Lecture 13 - Chap 3

Lecture # 13
Ch. 3. Elementary Fluid Dynamics – The Bernoulli Equation
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)
Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2024 Fall Semester
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1
Learning objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
■ discuss the application of Newton’s second law to fluid flows.
■ explain the development, uses, and limitations of the Bernoulli
equation.
■ use the Bernoulli equation (stand-alone or in combination with the
continuity
equation) to solve simple flow problems.
■ apply the concepts of static, stagnation, dynamic, and total pres-
sures.
3
Newton’s Second Law
F = ma
 Fluid Particle experiences net force according to Newton’s second law of
motion.
 Net P force on particle + Net gravity force on particle = mparticle x Aparticle
Considerations prior to applying Newton’s second law of motion to fluid

particle:
 Motion of Inviscid Fluids (assumed to have zero viscosity –

for flow situations where viscous effects are relatively small –
gravity and pressure dominant cases)
 Assume: Fluid motion is governed by pressure and gravity

forces only (Inviscid fluid flow).
 Select an appropriate coordinate system. We will consider

only two dimensional motion (x-z plane)
4
Newton’s Second Law – Coordinate System
 Motion of a fluid particle is described by its velocity vector
 As the particle moves, it follows a particular path, the shape of which is
governed by velocity vector V defined as time rate of change of the position
of the particle.
 Location of the particle along the path is a function of starting location at
initial time and velocity along the path.
 Steady Flow: the fluid properties at a given location in the flow field do not
change with time.
 If flow is steady, each successive particle that passes through given point (1)
will follow the same path. For such cases the path is a fixed line in the x-z
plane. The entire x-z plane is filled with such paths.
5
Newton’s Second Law - Streamlines
 For steady flow each particle slides along its path and its velocity vector is
everywhere tangent to the path.
 The lines that are tangent to the velocity vectors throughout the flow field
are called streamlines.
 We will use coordinates based on streamlines
6
 The red particle moves in a flowing fluid; its pathline is traced in red; the tip of the trail of blue
ink released from the origin follows the particle, but unlike the static pathline (which records the
earlier motion of the dot), ink released after the red dot departs continues to move up with the
flow. (This is a streakline.) The dashed lines represent contours of the velocity field
(streamlines), showing the motion of the whole field at the same time.
7
 Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of
the flow. These show the direction in which a massless fluid element will travel at any point in
time.
 Streaklines are the loci of points of all the fluid particles that have passed continuously through
a particular spatial point in the past. Dye steadily injected into the fluid at a fixed point extends
along a streakline.
 Pathlines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow. These can be thought of as
"recording" the path of a fluid element in the flow over a certain period. The direction the path
takes will be determined by the streamlines of the fluid at each moment in time.
8
Newton’s Second Law - Particle Motion
 Particle motion is described in terms of streamline coordinates: its distance,
s = s(t), along streamline, n is normal to streamline, local radius of curvature
R = R(s)
 Distance along streamline is related to particle’s speed V = ds/dt, and
radius of curvature is related to the shape of streamline
9
Newton’s Second Law - Particle Acceleration
 Acceleration: a d V dt
 Components of acceleration in s (as streamwise acceleration) and
n (an normal acceleration - centrifugal acceleration) directions:

Using chain rule of differentiation:
The normal component of acceleration, the centrifugal acceleration, is given in terms of
the particle speed and the radius of curvature of its path.
V V2
as V , an  (3.1)
s 
10
Newton’s Second Law - Forces
 To determine forces consider free-body diagram of small fluid particle
 Important forces are assumed to be gravity and pressure neglecting viscous
effects and surface tension.
11
F = ma along a Streamline
 For steady flow, s direction: (3.2)
 Weight in streamline direction:

 The pressure is not constant throughout a stationary fluid, because of the fluid
weight. Likewise, in a flowing fluid the pressure is usually not constant.
 Pressure for steady flow:
 Taking average on two end faces:
 Small particle, so ,
one-term Taylor series expansion:
Free-body diagram of a fluid particle for

which the important forces are those due
to pressure and gravity. 12
 Net Pressure Force on the particle in streamline direction:
 Substitute
 Net Force in s direction:
(3.3)
 Combine eq. 3.2 and 3.3:
(3.4)
Free-body diagram of a fluid particle

13
 Physical Interpretation: change in fluid particle speed is accomplished by the
appropriate combination of pressure gradient and particle weight along
the streamline.
(3.4)
Streamlines are lines everywhere tangent to the fluid

velocity. For steady flow the streamlines coincide with the
pathlines that fluid particles follow. That is, for steady flow,
streamlines are the same as the paths taken by dye
injected into the flow.
The streamlines for very slow flow past a model airfoil are
made visible by injecting dye as several locations upstream
of the airfoil. By closely observing the flow of the dye, it can
be seen that the fluid speed varies along a given
streamline. Thus, there is a component of acceleration
along the streamline. In addition, many of the streamlines
are curved. Hence there is also a component of
acceleration normal to the streamlines.
S. T. Thoroddsen & Stanford University 14

Various flows and the accelerations associated with them are shown in the figure

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Lecture # 13

Ch. 3. Elementary Fluid Dynamics – The Bernoulli Equation

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

■ discuss the application of Newton’s second law to fluid flows.

■ explain the development, uses, and limitations of the Bernoulli

■ use the Bernoulli equation (stand-alone or in combination with the

equation) to solve simple flow problems.

■ apply the concepts of static, stagnation, dynamic, and total pres-

Considerations prior to applying Newton’s second law of motion to fluid

 Motion of Inviscid Fluids (assumed to have zero viscosity –

 Assume: Fluid motion is governed by pressure and gravity

 Select an appropriate coordinate system. We will consider

n (an normal acceleration - centrifugal acceleration) directions:

 Weight in streamline direction:

 Pressure for steady flow:

 Taking average on two end faces:

Free-body diagram of a fluid particle for

 Net Force in s direction:

Free-body diagram of a fluid particle

Streamlines are lines everywhere tangent to the fluid

S. T. Thoroddsen & Stanford University 14

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