Network Configuration in IoT

What is network configuration?

❖ Network configuration is the process of assigning

network settings, policies, flows, and controls.

❖ In a virtual network, it's easier to make network

configuration changes because physical network devices
appliances are replaced by software, removing the need
for extensive manual configuration.

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 How do you configure a network?
A step-by-step guide to setting up a home network

• Connect your router. The router is the gateway between the

Internet and your home network.

• Access the router's interface and lock it down.

• Configure security and IP addressing.

• Set up sharing and control.

• Set up user accounts.

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 What are the benefits of network configurations?
• Streamline the processes of
maintenance, repair, expansion
and upgrading.
• Minimize configuration errors as
part of change management.
• Optimize network security.
• Ensure that changes made to a
device or system do not
adversely affect other devices or
systems.

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 What are the types of network configuration?

• Personal Area Network (PAN)

• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

• Campus Area Network (CAN)

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• Wide Area Network (WAN)

• Storage-Area Network (SAN)

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 PAN
• A personal area network is a computer network for interconnecting
electronic devices within an individual person's workspace.

• A PAN provides data transmission among devices such as

computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistants.

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 LAN
• A local area network is a computer network that interconnects
computers within a limited area such as a residence, school,
laboratory, university campus or office building.

• The computers in a LAN connect to each other via TCP/IP ethernet or

Wi-Fi.

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 Wireless LAN
• A wireless LAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more
devices using wireless communication to form a local area network
within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory,
campus, or office building.

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 CAN
• A campus network, campus area network, corporate area network or
CAN is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local
area networks within a limited geographical area.

• Examples include elementary schools, university campuses, and

corporate buildings

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 MAN
• A metropolitan area network is a computer
network that interconnects users with
computer resources in a geographic region
of the size of a metropolitan area. Size: 5
kilometers to 50 km

• Most widely used technologies to develop a

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) network
are FDDI (fiber distribution data
interface), ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode) and SMDS (switched multi
megabit data service).

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 WAN
• A wide area network is a telecommunications
network that extends over a large geographic
area. Wide area networks are often established
with leased telecommunication circuits.
• The best example of a Wide Area Network
is Internet itself.
• Other smaller examples of WANs are: A network
of bank cash dispensers; A Company network
with several branch offices geographically
distant.

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 SAN
• A storage area network or storage network is a computer network
which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage.
SANs are primarily used to access data storage devices, such as
disk arrays and tape libraries from servers

• Fiber Channel Protocol (FCP)FCP is the most commonly used SAN

protocol.

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 What are network topologies?
• Different types of network configuration in computer networks are
commonly referred to as network topologies.
• A network topology describes how the nodes or devices (physical or
virtual) in a network are arranged and how they communicate with
each other.
• Network topology can be physical (referring to where physical devices
are placed in relation to each other) or logical (referring to how data is
transmitted through the network, including any virtual or cloud
resources).
• When choosing a network topology, an organization must consider the
size of its network, its performance requirements and the flow of its
traffic.
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 Common Network Topologies
• Bus: Every node in the network is connected along a linear path. This simple topology is
used most often for small networks.
• Ring: Nodes are connected in a loop, and traffic may flow in one direction or in both
directions. Ring networks tend to be cost-effective, but not as scalable or stable as other
network topologies.
• Star: A central node connects to all other nodes in the network. This is a common and stable
topology that’s often used for local area networks (LANs).
• Mesh: Nodes are linked in such a way that multiple paths between nodes are possible. This
type of network topology increases the resiliency of the network, but also increases cost. A
network may be fully meshed (all nodes connecting to all other nodes) or partially meshed
(only some nodes having multiple connections to other nodes).
• Spine-Leaf (Tree): Multiple star topologies are connected together in a larger star
configuration.
• Hybrid: A combination of other topologies are used together within one network.

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 What is an IoT network?
IoT network is the network with physical interconnected
objects embedded with sensors, smart devices that connect
and exchange data with other devices and systems without
human intervention.

