Applications of Microprocessor

Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters

• In most of the cases, the PIO 8255 is used for interfacing
the analog to digital converters with microprocessor.
• We have already studied 8255 interfacing with 8086 as
an I/O port, in previous section. This section we will only
emphasize the interfacing techniques of analog to digital
converters with 8255.
• The analog to digital converters is treaded as an input
device by the microprocessor, that sends an initialising
signal to the ADC to start the analogy to digital data
conversation process. The start of conversation signal is
a pulse of a specific duration.
• The process of analog to digital conversion is a
slow process, and the microprocessor has to
wait for the digital data till the conversion is
over. After the conversion is over, the ADC
sends end of conversion EOC signal to inform
the microprocessor that the conversion is over
and the result is ready at the output buffer of
the ADC. These tasks of issuing an SOC pulse
to ADC, reading EOC signal from the ADC and
reading the digital output of the ADC are
carried out by the CPU using 8255 I/O ports.
 ADC 0808/0809 :
• The ADC 0808/0809 is an 8-bit analog to digital converter. It has 8
channel multiplexer to interface with the microprocessor.
• This chip is popular and widely used ADC. ADC 0808/0809 is a monolithic
CMOS device. This device uses successive approximation technique to
convert analog signal to digital form. One of the main advantage of this
chip is that it does not require any external zero and full scale
adjustment, only +5V DC supply is sufficient.
• The analog to digital converter chips 0808 and 0809 are 8- bit CMOS,
successive approximation converters. This technique is one of the fast
techniques for analog to digital conversion. The conversion delay is
100µs at a clock frequency of 640 KHz, which is quite low as compared
to other converters. These converters do not need any external zero or
full scale adjustments as they are already taken care of by internal
circuits. These converters internally have a 3:8 analog multiplexer so that
at a time eight different analog conversion by using address lines - ADD
A, ADD B, ADD C.
• Using these address inputs, multichannel data acquisition system
can be designed using a single ADC. The CPU may drive these
lines using output port lines in case of multichannel applications.
In case of single input applications, these may be hardwired to
select the proper input.
• There are unipolar analog to digital converters, i.e. they are able
to convert only positive analog input voltage to their digital
equivalent. These chips do no contain any internal sample and
hold circuit.
• Features of ADC 0808/0809:-
 The conversion speed is much higher.
 The accuracy is also high.
 It has minimal temperature dependence.
 Excellent long term accuracy and repeatability.
 Less power consumption
functional block diagram of this chip:
 Interfacing ADC with 8085 Microprocessor
• To interface the ADC with 8085, we need 8255
Programmable Peripheral Interface chip with it. Let
us see the circuit diagram of connecting 8085, 8255
and the ADC converter.
• The PortA of 8255 chip is used as the input
port. The PC7 pin of Port Cupper is connected to
the End of Conversion (EOC) Pin of the analog
to digital converter. This port is also used as
input port. The Clower port is used as output
port. The PC2-0 lines are connected to three
address pins of this chip to select input
channels. The PC3 pin is connected to the Start
of Conversion (SOC) pin and ALE pin of ADC
0808/0809.
A program to generate digital signal from analog
data.We are using IN0 as input pin, so the pin selection
value will be 00H.
MVI A, 98H ; Set Port A and Cupper as input, CLower as output
OUT 03H ; Write control word 8255-I to control Word register
XRA A ; Clear the accumulator
OUT 02H ; Send the content of Acc to Port Clower to select
IN0
MVI A, 08H ; Load the accumulator with 08H
OUT 02H ; ALE and SOC will be 0
XRA A ; Clear the accumulator
OUT 02H ; ALE and SOC will be low.
READ: IN 02H ; Read from EOC (PC7)
RAL ; Rotate left to check C7 is 1.
JNC READ ; If C7 is not 1, go to READ
IN 00H ; Read digital output of ADC
STA 8000H ; Save result at 8000H
HLT ; Stop the program
 DAC Interfacing with 8085 Microprocessor
DAC 0800 Features :
• To convert the digital signal to analog signal a Digital-to-Analog
Converter (DAC) has to be employed.
• The DAC will accept a digital (binary) input and convert to
analog voltage or current.
• Every DAC will have "n" input lines and an analog output.
• The DAC require a reference analog voltage (Vref) or current
(Iref) source.
• The smallest possible analog value that can be represented by
the n-bit binary code is called resolution.
• The resolution of DAC with n-bit binary input is 1/2nof reference
analog value.
• The DAC0800 is an 8-bit, high speed, current output DAC with a
typical settling time (conversion time) of 100 ns.
• It produces complementary current output, which can be
converted to voltage by using simple resistor load.
• The DAC0800 require a positive and a negative supply
voltage in the range of ± 5V to ±18V.
• It can be directly interfaced with TTL, CMOS, PMOS and
other logic families.
• For TTL input, the threshold pin should be tied to ground
(VLC = 0V).
• The reference voltage and the digital input will decide the
analog output current, which can be converted to a voltage
by simply connecting a resistor to output terminal or by
using an op-amp I to V converter.
• The DAC0800 is available as a 16-pin IC in DIP.
 Interfacing 7(Seven) Segment Display to 8085
Microprocessor

An output device which is very common is,

especially in the kit of 8085 microprocessor and it is
the Light Emitting Diode consisting of seven
segments. Moreover, we have eight segments in a
LED display consisting of 7 segments which includes
‘.’, consisting of character 8 and having a decimal
point just next to it. We denote the segments as ‘a,
b, c, d, e, f, g, and dp’ where dp signifies ‘.’ which is
the decimal point. Moreover, these are LEDs or
together a series of Light Emitting Diodes. We have
shown the internal circuit comprising of a display of
seven segment is as shown in Fig 2
• A 7-segment display is as shown in the
following Fig.
• There are two types of 7-segment LED: They are the
common anode type and the common cathode type. We
have discussed the common anode-type which is 7
segmented Light Emitting Diode. In the LED which is
common anode and is 7-segmented, here we connect all
the eight LED anodes together and the eight external pin is
brought to display. And this pin gets connected to a DC
supply of +5 Volt. The cathode ends of the eight segments
are brought out on the pins of the display.
• The use of 74373 latch for interfacing a 7-segment display
is shown in the following Fig.
Here we are not decoding the entire address bus. Instead, we used only
least significant 4 bits to decode the input and output devices. It creates a
problem called foldback where a device has multiple addresses. Since we
are not using this interface in any other application, we can sometimes use
linear decoding also like this.
 Stepper motor Interfacing/Control using
8085
• Stepper Motor A stepper motor is a device that
translates electrical pulses into mechanical
movement in steps of fixed step angle.
• The stepper motor rotates in steps in response to
the applied signals.
• It is mainly used for position control.
• It is used in disk drives, dot matrix printers,
plotters and robotics and process control circuits.