inequality Presentation

Poverty and Inequality
Introduction
 Nowadays, the entire world is making enormous
steps in overwhelming worldwide poverty.
Earlier more than 20% of the population in the
world is under the extreme poverty, and it is a
huge issue for the whole world, since a large
number of individuals die every year because of
this big issue. Further, it hinders the economic
growth of a nation that a segment of the
people has been financially vulnerable.
 It has become a social, political, and economic
issue all over the world especially in the
developing and third-world nations, and has
been influencing on individuals, who are living
with the minimum level of standards. But,
currently less than 10% of the global population
live in extreme poverty who are surviving on
$1.90 a day or less (World Vision, 2018a). In the
past years, there has been a growing concern
about the rising income inequalities with
particularly stark rises in inequality in the US
and also substantial widening of the income gap
in Europe.
 The relevance of the widening of income has not
only caught the political and scholarly attention
but is heavily discussed nowadays on the streets,
with most prominent manifestation of such
protests being the ‘Occupy Wall Street’-
movement. This movement and its widely-cited
slogan “We are the 99%” refers specifically to a
growing unequal distribution of wealth.
Definitions of Poverty and Inequality
 Poverty:- According to the existing literature,
various kinds or classes of poverty definitions and
indicators are available. Due to the
multidimensional nature of the poverty, it is
deﬁned and estimated in a huge number of ways.
 However, both social policies, and poverty
investigations utilize a varied assortment of
poverty explanations, but all of them might be
categorized under one of the given classifications;
 “Poverty is having less than an objectively
defined, absolute minimum”
 “Poverty is having less than others in society, in
relative terms”
 “Poverty is feeling you do not have enough to get
along”
The first group of definitions is absolute, while
second group is relative. The combination of both
absolute and relative poverty are included in the
third group. Characterizing the degree of poverty
based on the various explanations under the above
given classifications might bring about various
evaluations of the quantity of poor individuals in
the population.
Absolute Poverty Approach
 This approach to characterizing poverty starts
with the “minimum subsistence” concept which
is described as, “some bundles of goods and
services that are regarded as essential to the
physical need of an individual or a family”
(Eskelinen, 2011, p. 1). The individuals who
cannot afford these goods and services due to
lack of the ample monetary assets are viewed
as poor.
Relativist Poverty Approach
 As per the relativist poverty method to
describing poverty, “the mean or median value
of national income represents the economic
indicator which corresponds to the
dominant life style. An individual or a family
whose income is less than that value can be
defined as being on the poverty threshold.
 For instance, an individual or household with
less than 50% of the average after-tax income

could be defined as poor.
Inequality:- refers to the unequal distribution of
resources, opportunities, and privileges among
individuals or groups within a society. This can
manifest in various forms, including economic,
social, and political inequalities.
 Economic Inequality is often measured by income
and wealth disparities. It refers to the extent to

which income is distributed unevenly among a
population.
 Social Inequality encompasses disparities in
access to education, healthcare, and other social

services.
 Political Inequality: involves unequal influence
over decision-making processes and access to
political power. It can be seen in the under
representation of certain groups in political
institutions and the unequal influence of wealth
on political outcomes.
Concept and theory of poverty
Poverty is a complex and multifaceted issue that has
been studied across various disciplines, each offering
different perspectives and theories. poverty is the state
of lacking sufficient resources to meet basic needs such
as food, shelter, and clothing.
Several theories attempt to explain the
causes and persistence of poverty these are:-
 Individualistic Theories: these theories
attribute poverty to personal failings, such
as lack of skills, education, or
motivation. They often focus on individual
behaviors and choices .
 Structural Theories: these theories
emphasize the role of societal structures
and institutions in creating and
perpetuating poverty. Factors such as
economic inequality, lack of access to
education, and discrimination are
highlighted.
 Cultural Theories: these theories suggest
that poverty is perpetuated by a culture
of poverty, where values, beliefs, and
behaviors are passed down from
generation to generation, making it
difficult for individuals to break out of the
cycle .
Determinates of poverty
Poverty is a complex issue influenced by a variety
of factors. Here are some key determinants:
 Economic Factors: Low income, unemployment,
and underemployment are primary economic

drivers of poverty. Economic instability and lack
of access to financial resources can perpetuate
poverty cycles .
 Social Factors: Social determinants include
education, health care access, and social

exclusion. Limited access to quality education
and health services can hinder opportunities
for economic advancement .
 Geographical Factors: Poverty often
occurs in concentrated areas, such as
rural regions or urban slums, where
there is limited access to resources like
clean water, sanitation, and housing .
 Political Factors: Governance, political
stability, and policy decisions
significantly impact poverty
levels. Corruption and ineffective
policies can exacerbate poverty.
 Cultural Factors: Cultural norms and
values can influence poverty, particularly
in societies where certain groups face
discrimination or social exclusion
 Environmental Factors: Natural
disasters, climate change, and
environmental degradation can
destroy livelihoods and push people
into poverty. So that, Addressing
poverty requires a multifaceted
approach that considers these various
determinants.
Concept and theory of Inequality
 Inequality refers to the uneven allocation of
resources, opportunities, and socio-economic
prosperity within families and individuals across the
nation. This subject place emphasis on the
diversities of living circumstances, resource and
service accessibility, and overall quality of life
among diverse households, primarily based on the
differences between urban and rural areas.
Determinates of inequality
 The investigation of disparities in welfare among
households is a crucial initial step in
comprehending the socio-economic differences and
developing effective policies for poverty alleviation.
Numerous empirical studies have been conducted
regarding this matter, specifically concentrating on
the determinants of inequalities between urban
and rural areas. These determinants comprise
income, consumption, education, gender,
accessibility of services and other factors that
impact the well-being of households.
 In addition, the accessibility of services, such as
healthcare, water, sanitation, and electricity, plays a
crucial role in determining inequalities. According
to research, urban households tend to have better
access to these services than their rural
counterparts.
Conclusion
 If any individual country suffers with extreme
poverty, it has a risk to the survival, stability, and
improvement of the humankind and world.
Nowadays, globalization can play a significant role
to make a bridge for connecting nations thus, any
nations’ instability can legitimately and
profoundly influence the steadiness of other
nations. The global network has to hold hands to
alleviate poverty with numerous governmental
and non-governmental anti-poverty
organizations that operate both regionally and
internationally.
 The war against poverty is not simple to end and
take time, money, human resources and energy.
Once more, poor people and vulnerable groups
ought to be educated to be completely mindful of
their circumstance to that they can beat poverty
themselves. At the point when entire world
should grab hands in solving this global issue
and then, the unending circle of poverty would
be terminated certainly in near future. But,
every nation ought to be liable for finding
fitting approaches to beat poverty before getting
supports from different nations.
 Overall, addressing inequality requires a
multifaceted approach that considers economic,
social, and cultural dimensions. Policymakers must
focus on creating inclusive policies that promote
equitable growth and address the underlying factors
contributing to poverty and inequality. Future
research should continue to explore the intersections
of these various dimensions to develop more
comprehensive strategies for mitigating this
problems.
THANK YOU

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Poverty and Inequality

less than 50% of the average after-tax income

and wealth disparities. It refers to the extent to

access to education, healthcare, and other social

and underemployment are primary economic

education, health care access, and social

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