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4 Types of IOT Networks

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 How to select the most suitable IoT network?
• The important criteria which should be considered are-
• Power Consumption. If you’re looking for longevity and a solution without the need
to supply a device with power, Bluetooth and LPWAN are the networks suitable for this
case. Technologies with a high-power consumption like Wi-Fi is not recommended.
• Coverage Area. The size of the area that needs to be covered defines the type of
protocol to be applied for your IoT project. Whereas LoRA is limited to national
boundaries, the Sigfox network is available in 60 countries.
• Data amount. If you need to transmit small data quantities, there are solutions like
BLE over a short distance or LPWAN for long-range data transfers. For big data
amounts, we recommend Wi-Fi and GSM networks.
• Devices’ density. The selection of proper IoT protocol depends here on the need for
geographical proximity whether on the need to be spread out. If the objects need to
be connected closely to each other, WiFi will be a good option; in the case of proximity,
LPWAN and GSM networks are recommended.

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IEEE 802.15.4

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 Introduction

• Until recently, the main concern in wireless communication was on high throughput

• Some applications need a different set of requirements

-Low cost communication network

-Limited power

-Low throughput

• Require: reasonable battery life, extremely low cost, short range operation, reliable
data transfer

• Technology: LR-WPAN (Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network) applications

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 LR-WPAN Applications

Home Heating, ventilation, air conditioning, security, lighting,

Automation control of objects.
Industrial Detecting emergency situations, monitoring machines.

Automotive Automotive sensing such as time pressure monitoring.

Agriculture Sensing of soil moisture, pesticide, herbicide, PH levels.

Others Controlling consumer electronics, PC peripherals, etc.

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Wireless Protocol Comparison

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Comparison

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 LR-WPAN IEEE 802.15.4
• LR-WPAN needs a simple, flexible protocol
• IEEE 802.15.4 defines protocol via RF for PAN.
• Provides a standard with ultra-low complexity, cost, and power for low-data-rate
wireless connectivity among inexpensive fixed, portable, and moving devices.

Properties of 802.15.4
• Raw Data Rate: 868 MHz, 20 kbps; 915 MHz, 40 kbps; 2.4 GHz, 250 kbps
• Range: 10-30 mtr
• Latency: Down to 15 ms
• Channels: 868 MHz, 1 Channel; 915 MHz, 10 Channels; 2.4 GHz, 16 Channels
• Frequency Band: Two PHYs: 868 MHz / 915 MHz & 2.4 GHz
• Addressing: Short 16-bit or 64-bit IEEE
• Channel Access: CSMA-CA & Slotted CSMA-CA
• Temperature: Industrial temperature range -40 °C to +85 °C
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 Device Types

 Full function device (FFD)

 Any topology
 PAN coordinator capable
 Talks to any other device
 Implements complete protocol set

 Reduced function device (RFD)

 Limited to star topology or end-device in a peer-to-peer network.
 Cannot become a PAN coordinator
 Very simple implementation
 Reduced protocol set

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 Modes of Operation of a Device

• Network Device:
An RFD or FFD implementation containing an IEEE 802.15.4 medium
access control and physical interface to the wireless medium.

• Coordinator:
An FFD with network device functionality that provides coordination
and other services to the network.

• PAN Coordinator:
A coordinator that is the principal controller of the PAN. A network
has exactly one PAN coordinator.
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Network Topologies
Combined Topology

Ex: Hotel where cluster nodes exist

between the rooms of a hotel and
each room has a star network for
IoT control. 26
 Star Network Formation

Step 1: An FFD is activated

Step 2: It establishes its own network and become the PAN
coordinator
Step 3: The FFD device chooses a PAN Identifier different from
surrounding networks (within RF sphere of influence)
Step 4: The PAN coordinator allows other devices, potentially both
FFDs and RFDs, to join its network.

