Chapter 1dealing With EMERGENCY

EMERGENCY CARE
&
FIRST AID
Revised
February
2019
Collected and Prepared

by:
GEORGE A. HADDAD
First Aid accredited instructor
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course Will allow the students

acquire the know - how of all the
potential emergency related
accidents that may threat lives
when attacking one or more of the
vital functions of human beings, It
is actually shaped of two parts:
A - Theoretical Knowledge.
B - Practical skills, to act in all kinds

of accidents to save lives and avoid
possible complications.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
 At the end of the course, student should be
able to:
 Use his acquired knowledge and skills in
order to reduce the risk of potential

complication resulting of all kinds of
emergencies and accidents.
 Understand the role of the first responder in
emergencies.
 Recognize injuries through signs and
symptoms, and the basic elements of how to

rescue.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
(2)
 Outline the functions and accomplish the
practical steps to be done, using basic
available material to accomplish an efficient
and timely first aid action.
 Classify the priorities, in case of multiple
casualties’ incidents.
 Ensure the safety of the accident site, and
his own protective steps.

 Keep self-control while calling for help, and
properly transmit the alert message.

 Design the rescue, and accomplish the pre -
hospitalization steps (Until the arrival of

paramedics or reaching appropriate medical
assistance)
CONTENT OF THE COURSE
A– Site & Casualty’s assessment
B – Various types of shocks and shock prevention
C – Muscular – Skeletal system’s injuries
D – Joints injuries and various types of bandages
E – Bleeding, external and internal
F – Skin injuries: Burns and Hypothermia
G - Poisoning
H – Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation:

AED
Chocking and circulatory accidents
I – carrying and transportation

WHO IS THE FIRST RESPONDER?
 The first person to reach the scene of an
accident or other emergency situation.
 The first person who decides to act to try to
help the victim(s) or patient(s).

 Can be ANY good citizen, even a 5-year old!
 It could be anyone of YOU
 The First-Responder in Lebanon:
 Every citizen should know how to be a first
responder
COMMON MISTAKES OF THE
FIRST RESPONDER IN LEBANON
 Doesn’t stop, acts without thinking
 Panics
 Runs away
 Tries to be a hero
 Moving the victims
 Provide drinks or medications
 Makes things worse
 Has wrong priorities
 Taking photos or selfies

ROLE OF THE CITIZEN FIRST
RESPONDER
 Recognizing that an emergency exists:
 Unusual noises, odors, sights, or behavior
 Analyze and understand the situation
 Deciding to ACT
STOP, THINK, ACT
 Stop…what you are doing

 Think…Analyze the situation
 Act…according to the situation and the rules you
will learn today.

P
One step to sa
P.A.S
ve aSlife
P…PROTECT
1. Protect yourself
2. Protect the scene
3. Protect the patient
How to protect??
1 - Gloves, mask, eyewear, etc..
2 – Signs, flashers, Triangle, cloth,
etc…
3 – victim’s personal items
DESCRIBE THE SCENE, IS IT
AFE?
12
SCENE SAFETY RULES
 Any environment that can potentially harm you, your
team and your patients.
 Pay particular attention to traffic.
13
 Unstable surfaces.
 Leaking fluids.
 Broken utility poles and downed electrical wires.
 Smoke or fire.
 Hazardous and toxic materials.

ALERTING
 Call « 140 » for the Red Cross.
14
 Call « 125 » for the Civil Defence in case of fire.
 Call « 112 » for the Police.
 Parents or someone close to the victim.

HOW TO CALL FOR THE RED
CROSS,
IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY
 Call 140.
 Be calm.
 Give your phone number.
15
 Give the exact location of the emergency scene.
 Give the numbers of the patients.
 Give the case and condition of the patient.
 Do not hang up the phone, unless the Red Cross operator tells you
so.
 When the Red Cross operator gives you the permission to hang up
the phone, do not use this phone until the ambulance arrives the
scene.
Withdrawal from burning car
SITE & CASUALTY’S
ASSESSMENT
 FACING EMERGENCIES Unexpected Accidents
 Self control
 SAFETY
 Situation’s Assessment / Priorities
 Call for help 140
 Vital signs (Primary assessment)
 Then: Other injuries ( Secondary
assessment)
C. A. – B.
C
DO NOT
 ► GIVE oral intake
 Someone who is
unconscious cannot
cough,
and consequently
could choke.
 ► Slap patient’s
face
 ► Leave patient
unattended
DO
 ► Check if airway is
always opened
 ► Check respiration
frequently
 ► Keep trying to
wake patient up
 ► Check vital signs
SITUATION ASSESSMENT
1- ASSESSS THE
SITUATION
Risk prevention
2-Assess the casualty
Is he visibly conscious?
Principal vital functions:
Conciseness/Breath/
Pulse.
 Is he conscious?
4 times are you OK

 Is he breathing(CHECK,
LISTEN & FEEL)
 Is his heart beating?
(pulse)
3-Assess the condition
 Call 140 for help
 Start first aid
 Unconscious but
breathing:
RECAPITULATION
Vital Critical Medical Term Critical Medical
Sign Upper Lower Term
Limit Limit
Pulse 120 Tachycardia 50 Bradycardia
Resp 30 Tachypnea 8 Bradypnea
Blood 15 Hypertension 8 Hypotension
Pressure
Temp 39 Fever 35 Hypothermia
Always compare these values to the patient’s normal rates

