Unsafe Unhealth Acts and Conditions

BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH
MISCONCEPTION OF SAFETY
• Accident cannot be prevented.
• Companies do not have many accidents.
• Safety is expensive.
• Company are insured anyway.
COMMON TYPES OF ACCIDENT
Causes of Accident
Unsafe/Unhealthy Acts (88%)
• This is an act done by a worker that does not
conform or departs from an established standard,
rules or policy.
Unsafe /Unhealthy Conditions (10%)

• This is as the physical or chemical property of
material, machine or the environment which could
possibly cause injury to people, damage the
property, disrupt operation in a plant or office or
other form of losses.
Non Preventable (2%)

EXAMPLE
UNSAFE ACT UNSAFE

CONDITION
Horse Playing Slippery and wet floor
Smoking in Non- Smoking Area Dusty work area
Using substandard/ defective tools Congested plant lay out
Non Wearing of goggles or glove Octopus Wiring
Driving without License Poor storage system
Reporting to work under the Scattered object on the floor/work

influence of drugs or alcohol area
ACCIDENT CAUSATION
Accident are primarily caused by unsafe and
unhealthy acts and conditions, not because:
“Oras na niya”
“Malas niya lang”
“Tanga kasi”
“Kasama sa trabaho”
OSH PRINCIPLE
CAUSATION THEORIES
1. Single Cause Domino Theory
2. Human Factors Theory
3. Accident/Incident Theory
4. Epidemiological Theory
5. Systems Theory
6. The energy release theory, developed by Dr.
William Haddon, Jr., of the Insurance Institute for
Highway Safety.
7. Behavior Theory
Single Cause Domino Theory
According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a

sequence that may lead to an injury.
• The factors can be visualized as a series of
dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the
linkage required for a chain reaction is completed.
• Each of the factors is dependent
on the preceding factor.
Human Factors Theory
Heinrich posed his model in terms of a single domino leading to
an accident. The premise here is that human errors cause
accidents. These errors are categorized broadly as:
• OVERLOAD - The work task is beyond the capability of the
worker.
1. Includes physical and psychological factors.
2. Influenced by environmental factors, internal factors, and
situational factors .
• INAPPROPRIATE WORKER RESPONSE - To hazards and
safety measures (worker’s fault) - To incompatible workstation
(management, environment faults)
• INAPPROPRIATE ACTIVITIES - Lack of training and
misjudgment of risk But the structure of this theory is still a
cause/effect format.
Accident/Incident Theory
Extension of human factors theory. Here the following
new elements are introduced:
• Ergonomic traps – These are incompatible
workstations, tools or expectations (management
failure)
• Decision to err – Unconscious or conscious
(personal failure)
• Systems failure – Management failure (policy,
training, etc.)
Epidemiological Theory
-This field studies relationship between environmental
factors and disease
– Can be used to study causal factors in a relationship Two
key components:
1. Predisposition characteristics
• tendencies may predispose worker to
certain actions
2. Situational characteristics
• peer pressure, poor attitude, risk taking Together
these characteristics can cause or prevent accidents that
a person predisposed to a given situation or condition
may succumb to.
Systems Theory
A systems theory approach treats safety as an
emergent property. Such property can be controlled
by a set of constraints related to the behavior of the
components of the system.
Energy Release Theory
Willam Haddon a medical doctor and the
administrator of NHTSA at one point in time, in 1966
helped to impose the following regulations for new
cars:
1. Seat belts for all occupants
2. Energy-absorbing steering column
3. Penetration-resistant windshield
4. Dual braking systems
5. Padded instrument panel
6. All measures correspond with the energy and
barrier concept
Behavior Theory
• Often referred to as behavior-based safety (BBS)
• 7 basic principles of BBS
– Intervention
– Identification of internal factors
– Motivation to behave in the desired manner
– Focus on the positive consequences of
appropriate behavior
– Application of the scientific method
– Integration of information
– Planned interventions
COST OF ACCIDENT
DIRECT COST INDIRECT

COST
Medical Expenses Injured Worker
Equipment Damage Loss of Productivity
Wasted Raw Material Lower Staff Morale
Insurance Premium Administrative Cost
Litigation Expense Damage to Reputation
Cost of Accident Investigation
Fines and Penalties

ACTIVITY NO. 1
List down 3 unsafe act and
3 unsafe condition in the
picture and write a
recommendation for
Improvement to avoid
accident.
RISK ASSESSMENT
It is the process where you identify hazards, analyze
or evaluate risk associated with that hazard, and
determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control
hazards.
HAZARD AND RISK
Hazard
- the potential of an act or condition that can
lead to an accident.
Risk
- the chance of physical or personal loss; it is
the probability of the hazard to cause harm and its
consequences.
EXAMPLE:
RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX
Example of Risk Assessment
How to assess risk?
1. Identify the hazard.
2. Decide who might be harmed and how.
3. Evaluate risks and decide precautions.
4. Record your significant findings.
5. Revie your assessment and update if necessary.
How are the hazard identified?
• Look at all aspect of the work.
• Include non-routine activities such as maintenance,
cleaning, or repair.
• Look at accident / incident / near miss records.
• Include people who work “off-site” either at home, on
other job sites, drivers, teleworkers, with clients, etc.
• Look at the way the work is organize or done.
• Look at foreseeable unusual condition.
• Examine risks to visitor or public.
• Include an assessment of groups that may have a different
level of risk such as young or inexperienced worker,
persons with disabilities, or new expectant mother.

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BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

Unsafe /Unhealthy Conditions (10%)

Non Preventable (2%)

UNSAFE ACT UNSAFE

Smoking in Non- Smoking Area Dusty work area

Using substandard/ defective tools Congested plant lay out

Non Wearing of goggles or glove Octopus Wiring

Driving without License Poor storage system

Reporting to work under the Scattered object on the floor/work

According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a

DIRECT COST INDIRECT

Equipment Damage Loss of Productivity

Wasted Raw Material Lower Staff Morale

Insurance Premium Administrative Cost

Litigation Expense Damage to Reputation

Cost of Accident Investigation

Fines and Penalties

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