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 Peer-to-peer Network Formation

Step 1: One Device is nominated as the PAN coordinator

Step 2: It forms the first cluster by choosing an unused PAN identifier and
broadcasting beacon frames to neighboring devices.
Step 3: A candidate device receiving a beacon frame may request to join the network
at the PAN coordinator.
Step 4: If the PAN coordinator permits the device to join, it adds the new device as a
child device in its neighbor list.
Step 5: Newly joined device adds the PAN coordinator as its parent in its neighbor list
and begins transmitting periodic beacons
Step 6: Other candidate devices may then join the network at that device.
Step 7: Once predetermined application or network requirements are met, the first
PAN coordinator may instruct a device to become the PAN coordinator of a new
cluster adjacent to the first one.
Step 8: Other devices gradually connect and form a multi-cluster network structure
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Cluster Tree Network

IoT 29
Architecture- 802.15.4

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 Data Transfer
• Three types of data transfer:
1. -Data transfer to a coordinator in which a device transmits the data
2. -Data transfer from a coordinator in which the device receives the data
3. -Data transfer between two peer devices

*In star topology only first two are used

*The mechanisms for each transfer type depend on whether the network supports
the transmission of beacons

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 Data Transfer to a Coordinator

Beacon –enabled PAN Non-Beacon PAN

Slotted CSMA-CA Unslotted CSMA-CS
IoT 32
 Data Transfer from a Coordinator

PAN indicates message is pending in Device requests data at

the beacon frame application-defined rate
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Zigbee

IoT 39
 Introduction

• Zigbee is a standards-based wireless technology developed to enable low-cost, low-

power wireless machine-to-machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT) networks.

• Zigbee is for low-data rate, low-power applications and is an open standard.

• Zigbee is primarily developed to focus on home and building automation and

controls, consumer electronics, PC peripherals, medical monitoring, and toys

• Primary drivers in Zigbee popularity are simplicity, long battery life, networking
capabilities, reliability, and cost.

• Zigbee Alliance provides interoperability and certification testing

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Zigbee Alliance

IoT 41
 Zigbee Features
Based on the IEEE 802.15

Used for control and sensor networks for WPANs

Operate on 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 868 MHz frequencies.

Manufacturers can create their own specific variations and

extensions.
IoT 42
 Zigbee Features
• As of today, there are three Zigbee specifications:

– Zigbee PRO

– Zigbee RF4CE

– Zigbee IP

IoT 43
 Zigbee Features

• Zigbee PRO aims to provide the foundation for IoT with features to support
low-cost, highly reliable networks for device-to-device communication. It
also offers Green Power, a new feature that supports energy harvesting or
self-powered devices that don't require batteries or AC power supply.

• Zigbee RF4CE is designed for simple, two-way device-to-device control

applications that don't need the full-featured mesh networking
functionalities offered by the Zigbee specification.

• Zigbee IP optimizes the standard for IPv6-based full wireless mesh

networks, offering internet connections to control low-power, low-cost
devices.
IoT 44
The Wireless Market

IoT 45
Applications

IoT 46
 Zigbee Features
Global, license RF penetration Automatic/semi-
Unrestricted
free ISM band through walls & automatic
geographic use
operation ceilings installation

Ability to add or 10k-115.2kbps 10-75m coverage

Cost advantageous
remove devices data throughput range

Up to 2 years of
Up to 65k slave Up to 100 co- battery life on
nodes per network located networks standard Alkaline
batteries

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Frequencies and Data Rates

IoT 48
Topology Models

IoT 49
 Zigbee Disadvantages

It needs the system The high replacement cost

information to control As compared with WiFi, it once any issue happens The transmission rate of
Zigbee based devices for is not secure. within Zigbee based home the Zigbee is less
the owner. appliances

It is not used as an Similar to other types of

It is so highly risky to be outdoor wireless wireless systems, this
It does not include several
used for official private communication system ZigBee communication
end devices.
information. because it has less system is prone to bother
coverage limit. from unauthorized people.

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 What Devices use ZigBee?

The following list

of devices Samsung
Belkin WeMo Yale smart locks
supports the SmartThings
ZigBee protocol.

