Ch2 Resistive Circuits

1
 Contents
 Ohm’s Law
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Single-Loop Circuits
 Single-Node-Pair Circuits
 Series and Parallel Resistor
Combinations
 Circuits with Series-Parallel
Combinations of Resistors
 Wye  Delta Transformations
 Circuits with Dependent Sources

2
2.1 Ohm’s Law
 German physicist Georg Simon Ohm
 Ohm’s Law
 The voltage across a resister is directly proportional
to the current flowing through it
vt  R i t  where R 0
1 1V A
 The charge moves from the higher to the
lower potential as it passes through the
resistor and the energy absorbed is
dissipated by the resistor in the form of heat.

3
 Some practical resistors

Symbol

4
 i Passive sign Two special resistor values
 convention
v R  i 0
v 0


CircuitRepresent
ation
Short Open
Circuit Circuit
i
R 0 R 
A touch of Reality
G  G 0

Linear approximation

v
Linear range Ohm’s Law is an approximation valid
while voltages and currents remain
Actual v-I relationship in the Linear Range

5
Resistance
instantaneous power p (t ) v (t )i (t )
2 v 2 (t )
p(t )  Ri (t ) 
R
The power is a nonlinear function of either current or voltage
and that is always a positive quantity.
Conductance is another quantity with wide application in circuit analysis.

Conductance(G) 1S 1A/V
1 i(t) Gv(t)
G  simens i 2 (t )
R p (t )  Gv 2 (t )
G
6
2.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Lumped-parameter circuit

The wires have zero resistance, so the
energy in the circuit is in essence lumped in
each element
 Circuit elements

Node

A point of connection of two or more circuit
elements

Loop

Any closed path through the circuit in which no
node is encountered more than once.

Branch

A portion of a circuit containing only a single
element and the nodes at each end of the
element. 7
KCL and KVL
 Kirchhoff’s current N
law(KCL)  i (t ) 0
j
 The algebraic sum j 1
of the currents N
entering any node
is zero.  v (t ) 0
j 1
j

 Kirchhoff’s
voltage law(KVL) These circuits are
 The algebraic sum conservative, meaning that
of the voltages the work required to move
a unit charge around any
around any loop is loop is zero.
zero.
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 NODES, BRANCHES, LOOPS A NODE CONNECTS SEVERAL COMPONENTS.
BUT IT DOES NOT HOLD ANY CHARGE.

TOTAL CURRENT FLOWING INTO THE NODE

MUST BE EQUAL TO TOTAL CURRENT OUT
OF THE NODE

(A CONSERVATION OF CHARGE PRINCIPLE)

NODE: point where two, or more, elements

are joined (e.g., big node 1)
LOOP: A closed path that never goes
twice over a node (e.g., the blue line) NODE

The red path is NOT a loop

BRANCH: Component connected between two

nodes (e.g., component R4)
9
A node is a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.
It may be stretched out or compressed for visual purposes…
But it is still a node

10
Equivalent forms for
labeling voltage
a
+ +

Vx Vo Vo
Vo
Vx Vab

- -
b

a
+ + + +

Vx Vo Vo Vx Vab Vo Vo Vo

- -
- -
b 11
2.3 Single-Loop Circuits
 Voltage Division
 v(t )  R1
vR1 R1i (t ) R1   v(t )
 R1  R2  R1  R2
 v(t )  R2
vR2 R2i (t ) R2    v(t )
 R1  R2  R1  R2
 Voltage divider R1
R1  R2

12
Multiple Source/Resistor
Networks

 v(t) = Rsi(t)
 Rs=R1+R2+…+RN equivalent resistance of N resistors
in series is simply the sum of the individual
resistances.

 vRi(t) = (Ri/Rs)v(t)

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 SINGLE LOOP CIRCUITS VOLTAGE DIVISION: THE SIMPLEST CASE

BACKGROUND: USING KVL AND KCL WE CAN

WRITE ENOUGH EQUATIONS TO ANALYZE ANY
LINEAR CIRCUIT. WE NOW START THE STUDY
OF SYSTEMATIC, AND EFFICIENT, WAYS OF
USING THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT LAWS KVL ON
b c THIS
WRITE 5 KCL EQS
a 2 3 LOOP
OR DETERMINE THE
6 branches ONLY CURRENT
1 6 nodes FLOWING
4
1 loop

f 6 e 5 d
ALL E LE M E N T S I N SE R I E S
O N LY O N E C U R R E N T

THE PLAN
• BEGIN WITH THE SIMPLEST ONE LOOP CIRCUIT
• EXTEND RESULTS TO MULTIPLE SOURCE
• AND MULTIPLE RESISTORS CIRCUITS

IMPORTANT VOLTAGE
DIVIDER EQUATIONS
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 SUMMARY OF BASIC VOLTAGE DIVIDER A “PRACTICAL” POWER APPLICATION

R1
v R1  v (t )
R1  R2

EXAMPLE: VS 9V , R1 90k, R2 30k

VOLUME
CONTROL?

