Eye Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology of the
Eye and Adnexae

Odongo shadrack(MBChB)
Outline
• Eye lids
• Conjunctiva
• Eye ball
– Outer protective layer (Sclera and Cornea)
– Middle Layer (Blood vessels, pigment cells and
Muscle fibres)
– Inner, light sensitive cells (Retina)
• Optic Nerve
• Extra ocular muscles
• Lacrimal apparatus
Eyelids: Applied Anatomy-1
• Divided into two parts
• Anterior Lamella: Has two main structures
- Skin with appendages: Hairs; sebaceous & sweat
glands
- Muscle: Orbicularis Oculi
• Posterior lamellar
- Tarsus / Tarsal plate ( with meibomian gland)
- Levator aponeurosis attached to the tarsus
- Palpebral conjunctiva
• The anterior lamella and posterior lamella are
anatomically divided by the gray line.
Anatomy of the upper eye lid

• Important structures /landmarks of Eyelid are
– Skin
– Orbicularis muscle
– Eye lashes
– Tarsal plate
– Tarsal conjunctiva
– punctum
• Functions of the eyelids
• Protection
– Eyeball
– Keeps the cornea healthy and moist
– Blinking spreads tear film
– Secretions from glands in the tarsus (Meibomian)
Conjunctiva-1
• Mucous membrane that lines inner surface of the lid
(tarsal conjunctiva) and outer surface of the globe
(bulbar Conjunctiva)
• It is Loosely adhere to the sclera
• Its epithelium continuous with corneal epithelium at
the limbus
• It is rich in blood supply
• But it has Poor nerve supply
Conjunctiva-2
• It contains lymphoid tissues especially at the fornix
and has many goblet cells (secrete mucus)
• Main function of conjunctiva is to protect the cornea
by
– supplies oxygen,
– provides lubricant to cornea and
– contains antibodies and lymphocytes to fight
against specific infections
Conjunctiva-3
• Functions of conjunctiva are mainly protective
– Nutrition to the cornea when lids closed
– Lubricates cornea with tears when lids open
– Protection from infections
• The protection from infectionsby
– Antibodies
– Lymphocytes
– Lysozyme
• Hence described as a ‘lymph node cut open and lined
with epithelium’
Eye ball-1
Three coats / tunics
• Outer tunics
– Cornea
– Sclera
• Middle layer /Uveal tract
– Iris
– Ciliary body
– Choroid
• Inner most layer: Retina
Eyeball-2
• Cornea
– Transparent
– Avascular
– Rich nerve supply / endings
– Refracts 60% of incident light rays
• Cornea has three layers and two basement
membranes
– Epithelium: continuous with conjunctival
epithelium at the limbus which has stem cells
– Bowman membrane
Eyeball-3
• Cornea (Cont…)
– Stroma: main part of cornea, it is made of collagen
(regularly arranged giving cornea its transparency)
– Descemets’s membrane
– Endothelium: keeps cornea dehydrated
Eyeball-4
• Sclera
– Made of opaque fibrous collagen tissue/fibres
– They are irregularly arranged
– Forms the outer 2/3 of the protective layer
– Anteriorly lined by the bulbar conjunctiva
– Its function is mainly protective
Eyeball-5
• Middle layer is comprised of Iris, Ciliary Body
and Choroid
• Iris and Ciliary Body [CB]
– IRIS is a Diaphragm
– Both contains smooth muscles and pigmented
cells (absorb light hence preventing unwanted
reflections)
– Vascularised and the nerve supply by ANS [PS]
– CB has suspensory ligaments to the lens
– CB responsible for accommodation and aqueous
fluid production
Eyeball-6
• Choroid
– Mainly blood vessels to the inner eye
– It is the main blood supply to the retina (outer
retina)
Eyeball-7
• The inner layer is retina
• Retina is
– Light sensitive membrane of the back of the eye
– Has 10 layers
– Light sensitive cells are the rods and cones
– Nerve fibres transmits impulses to the visual
cortex
– Centre of retina is the macula which has closely
packed cells of cones
– In the centre of macula is fovea which is the area
of the sharpest vision
Eyeball-8
• Retina (Cont..)
– Rods are more sensitive in dim light while cones
are more sensitive in bright light
– Responsible for the photochemical reactions
(turns light into electrical impulses)
– The inner layers of retina is supplied by retinal
blood vessels
Eyeball-8
• Lens
– Has three layers (Capsule, Cortex, Nucleus)
– Transparent
– Avascular
– Capsule is attached to suspensory ligaments,
which hold lens in place
– Refracts 40% of incident light
– Plays role in accommodation
Eyeball-8
• Humours categorised into aqueous and vitreous
• Aqueous
– Secreted by the epithelium of the processes of CB
– Drains in Posterior chamber– Anterior chamber–
Anterior chamber angle /Trabecular meshwork–
Schlemm canal- small veins on surface of the eye.
– Responsible for the IOP of the eye
– Some refractive powers
Eyeball-9
• Vitreous
– Formed during embryologic period
– Inert
– Transparent jelly
– Refractive power is little
Optic nerve and optic tract
• A tract of nervous system
• Surrounded by dura which contains CSF
• Unable to regenerate; no Schwann or neurilemma
• Enters the skull thru the optic foramen
• The two meet at the optic chiasma
• Few fibre regulate the pupil size and process of
accomodation
• Chiasma-tract-LGB-radiation-visual cortex
Extra ocular Muscles & Orbit
• Six muscles
– Four recti: medial,lateral, superior and inferior
– Two obliques: inferior & superior
– Act in conjugate manner
• Origin in the apex of the orbit:
• Supplied by the CIII, CIV & CVI.
• Blood from branches of ophthalmic artery
• They move the eyeball
• Orbit is a bony cavity which encloses the eye and its
surrounding structures
Lacrimal apparatus
• Secretory system
– Lacrimal glands-secretes fluid
• Major
• Minor
• [Meibomian-Secretes oil, Zeis, Goblets-Secrete
mucus]
• Excretory system
– Punctum
– canaliculi
– Lacrimal Sac
– Nasolacrimal duct
Blood and nerve Supply of the eye
and orbit
• Blood
– Rich blood supply
– Palpebral vessels; branches of ophthalmic artery
• Nerves
– Sensory: Ophthalmic division of CIII
– Motor: branches of CVII
– Extraocular muscles have their own motor supply
Anatomy of the Eyeball
Eye Ball: Clinical implications
Reading List
1. Eye Diseases in Hot Climates, 5th Ed.

Eye Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology of the

Eye and Adnexae

Anatomy of the upper eye lid

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