Thermostats from Security Systems

Philips Hue Ikea Tradfri
Honeywell from Bosch

Hive Active
Comcast Xfinity Amazon Echo
Heating & Amazon Echo Plus
Box from Samsung Show
accessories

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Bluetooth

IoT 52
 Why do we need Bluetooth and Zigbee

Bluetooth wireless technology

➢ Well focused towards voice applications and higher data rate
applications (cell phones, headsets, etc.)

ZigBee technology
➢ Best suited for control and monitoring applications

IoT 53
IoT

A VIDEO ON BLUETOOTH

54
Bluetooth Explained

IoT 55
 Bluetooth Overview

Applications

• Automatic synchronization between mobile and stationary devices

• Example:

– Walk into office and have your PDA synch with your laptop on your desk without
even taking your PDA out of your briefcase

• Connecting mobile users to the internet using bluetooth-enabled wire-bound

connection ports

• Dynamic creation of private networks

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 Bluetooth Protocol Stack

Bluetooth Radio

• Uses 2.4 GHz ISM band spread spectrum radio (2400 – 2483.5 MHz)

• Advantages -Free, Open to everyone worldwide

• Disadvantages-Can be noisy (microwaves, cordless phones, garage door openers)

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 Frequency Hopping

• In order to mitigate interference, Bluetooth implements frequency

hopping
• 1600 hops per second through 79 channels, 1 MHz each.
• Spreads Bluetooth traffic over the entire ISM band
• All slaves in piconet follow the master for frequency hop sequence

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 Piconets and Scatternets
Piconets

• Piconet-Basic unit of bluetooth networking.

• Devices function as master and slave in piconet.
• Scatternet-Formed by two or more Piconets
• Master of one piconet can participate as a slave in
another connected piconet
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Interconnected Piconets- Scatternets
Access Point

LAN

Mobile Phone

Headset

Printer
Laptop
Laptop
Mouse

IoT 62
Comparison

IoT 63
IoT stack and Web stack
IoT Stack VS Web Stack

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 MQTT

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

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MQTT – Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

1. What is MQTT?

❑ MQTT is a lightweight message queueing and transport protocol.

❑ MQTT, as its name implies, is suited for the transport of telemetry data (sensor and actor

data).

❑ MQTT is very lightweight and thus suited for M2M (Mobile to Mobile), WSN (Wireless

Sensor Networks) and ultimately IoT (Internet of Things) scenarios where sensor and

actor nodes communicate with applications through the MQTT message broker.

73
 MQTT model
The core elements of MQTT are clients, servers (=brokers), sessions, subscriptions and topics.

IoT 74
 MQTT message format
Message format:
MQTT messages contain a mandatory fixed-length header (2 bytes) and an optional message-
specific variable length header and message payload.

Optional fields usually complicate protocol processing.

However, MQTT is optimized for bandwidth constrained and unreliable networks (typically
wireless networks), so optional fields are used to reduce data transmissions as much as
possible.

MQTT uses network byte and bit ordering.

Field length
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(bits)
Byte 1 Message Type DUP QoS Level RETAIN MQTT fixed
header
Byte 2 Remaining Length (1 – 4 bytes)
Byte 3

Optional: Variable Length Header

Byte n
Byte n+1

Optional: Variable Length Message Payload

Byte m

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 MQTT message format
Overview of fixed header fields:
Message fixed header field Description / Values

Message Type 0: Reserved 8: SUBSCRIBE

1: CONNECT 9: SUBACK
2: CONNACK 10: UNSUBSCRIBE
3: PUBLISH 11: UNSUBACK
4: PUBACK 12: PINGREQ
5: PUBREC 13: PINGRESP
6: PUBREL 14: DISCONNECT
7: PUBCOMP 15: Reserved
DUP Duplicate message flag. Indicates to the receiver that this message may have already been
received. 1: Client or server (broker) re-delivers a PUBLISH, PUBREL, SUBSCRIBE or
UNSUBSCRIBE message (duplicate message).
QoS Level Indicates the level of delivery assurance of a
PUBLISH message. 0: At-most-once
delivery, no guarantees, «Fire and Forget».
1: At-least-once delivery,
acknowledged delivery.
2: Exactly-once delivery.
Further details see MQTT QoS.
RETAIN 1: Instructs the server to retain the last received PUBLISH message and deliver it as a first message to
new
subscriptions.
Further details see RETAIN (keep last message).
Remaining Length Indicates the number of remaining bytes in the message, i.e. the length of the (optional) variable length
header and (optional) payload.
Further details see Remaining length (RL).
IoT 76
Cloud Architecture