R1 15k 
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 THE CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRIC
CONNECTION AND PHYSICAL LAYOUT
THIS CONCEPT WILL OFTEN BE USED TO SIMPLFY
THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS. WE INTRODUCE IT SOMETIMES, FOR PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION
HERE WITH A VERY SIMPLE VOLTAGE DIVIDER REASONS, COMPONENTS THAT ARE ELECTRICALLY
CONNECTED MAY BE PHYSICALLY QUITE APART

i R1 i
vS +
-
vS +
-
R1  R2
R2
vS
i
R1  R2

AS FAR AS THE CURRENT IS CONCERNED BOTH

CIRCUITS ARE EQUIVALENT. THE ONE ON THE
RIGHT HAS ONLY ONE RESISTOR
SERIES COMBINATION OF RESISTORS

R1 R2 R1  R2


IN ALL CASES THE RESISTORS ARE

CONNECTED IN SERIES
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 FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES
 v2 
 v R1  Voltage sources in series can be
+ - algebraically added to form an
  equivalent source.
R1
v1 v3
-
+ +
-
 
We select the reference direction to
i(t)  move along the path.

R2 vR2 Voltage drops are subtracted from rises
-

v5 +



+ -

KVL  v4 
vR1  v2  v3  vR 2  v4  v5  v1 0 R1
Collect all sources on one side
v1  v2  v3  v4  v5  vR1  vR 2
veq +
R2
v v
-

eq R1  vR 2

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SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS
FIND I ,Vbd , P (30k )

APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP

LOOP FORVbd

Vbd  12  20[k ] I 0 (KVL) Vbd 10V

v R  Ri i 
i

VOLTAGE DIVISION FOR MULTIPLE RESISTORS 18

 THE “INVERSE” VOLTAGE DIVIDER
R1

VS +
- R2 VO APPLY KVL
 TO THIS LOOP

VOLTAGE DIVIDER "INVERSE" DIVIDER

R2 R1  R2
VO  VS VS  VO  6  80kI  12  40kI 0  I  0.05mA
R1  R2 R2
Vbd  40kI  12V 0  Vbd 10V

COMPUTEVS


3V


INVERSE DIVIDER PROBLEM

" INVERSE" DIVIDER

25  15  20
220  20 VS  3 9V
VS  458.3 500kV 20
220
19
  Vab 
KVL HERE EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE 9V
3Vx A 20k B C
b  4V  a + -
+-
 Vx  I
4k I
+
APPLY KVL V X Vab 
+
- DETERMINE I 30k
-
VS TO THIS LOOP KVLFOR VDAUSING KVL
 P(3Vx )  12V
VS 12V OR KVL HERE E 10k D
V DA 
P(3Vx ) is the power absorbed or
suppliedby the dependent source VCD  30k * I 1.5V
KVL:  12  4  3V X  V X 0  V X 2V I DE  0.05mA
KVL: Vab  4  3V X 0  Vab  10V
KVL: Vab  VS  V X 0 KVL: - 12 20k* I  9  30k* I  10k* I 0
P(3V ) 3V X I (PASSIVESIGN CONVENTION
) 3V
X I 0.05mA
60k
4V
OHMS'LAW: I  1mA
4k KVL: VDA  12  10k * I 0
P(V X ) 2[V ] *1[mA] 2mW VDA  11 .5V
20
2.4 Single-Node-Pair
Circuits

Current Division

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 BASIC CURRENT DIVIDER Rp
THE CURRENT DIVISION
APPLY KCL

i 2(t)

THE CURRENT i(t) ENTERS THE NODE AND

SPLITS - IT IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE
CURRENTS i1(t) AND i2(t)

USE OHM’S LAW TO REPLACE

CURRENTS

DEFINE “PARALLEL RESISTANCE COMBINATION” 1 4

I1  (5) 1mA I 2  I  I1  (5)
1 1 4 1 4
i (t )  v (t )
Rp
R1 R2
v (t )  i (t )
R1  R2
 FIND I 1 , I 2 , VO

WHEN IN DOUBT… REDRAW THE CIRCUIT TO

HIGHLIGHT ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS!!