GLASGOW COMA SCORE
 The GCS assesses the level of consciousness
in a patient
 Minimum score is 3
 Maximum score is 15
 Test made up of 3 components:

 Eyes Open /4
 Best Verbal Response /5
 Best Motor Response /6
GLASGOW COMA SCORE
Eyes open Score
Spontaneously 4
To speech 3
To pain 2
Never 1
GLASGOW COMA SCORE
Best Verbal Response Score
Orientated 5
Confused 4
Inappropriate words 3
Incomprehensible
2
sounds
Silent 1
GLASGOW COMA SCORE
Best Motor Response Score
Obeys commands 6
Localises pain 5
Withdrawal from pain 4
Abnormal flexion 3
Extends to pain 2
No response 1
SHOCK
SHOCK CAN CAUSE DEATH
Shock can happen to

anyone who is badly
hurt or highly tensed.
For someone in Shock,

the heart, lungs, and
nervous system do not
work properly…
This will affect all other

functions of the body.
In consequence, the O2
will lack in the brain
causing the shock.
 People may die from
shock.
SHOCK (CONT.)
 What can cause shock?
A. A bad burn
B. A broken arm
C. Poisoning
D. Nearly drowning
E. A crushed foot
F. Being hurt in a car accident
G. Anxiety, stress
H. Bleeding
 *How you can tell if a hurt person is in shock?
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
 PALE Face * COLD & MOIST SKIN

 BLUE LIPS *COLD LIMBS
 Rapid Pulse & Breathing * Fainting & dizziness
ASSISTANCE & PREVENTION
 Ifyou don’t think a badly hurt person is
in shock anyway. It will help keep him
from going into shock.
 Shock prevention
1_ Calm the patient. (Psychological effect)
 2_ Lay - down the victim (Facilitate brain
circulation)
 3_ Cover the victim. (Preserve body
temperature)
 4_ Elevate victim’s legs. (30 – 45 degrees)
 The less his body has to work after being

hurt, the better off he will be.
VARIOUS TYPES OF CHOC
 Respiratory Shock
 Trauma to the respiratory tract (trachea,
lungs) that causes a reduction of oxygen and

carbon dioxide exchange. Body cells cannot
receive enough oxygen.
 Neurogenic Shock
 Injury or trauma to the nervous system
(spinal cord, brain). Nerve impulse to blood

vessels impaired, blood vessels remain
dilated and blood pressure decreases.
VARIOUS TYPES OF SHOCK
 Cardiogenic Shock
 Myocardial Infarction with damage to heart
muscle; heart unable to pump effectively.

Inadequate cardiac output. Body cells will lack
Oxygen.
Hemorrhagic Shock / Hypo volemic Shock
 Severe bleeding or loss of body fluid from
trauma, burns, surgery, or dehydration from

severe nausea and vomiting. Blood pressure
decreases, thus blood flow is reduced to cells,
tissue, and organs.
 Anaphylactic Shock
 Results from reaction to substance to which
patient is hypersensitive or allergic (allergen

VARIOUS TYPES OF SHOCK
 Metabolic Shock
 Body fluids unbalanced. acid-base balance
disturbed (diabetic coma or insulin shock).

 Psychogenic Shock
 Shock caused by overwhelming emotional
factors. Sudden dilation of blood vessels results

in fainting because of lack of blood supply to
the brain.
 Septic Shock
 An acute infection, usually systemic, that
overwhelms the body (toxic shock syndrome).

Poisonous substances accumulate in
bloodstream and blood pressure decreases,
impairing blood flow to cells, tissues, and

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EMERGENCY CARE

Collected and Prepared

This course Will allow the students

B - Practical skills, to act in all kinds

order to reduce the risk of potential

symptoms, and the basic elements of how to

his own protective steps.

properly transmit the alert message.

hospitalization steps (Until the arrival of

A– Site & Casualty’s assessment

B – Various types of shocks and shock prevention

C – Muscular – Skeletal system’s injuries

D – Joints injuries and various types of bandages

E – Bleeding, external and internal

F – Skin injuries: Burns and Hypothermia

H – Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation:

I – carrying and transportation

help the victim(s) or patient(s).

 It could be anyone of YOU

 The First-Responder in Lebanon:

 Every citizen should know how to be a first

 Moving the victims

 Provide drinks or medications

 Makes things worse

 Has wrong priorities

 Taking photos or selfies

 Stop…what you are doing

 Act…according to the situation and the rules you

will learn today.

 Pay particular attention to traffic.

 Broken utility poles and downed electrical wires.

 Hazardous and toxic materials.

 Call « 140 » for the Red Cross.

 Call « 112 » for the Police.

 Parents or someone close to the victim.

 Give your phone number.

 Give the numbers of the patients.

 Give the case and condition of the patient.

 Situation’s Assessment / Priorities

 Call for help 140

 Vital signs (Primary assessment)

 Then: Other injuries ( Secondary

4 times are you OK

Always compare these values to the patient’s normal rates

 Test made up of 3 components:

Eyes open Score

Best Verbal Response Score

Best Motor Response Score

Shock can happen to

For someone in Shock,

This will affect all other

 PALE Face * COLD & MOIST SKIN

 The less his body has to work after being

lungs) that causes a reduction of oxygen and

(spinal cord, brain). Nerve impulse to blood

muscle; heart unable to pump effectively.

trauma, burns, surgery, or dehydration from

 Results from reaction to substance to which

patient is hypersensitive or allergic (allergen