HAZARA UNIVERSITY

Component of Network

Dr. Muhammad Asad Khan Modern Telecommunication Systems

Dr. Muhammad Asad Khan 1
INTRODUCT
ION
• An access network, also known as
the local loop or last mile, is the
portion of a telecommunications
network that connects individual
subscribers to their immediate
service provider.
• This network facilitates
communication between end-users
(such as homes or businesses) and
the broader telecommunications
infrastructure, such as the Internet
or a public switched telephone
network (PSTN).

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Components of an Access
Network
1. Customer Premises Equipment (CPE):
• Devices located at the subscriber's premises, such as telephones, modems, routers, and set-top boxes.

2. Distribution Network:
• The infrastructure that carries the signals from the central office to the end users, including cables (fiber,
copper, coaxial) and wireless links.

3. Central Office (CO) or Local Exchange:

• The central point where subscribers' connections are aggregated and connected to the core network. It
houses switching equipment and other infrastructure.

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Types of Access Networks
1. Wired Access Networks:
• Copper (DSL): Uses existing telephone lines to provide internet and voice services. Common
DSL technologies include ADSL, VDSL.
• Fiber Optics (FTTx): Offers higher speeds and bandwidth compared to copper. Variants include
FTTH (Fiber to the Home), FTTB (Fiber to the Building), and FTTC (Fiber to the Curb).
• Coaxial Cable (HFC): Used primarily for cable television and internet services. Hybrid Fiber-
Coaxial (HFC) networks use fiber to distribute the signal to neighborhoods, and then coaxial
cable to individual homes.

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Types of Access Networks
2. Wireless Access Networks:
• Cellular Networks (3G, 4G, 5G): Mobile networks providing voice and data services using a
network of cell towers.
• Fixed Wireless Access (FWA): Uses wireless technology to connect fixed locations, often used
in rural or underserved areas.
• Wi-Fi: Local area wireless technology that provides internet access within a limited range,
typically inside buildings.

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Types of Access Networks
3. Satellite Access Networks:
• Used in remote or rural areas where terrestrial infrastructure is lacking.
• Satellites provide connectivity directly to user terminals.

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Core Network
• The core network, often referred to as the backbone network, is the central part of a
telecommunications network that provides high-capacity connectivity and routing services.
• It connects various access networks, data centers, and other core networks, ensuring
efficient and reliable data transmission over long distances.
• The core network is crucial for maintaining the overall functionality and performance of
the entire telecommunications infrastructure.

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Key Components of the Core
Network
1. Routers
• Core Routers: Handle high-speed data routing and forwarding across the backbone network. They
are designed to manage large volumes of data traffic efficiently.
• Edge Routers: Connect the core network to access networks and other external networks. They
manage traffic entering and leaving the core network.
2. Switches
• High-performance devices that manage data packet switching within the core network, ensuring
efficient data flow between different network segments.

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Key Components of the Core
Network
3. Transmission Mediums
• Fiber Optic Cables: The primary medium for data transmission in the core network due to their high
capacity and speed.
• Microwave Links: Used for point-to-point communication, especially in areas where laying fiber is
impractical.
• Submarine Cables: Undersea fiber optic cables that connect continents and enable international data
transmission.

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Key Components of the Core
Network
4. Transport Technologies

• Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS): A technique used to improve the speed and control of data
traffic flow in the core network.
• Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) / Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH): Standards for
transmitting multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber.

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Key Components of the Core
Network
5. Data Centers
• Facilities that house servers, storage systems, and network equipment. Data centers are crucial for
hosting cloud services, applications, and data storage.

6. Network Management Systems

• Network Operations Center (NOC): Centralized location for monitoring, managing, and maintaining
the core network infrastructure.
• Monitoring Tools: Software and hardware solutions that provide real-time insights into network
performance, traffic analysis, and fault detection.