IS EASIER
TO SEE THE
DIVIDER 80k * I 2
24V
 CAR STEREO AND CIRCUIT MODEL

215mA
215mA

POWER PER SPEAKER

THERE IS MORE THAN ONE

LEARNING EXTENSION - CURRENT DIVIDER OPTION TO COMPUTE I2

USING CURRENT DIVIDER

KCL: I 2  16  I1 0
40
I 2  (16)  4mA
120  40
POWER: I 2 R
P 144 * 4mW 5.76W
RESISTANCEIN k,
120 CURRENTIN mA YIELD POWERIN mW
I1  (16) I1 12mA
120  40
 FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES
APPLY KCL TO THIS NODE

EQUIVALENTSOURCE

DEFINE “PARALLEL RESISTANCE COMBINATION”

1
iO ( t )  v (t )
Rp
R1 R2
v (t )  iO ( t )
R1  R2
SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS
APPLY KCL TO THIS NODE

Ohm’s Law at every resistor

v ( t )  RP i O ( t ) 
R
v (t )   i K (t )  p iO (t )
ik (t )  Rk
Rk 
General current divider
 Notice use of passive
 sign convention
v(t )
v v v Once v(t) is known
 4k 6k 12k all other variables can
be determined; e.g.,
v v v
KCL :6mA    4mA  0 12k 
4k  6k  12k  v2 16V
P6 k   2.667 mW
72V  3v  2v  48V  v 0 6k  6k 
24V  6v 0
v  4V
 FIND i1 AND THE POWER
SUPPLIED BY THE SOURCE
20k||5k

i1
4k 20k 5k
8mA
1 1 1 1 5 1  4 1
      R p 2k
R p 4k 20k 5k 20k 2k
AN ALTERNATIVE
APPROACH
i1
4k 4k
v ( t )  RP i O ( t ) 
R 8mA
v (t )   i K (t )  p iO (t )
ik (t )  Rk
Rk 
General current divider
 FIND THE CURRENT IL

COMBINE RESISTORS
COMBINE THE SOURCES

1mA

STRATEGY: CONVERT THE PROBLEM INTO A

BASIC CURRENT DIVIDER BY COMBINING
SOURCES AND RESISTORS.
THE NEXT SECTION EXPLORES IN MORE
DETAIL THE IDEA OF COMBINING RESISTORS

NOTICE THE MINUS SIGN

 I1
6k 6k I2
B C 3
I1  9[mA] 3mA
9
3k 3k I 2  I1
9mA
A

6k
I1 C
B 6k I1 B 3k
3k

I2 6k C
9mA
9mA
A 3k 3k 6k
A I2
DIFFERENT LOOKS FOR THE SAME
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 6k 6k
I1 I2
C
B

3k 3k
9mA
A

I1
REDRAWING A CIRCUIT 9mA
MAY, SOMETIMES, HELP TO
VISUALIZE BETTER THE
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
A I2

6k 3k 6k 3k

C
 Determine power
+ delivered by source
2k 4k V 3k
2
_ 20mA P Rp * (20mA)

1 1 1 1 6 34
   
Rp 2k 4k 3k 12k
12
Rp  k
13
12
P  *103  * (20 *10 3 ) 2 [ A]
13
4.800
P W
13
SERIES PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

UP TO NOW WE HAVE STUDIED CIRCUITS THAT

CAN BE ANALYZED WITH ONE APPLICATION OF
KVL(SINGLE LOOP) OR KCL(SINGLE NODE-PAIR)

WE HAVE ALSO SEEN THAT IN SOME SITUATIONS

IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO COMBINE RESISTORS
TO SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT

NOW WE EXAMINE SOME MORE COMPLEX CIRCUITS

WHERE WE CAN SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS USING
THE TECHNIQUE OF COMBINING RESISTORS…

… PLUS THE USE OF OHM’S LAW

SERIES COMBINATIONS

PARALLEL COMBINATION

G p G1  G2  ...  G N

33
 FIRST WE PRACTICE COMBINING RESISTORS

3k
SERIES
6k||3k

(10K,2K)SERIES

6k || 12k 4k

5k
12k
3k 34
EXAMPLES COMBINATION SERIES-PARALLEL
9k
AN EXAMPLE WITHOUT REDRAWING

12k

6k || (4k  2k )

