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    Sol 114 Lecture Unit 1 Lecture 3

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    Agnibha Sinha

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    Sol 114 Lecture Unit 1 Lecture 3

    Uploaded by

    Agnibha Sinha
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    7 views21 pages

    Sol 114 Lecture Unit 1 Lecture 3

    Uploaded by

    Agnibha Sinha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Fundamentals o f Soil Science

    Course Code: Sol 114


    Unit I- Lecture 3

    AGNIBHA SINHA
    Assistant Professor
    Dept. Soil Science & Agril.
    Chemistry
    School of
    Agriculture
    Concept of Rocks and Minerals

    Defination of Rocks

    Concept
    covered Classification of Rocks

    Examples
    Rocks are the materials that form the essential
    Rock part of the Earth’s solid crust. “Rocks are hard
    Definition mass of mineral matter comprising one or more
    rock forming minerals”.

    Rocks are formed from


    the molten material
    known as magma.

    What is
    Petrology?
    The study of rocks is called
    Petrology (in Greek, petra
    means rock, logos means
    science). Petrology deals with
    the description of rocks;
    petrogenesis is the study of
    the origin of rocks.
    Cooling and
    consolidation of
    molten magma within
    or on the surface of
    earth = Igneous or
    Primary rocks
    Transportation and
    cementation of
    Formation of Rocks primary rocks =
    Sedimentary or
    Secondary rocks

    Alteration of the
    existing primary and
    secondary rocks =
    Metamorphic rocks
    Classifications of Rocks Rocks

    Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

    The
    composition 18 74 8%
    of the upper 5 % %
    km of the
    Earth’s Crust
    These are first formed in the earth crust due to the
    Igneous Rock solidification of molten magma on or beneath the
    surface of the earth. Based on the mode of
    formation, they are further classified as extrusive
    and intrusive rocks.
    These rocks are formed due to the
    consolidation of magma on the surface
    Extrusive rocks or volcanic rocks
    of the earth. The magma, when it flows
    on the Earth surface is called LAVA.
    E.g. Basalt.

    These rocks are produced due to


    solidification of magma below the
    Basalt surface of the earth. Plutonic – intrusive
    rocks solidifies at greater depth and
    Intrusive rocks or plutonic rocks
    Hypabyssal rocks solidifies at shallow
    depth from the surface. E.g. Granite,
    syenite, diorite, Gabbro etc. Rocks
    formed in vertical cracks are called
    dykes and in horizontal cracks are called
    Vesicular
    sills.Rocks:- Molten magma cools on the
    surface. Steam of water is entrapped into
    Granite rocks and forms vesicles.
    Differentiate between Volcanic and Plutonic rocks

    Volcanic Rock Plutonic Rock


    1. Formed on the Surface of 1. Formed Within the earth
    the Earth. crust.
    2. Cooling of Magma is 2. Cooling of magma is slow
    quick. and time taken for
    crystallization is long.

    3. Fine size crystals formed. 3. Coarse crystals are


    formed.
    4. Mineral grains can be can 4. Mineral grains an be
    be observed only under a seen with naked eye.
    microscope or magnifying
    lenses.

    5. Rocks have glassy 5. Rocks have hard and


    structure. Example- Basalt, massive structure.
    Andesite. Example- Granite, Syenite.
    Based on silica
    content we can
    Igneous
    further classify the Rocks
    igneous rock

    Acidic Intermediate Basic

    >65% SiO2 40 to 55%


    (Granite, SiO2(Gabbr
    Gabbro Rhyolite) o, basalt)

    56 to 65% SiO2
    (Sub acid rocks 60 to 65% SiO2 (Syenite and Trachyte)
    (Sub basic rocks 56 to 60 % SiO2 (Diorite and Andesite)
    Sedimentary These rocks are formed from the consolidation
    Rocks of sediments accumulated through wind or
    water action at the surface of the earth. Many
    are deposited in layer or formed through
    Based on origin, chemical reactions as precipitates from
    sedimentary aqueous solutions. Sediments may contain
    rocks are various size particles cemented together by
    classified in to substances like SiO2, Fe2O3 or lime. These
    different groups rocks are also called as clastic rocks.