IoT 78
Differences

IoT 79
Cont…

IoT 80
 What is cloud computing?
• Cloud Computing is the delivery of
On-Demand resources ( such as
server, database, software , etc.)
over the internet.
• It also gives the ability to build,
design and manage applications on
the cloud platform
• Cloud Computing service providers
are the vendors to manage
applications through a global network
• Ex. Amazon Web Services, Microsoft
Azure, GCP etc.

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Types of Cloud Computing and Cloud Services

IoT 86
 Cloud Computing- Types
There are 4 main types of cloud computing:

• Public clouds,

• Private clouds,

• Hybrid clouds,

• Multiclouds

IoT 87
 Public Clouds
• The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public
over the internet and is owned by a cloud provider.

• Public clouds are cloud environments typically created from IT

infrastructure not owned by the end user.

• Some of the largest public cloud providers include Alibaba

Cloud, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud, IBM Cloud,
and Microsoft Azure.

IoT 88
 Private Clouds
• Private clouds are loosely defined as cloud environments solely dedicated to a single
end user or group, where the environment usually runs behind that user or group's
firewall. All clouds become private clouds when the underlying IT infrastructure is
dedicated to a single customer with completely isolated access.
• But private clouds no longer have to be sourced from on-prem IT infrastructure.
Organizations are now building private clouds on rented, vendor-owned data centers
located off-premises, which makes any location and ownership rules obsolete. This
has also led to a number of private cloud subtypes, including:

The cloud infrastructure is

exclusively operated by a
single organisation. It can be
managed by the organisation
or a third party and may exist
on or off premise. Ex. AWS,
VMware
IoT 89
 Hybrid Clouds
• A hybrid cloud is a seemingly single IT environment created from multiple
environments connected through local area networks (LANs), wide area
networks (WANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), and/or APIs.

• The characteristics of hybrid clouds are complex and the requirements can
differ, depending on whom you ask. For example, a hybrid cloud may need to
include:

– At least 1 private cloud and at least 1 public cloud

– 2 or more private clouds
– 2 or more public clouds

IoT 90
 Multiclouds
• Multiclouds are a cloud approach made up of more than 1 cloud
service, from more than 1 cloud vendor—public or private.
• All hybrid clouds are multiclouds, but not all multiclouds are hybrid
clouds.
• Multiclouds become hybrid clouds when multiple clouds are connected
by some form of integration or orchestration.
• A multicloud environment might exist on purpose (to better control
sensitive data or as redundant storage space for improved disaster
recovery) or by accident (usually the result of shadow IT). Either way,
having multiple clouds is becoming more common across enterprises
that seek to improve security and performance through an expanded
portfolio of environments.
IoT 91
 Service Models
There are 3 main types of cloud computing services:
Software/
• Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Application

• Platforms-as-a-Service (PaaS), Platform

• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
Infrastructure
Which cloud service is suitable for you?
• IAAS- If your business needs a virtual machine , opt for infrastructure as a
service. Amazon Web, Microsoft Azure and Google compute Engine.
• PAAS- If your company requires a platform for building software products,
pick platform as a service. E.g. windows Azure
• SAAS- If your business doesn’t want to maintain any IT equipment, then
choose software as a service. E.g. Gmail, Microsoft Office 365

IoT 93
 Differences between Iaas,PaaS and SaaS
• Consider a task where you are planning to bake a cake-

IoT 95
Thank You!

IoT 96