12k || 12k 6k

3k || 6k 2k
18k || 9k 6k

RESISTORS ARE IN SERIES IF THEY CARRY

EXACTLY THE SAME CURRENT

6k  6k  10k RESISTORS ARE IN PARALLEL IF THEY ARE

CONNECTED EXACTLY BETWEEN THE SAME TWO
NODES

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 EFFECT OF RESISTOR TOLERANCE

NOMINAL RESISTORVALUE: 2.7k

RESISTORTOLERANCE: 10%

RANGES FOR CURRENT AND POWER?

_
 10
NOMINALPOWER: P 
10
2
37.04 mW
NOMINALCURRENT: I  3.704 mA
2.7 2.7

10
MINIMUMCURRENT: I min  3.367 mA
1.12.7 MINIMUMPOWER(VImin) : 33.67 mW
10
MAXIMUMCURRENT: I max  4.115 mA MAXIMUMPOWER: 41.15 mW
0.9 2.7

THE RANGES FOR CURRENT AND POWER ARE DETERMINED BY THE TOLERANCE
BUT THE PERCENTAGE OF CHANGE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE PERCENTAGE
OF TOLERANCE. THE RANGES MAY NOT EVEN BE SYMMETRIC
36
CIRCUIT WITH SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

THE COMBINATION OF COMPONENTS CAN REDUCE

THE COMPLEXITY OF A CIRCUIT AND RENDER IT
SUITABLE FOR ANALYSIS USING THE BASIC
TOOLS DEVELOPED SO FAR.
COMBINING RESISTORS IN SERIES ELIMINATES
ONE NODE FROM THE CIRCUIT.
COMBINING RESISTORS IN PARALLEL ELIMINATES
ONE LOOP FROM THE CIRCUIT

GENERAL STRATEGY:
• REDUCE COMPLEXITY UNTIL THE CIRCUIT
BECOMES SIMPLE ENOUGH TO ANALYZE.
• USE DATA FROM SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT TO
COMPUTE DESIRED VARIABLES IN ORIGINAL
CIRCUIT - HENCE ONE MUST KEEP TRACK
OF ANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES

37
 4k || 12k 12k
FIRST REDUCE IT TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT

SECOND: “BACKTRACK” USING KVL, KCL OHM’S

6k
I3
V KCL: I1  I 2  I 3 0
OHM'S : I 2  a
6k
…OTHER OPTIONS...
OHM'S : Vb 3k * I 3 12
6k || 6k I4  I3
4  12
Vb 4k * I 4
KCL: I 5  I 4  I 3 0
OHM'S : VC 3k * I 5

12V
I1  3
12k Va  (12)
39
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 2k || 2k 1k
LEARNING BY DOING

1k
VOLTAGE DIVIDER: VO  (3V ) 1V
1k  2k

1k  1k 2k

1k
CURRENTDIVIDER: I O  (3 A) 1A
1k  2k

39
AN EXAMPLE OF “BACKTRACKING”
1.5mA
I1 3mA V xz 6V
3V

1mA 1.5mA

VO 36V

3V 0.5mA

A STRATEGY. ALWAYS ASK: “WHAT ELSE CAN I

COMPUTE?”

Vb 6k * I 4 V xz Va  Vb
V V
I3  b I 5  xz
3k 4k
I 2 I 3  I 4 I1  I 2  I 5
Va 2k * I 2 VO 6k * I1  V xz  4k * I1

40
 FINDVO
V1 6V 60k
FIND VS
V1 60k * 0.1mA
6V
0.15mA  0.05mA I1 
120k
2V 6V
9V 
STRATEGY: FIND V1 30k || 60k 20k

USE VOLTAGE DIVIDER THIS IS AN INVERSE PROBLEM

WHAT CAN BE COMPUTED?