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Key Components of the Core
Network
7. Security Infrastructure
• Firewalls: Protect the core network from unauthorized access and cyber threats.
• Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS): Monitor network traffic for suspicious activity
and potential threats.
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Secure connections that encrypt data transmitted across the core
network.

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Functions of the Core
Network
1. High-Capacity Data Transport
• The core network handles large volumes of data traffic, ensuring efficient and fast data transmission
between different parts of the network.

2. Routing and Switching

• Core routers and switches direct data packets to their destinations using the most efficient paths, optimizing
network performance and reducing latency.

3. Network Aggregation
• Aggregates traffic from various access networks (e.g., mobile networks, broadband networks) and
directs it to data centers or other core networks.

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Functions of the Core
Network
4. Reliability and Redundancy
• Designed with redundancy and failover mechanisms to ensure continuous network
availability and reliability. This includes multiple routes for data to prevent service
interruptions.

5. Quality of Service (QoS)

• Implements QoS mechanisms to prioritize certain types of traffic (e.g., voice, video) to
ensure optimal performance for critical applications.

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Trends and Innovations
1. 5G Integration
The deployment of 5G networks is driving enhancements in the core network to support higher data
rates, lower latency, and massive device connectivity.

2. Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

SDN technology is being adopted to provide more flexible and efficient network management. It
decouples the control plane from the data plane, allowing centralized network control.

3. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)

• NFV replaces traditional network hardware with virtualized functions running on standard servers,
improving scalability and reducing costs.

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Trends and Innovations
4. Edge Computing
Shifting data processing closer to the edge of the network to reduce latency and improve
performance for applications like IoT and real-time analytics.

5. Enhanced Security Measures

Increasing focus on advanced security technologies to protect the core network from
evolving cyber threats and ensure data integrity and privacy.

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SMART OBJECTS - Properties
1. Sensing / Actuating

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SMART OBJECTS – Properties
1. Sensing / Actuating
Difference Between Sensors And Actuators
Sensors Actuators

It Takes Physical Input And Converts To Electrical It Takes Electrical Signals And Converts To Physical
Signals. Output.

Generates Information About The Environment. Also Accepts The Command And Performs A
Function.

It Is Placed At The Input Port Of The System. It Is Placed At The Output Port Of The System.

Sensor Generated Electrical Signals. The Actuator Generates Heat Or Motion.

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SMART OBJECTS – Properties
2. Power Requirements
• The way sensors operate decides the power requirements that must be provided for an
IoT implementation.
• Some sensors need to be provided with separate power sources for them to function,
whereas some sensors do not require any power sources. Depending on the
requirements of power, sensors can be of two types.

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SMART OBJECTS – Properties
2. Power Requirements
• Active Sensors: Active sensors do not require
an external circuitry or mechanism to provide
it with power. For example, a photodiode
converts light into electrical impulses.

• Passive Sensors: Passive sensors require an

external mechanism to power them up. For
example, a thermistor’s resistance can be
detected by applying voltage difference across
it or passing a current through it.

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SMART OBJECTS – Properties
3. Communication Module
• Every IoT device needs to communicate.
• Some devices only send information; many others both send and receive.
• While some communications with peer devices are direct, remote communications will
often need to pass through a gateway to get to their destination.
• Smart objects can be connected either by wired or wireless connections
• Communication technologies from ethernet to WiFi and 4G are used for connecting smart
objects.

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SMART OBJECTS – Properties
An embedded system is a
combination of computer
3. Processors hardware and software
• Almost any embedded system can be turned into an IoT device designed for a specific
by simply adding a wired or wireless Internet connection function. Embedded systems
may also function within a
• The type of processors deployed inside connected devices is larger system. The systems
largely influenced by the type of sensing needed for the target
can be programmable or have
application.
a fixed functionality.
• For example, some devices will perform a limited amount of
processing on data sets such as temperature, humidity, pressure
or gravity; more complicated systems however will need to
handle (multiple) high-resolution sound or video streams.

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 SMART
OBJECTS
–
Propertie
s

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