    Chemically Formed :-
    These are formed by
    Mechanical or evaporation or
    Residual:- When Detrietal :- precipitation of
    the products of Weathered material in sea or lake
    weathering settle fragments are water Formed through
    at that place transported , evaporation: - Halite
    where they have deposited in beds of (Rock salt) , Gypsum.
    been formed, varying thickness Formed through
    they form in to and cemented. Ex: precipitation and
    hard mass Ex:- Sand Stone, Shale, flocculation: - Lime
    Bauxite Conglomerate stone, Dolomite
    Four stages are recognized
    Formation of Sedimentary rocks:- in the formation of
    sedimentary rocks.

    Weathering:- The igneous rocks (Primary rocks) disintegrate


    owing to physical, chemical and biological weathering and
    provide basic materials for the formation of sedimentary
    rocks.

    Transportation:- The disintegrated material is transported by


    the agencies, such as water, wind, glaciers, runoff and gravity.
    Transportation is a function of speed of water

    Deposition or Sedimentation: The detrietal materials


    comprising minerals and rock fragments are deposited when
    the carrying agent has no longer energy enough to move it
    further. Coarser particles settle first and the finer particles
    later. This kind of deposition is called ‘graded bedding’

    Digenesis:- It refers to the transformation of unconsolidated


    sediments to hard rock. It involves compaction and
    cementation.
    The word ‘metamorphic’ means “change in
    form”
    What is
    Metamorphosis is used as a
    Metamorphosis?
    general term for all those changes that
    alter more or less completely the original
    characters of rock.
    Formation Procedure

    Igneous and sedimentary rocks subjected to tremendous pressures


    and high temperatures succumb to metamorphism.

    The changes in the deeply buried rocks are brought about by the
    combined action of chemically active fluids, internal heat and
    pressure.
    The structure and mineralogical composition of metamorphic rocks
    depend on the composition of original rock and the kind of
    metamorphism.

    There are certain minerals such as tremolite, garnet, talc, mica and chlorite, which
    are the characteristics of metamorphic rocks. The banded or laminated character is
    the most peculiar feature of metamorphic rocks.
    Classification of Metamorphism

    Changes brought about by


    chemically activated waters -
    Hydro-metamorphism
    Ex: Sand stone to Quartzite;
    Granite or Basalt to Laterite.

    Changes brought about by


    Heat - Thermo-metamorphism
    Ex: Limestone to crystalline
    marble
    Changes brought about by Pressure - Dynamo -metamorphism
    Ex: Granite - Granite-gneiss (Partial foliation) Gneiss - Schist (Complete
    foliation); Shale - Slate

    Changes brought about by Heat & Pressure - Dynamo-thermal


    metamorphism
    Ex: crystalline gneisses, schists and marbles are formed.
    Foliated (Parallel structure)
    (Leaved or leafy): These rocks
    contain micas and ferro-
    magnesian minerals and show
    foliation as the minerals are
    flattened and arranged in
    parallel layers.
    Ex: Gneiss, Schist (Coarse
    grained); Phyllite (medium
    Classification of grained); Slate (Very fine
    Metamorphic grained)
    rocks
    Unfoliated (massive
    structure): These rocks
    contain quartz and feldspars
    and do not show foliation even
    under pressure because of
    large sized crystals.
    Ex: Talc-schist, amphibolite
    and graphite.
    Granit Gneis
    e s
    Basalt Schist
    Lets see who can answer the question

    Edaphology is ?
    a) study of origin of the soil, its classification and its description
    b) study of soil in relation to growth, nutrition and yield of crops.
    c) The study of rocks.
    d) None of these
    Lets see who can answer the question

    Who is called as Father of Soil Science?


    a)Dokuchaev b) Liebig
    c)Jethro Tull d) Winogradsky
    The no of textural classes are .
    a) 12
    b) 13
    c) 14
    d) 15

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