20k VS 20k * 0.15mA  6V

 
20k
(12) 6V
20k  20k
+
-
20k V1
12V 
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
20k
VO  V1 SERIES
20k  40k
PARALLEL

41
 Y   TRANSFORMA
TIONS

THIS CIRCUIT HAS NO RESISTOR IN THEN THE CIRCUIT WOULD

SERIES OR PARALLEL BECOME LIKE THIS AND
BE AMENABLE TO SERIES
IF INSTEAD WE COULD PARALLEL TRANSFORMATIONS
OF THIS HAVE THIS

42
 Rab R2 || ( R1  R3 )  Y
Rab Ra  Rb
Y

For the two networks to be equivalent at each corresponding pair of

terminals, it is necessary that the resistance at the corresponding
terminals beequal.(a,b,c
R2 ( R R3 ) open) Ra R1 Rb R1 Rb R2 Rb R1
Ra  Rb  1 R R
1 2   R    R 
Ra  R R
3
R R R
2
Rc
R1  R2  R3 R1  R2  R3 b 3 a c 1

R2 R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1

R3 ( R1  R2 ) Rb 
Rb  Rc  R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1  R2  R3 R1 
R3 R1 Rb
Rc 
R1 ( R2  R3 ) R1  R2  R3 R2 
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
Rc  Ra 
R1  R2  R3  Y Rc
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD R3 
Ra
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra
Y  
43
LEARNING EXAMPLE: APPLICATION OF WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATION
c
COMPUTEI S c DELTA CONNECTION

R1 12k 6k
R3 
12k  6k  18k

a R2 b

R1 R2 a b
Ra 
R1  R2  R3
R2 R3
Rb 
R1  R2  R3
REQ 6k  3k  9k || (2k  6k ) 10k
R3 R1
Rc  12V
R1  R2  R3 IS  1.2mA
12k
 Y

WYE DELTA
ONE COULD ALSO USE A
WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMATION ...
44
 CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
GENERAL STRATEGY
A CONVENTION ABOUT DEPENDENT SOURCES. TREAT DEPENDENT SOURCES AS REGULAR
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED THE CURRENT SOURCES AND ADD ONE MORE EQUATION FOR
AND VOLTAGE VARIABLES ARE ASSUMED IN SI THE CONTROLLING VARIABLE
UNITS OF Amps AND Volts
FIND VO  VA 
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE

VD  I X

CONTROLLING KVL
VARIABLE
FOR THIS EXAMPLE THE MULTIPLIER MUST HAVE
UNITS OF OHM
A PLAN:
OTHER DEPENDENTSOURCES SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT.
USE KVL TO DETERMINE CURRENT
VD VX (  scalar)
KVL:  12  3k * I1  VA  5k * I1 0
I D VX ( Siemens)
ONE EQUATION, TWO UNKNOWNS. CONTROLLING
I D I X (  scalar) VARIABLE PROVIDES EXTRA EQUATION
AN ALTERNATIVE DESCRIPTION VA 2k * I1
 V  UNITS ARE REPLACE AND SOLVE FOR THE CURRENT
VD I X ,  2  EXPLICIT
 mA  I1 2mA
ASSUMESCURRENTIN mA USE OHM’S LAW
VO 5k * I1 10V
45
 KCL TO THIS NODE. THE
FIND VO DEPENDENT SOURCE IS JUST
ANOTHER SOURCE

A PLAN:
IF V_s IS KNOWN V_0 CAN BE DETERMINED USING VOLTAGE DIVIDER.
TO FIND V_s WE HAVE A SINGLE NODE-PAIR CIRCUIT
THE EQUATION FOR THE CONTROLLING
VARIABLE PROVIDES THE ADDITIONAL EQUATION

ALGEBRAICALLY, THERE ARE TWO UNKNOWNS

AND JUST ONE EQUATION

SUBSTITUTION OF I_0 YIELDS

VOLTAGE DIVIDER
* / 6k  5VS 60 VO  4k VS 2 (12)V
4k  2k 3

NOTICE THE CLEVER WAY OF WRITING mA TO

HAVE VOLTS IN ALL NUMERATORS AND THE
SAME UNITS IN DENOMINATOR

46
FIND VO
A PLAN:
ONE LOOP PROBLEM.
FIND THE CURRENT
KVL TO THEN USE OHM’S LAW.
THIS LOOP

THE DEPENDENT SOURCE IS ONE MORE VOLTAGE

SOURCE

THE EQUATION FOR THE CONTROLLING VARIABLE

PROVIDES THE ADDITIONAL EQUATION

REPLACE AND SOLVE FOR CURRENT I … AND FINALLY

47
 vO ( t )
FIND G 
vi (t ) A PLAN:
ONE LOOP ON THE LEFT - KVL
KCL
ONE NODE-PAIR ON RIGHT - KCL

KVL

KVL

KCL It is also a Voltage divider.

vO ( t )
gm v g ( t )  0
RL

48