EVOLUTION

OF
COMPUTER
Muhammad Ashfaq
Najar
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
Evolution

The gradual development of something or changes in something

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
The evolution of computer hardware covers the developments from early
simple devices to aid calculation to modern-day computers.

Computing hardware is a platform for information processing.

Parts from four
early computers,
1962. From left to
right: ENIAC board,
EDVAC board,
ORDVAC board, and
BRLESC-I board,
showing the trend
toward
miniaturization.
At first, the computation were purely
mechanical devices.
 It required the operator to set up the initial
values of an arithmetic operation, then
manipulated the device to obtain the result.
 Later, computers represented numbers in a
continuous form.
Numbers could also be represented in the
form of digits by a mechanism.
ABACUS

Abundant Beads, Addition

& Calculation Utility
System
(First mechanical device
used for calculations.)
• Invented by
Mesopotamians around
3000 BC.
• Consisted of beads on
movable rods divided in 2
parts.. Used even today by
young children to learn
NAPIER BONES

NAPIER BONES- Invented

by John Napier, a Scottish
mathematician, in 1617
It has set of rods or bones
with multiplication tables
on them- Performed
addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
PASCALINE

Invented by Blaise Pascal,

a French Mathematician in
1642.
It was the first
mechanical calculator
made up of gears or
wheels.
Addition and Subtraction
operation was faster than
Abacus
LEIBNIZ WHEEL

- Invented in 1685 by Gottfried

Wilhelm Leibniz, a German
Mathematician.
- Extended Pascal Calculator to
have automatic multiplication
and division.
- It had a cylinder or stepped
drum with a set of teeth of
incremental lengths which,
was coupled to a counting
wheel.
DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE

Invented by Charles Babbage, a

British Mathematician in 1822 It
could solve differential equations
and was powered by Steam.-
It stored program to perform
calculations and print results
automatically
Mark 1
It was invented by Howard Aiken
in 1944
He collaborated with IBM and
developed the largest
electromechanical
computer- It was the first
operating machine that could
execute computations
automatically. It is considered to
be the real beginning of the era
of the modern computer
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER
FIRST GENERATION (1946 TO 1959)
VACCUM TUBES
First generation of computers refers to the
early stages of computer development. This
generation is the beginning of computer
technology that gained further progress to
make computers more powerful and smaller.
the first generation of computers is
considered from 1946 to 1959. During this
period, computers were developed using
vacuum tubes as the main component It
was invented by Lee de Forest.
A vacuum tube is a device that helps
amplify signals by controlling the motion of
electrons in an evacuated space.
Because vacuum tubes were much larger in
size at the time, they eventually led to larger
computer sizes
The input to the computer was through
punched cards and paper tapes. The output
was displayed as printouts
The instructions were written in machine
language. Machine language uses 0s and 1s
for coding of the instructions. The first
generation computers could solve one
problem at a time.
 ADVANTAGES

 Vacuum tubes were used as electronic component.

 Electronic digital computers were developed for the first time.
 These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their
time.
 Computations were performed in millisecond
 DISADVANTAGES
 The computers were very larger in size
 They consumed a large amount of energy.
 They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.
 They were not very reliable.
 Air conditioning is required.
 Constant maintenance was required.
 Not-portable.
 Costly commercial production.
 Very slow speed.
 Limited programming capabilities.
 Used machine language only.
 EXAMPLE

 ENIAC (1946)
 EDSAC (1949)
 EDVAC (1950)
 .UNIVAC-1 (1951)
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-
1965) TRANSISTOR
The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In
second generation of computer transistors were
used. The transistors were highly reliable and
easier to handle and maintain than the vacuum
tubes These transistors replaced vacuum tubes in
computers during this period The transistors
helped to develop a better computer than the first
generation computers consisting of vacuum
Assembly language is used instead of Machine
Language(used in first-generation computers) for
programming in computers.
 ADVANTAGES
 They are smaller in size as compare to the first generation.
 It is more reliable Uses less power and generates less heat.
 The speed of the second generation is faster as compared to the first
generation.
 Used assembly language as well
 DISADVANTAGES
 they generate less heat but still require a cooling system.
 They require frequent maintenance.
 The commercial production of second generation computers is difficult.
 They are used only for some specific purpose.
 They use punch cards for input.
 EXAMPLE

 Honeywell 4002.
 IBM 70943.
 CDC 16044.
 CDC 36005.
 UNIVAC 11086.
 IBM 7030
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS(1965-
1971) INTEGRETED CIRCUITS
The computers which we used & invented from
1964 to1970 are known as Third Generation
Computers. They used Integrated Circuit(IC)instead
of Transistors. An IC is made up of thousands of
Transistors. Integrated Circuit is also known as
Chip. They used keyboard for input & monitor for
output. They were smaller & faster than early
computers. They were also cheaper & more
efficient than early computers. They were made
available for general public.
 ADVANTAGES
 Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
 More reliable as compared to previous generations.
 Used less energy as compared to previous generations.
 Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers
 Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare
 Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds
 Totally general purpose
 Good storage
 Could be used for high-level languages.
 Less expensive and Better accuracy
 Commercial production increased.
 Used mouse and keyboard for input.
 DISADVANTAGES

 Air Conditioning Required.

 Integrated Circuits could not be repaired easily.
 Maintaining IC chips were difficult.
 Sophisticated Technology required to manufacture Integrated Circuits.
 The Price of Computers very costly.
 EXAMPLE

 IBM 360/370.
 CDC 6600.
 Honeywell-6000 series
 PDP(Personal Data Processor)
 TDC-3166. IBM-370/168
FOURTH GENERATION(1971- PRESENT)
MICROPROCESSESOR
The fourth generation computers have
microprocessor based systems. It uses VLSI(very
large scale integrated ) circuits. They are the
cheapest among all the computer generation.
Speed, accuracy and reliability of the computers
were improved in fourth generation computers.
Many high level languages were developed in the
fourth generation such as COBOL,
FORTRAN,BASIC,PASCAL and C language.
 ADVANTAGES
 More powerful and reliable than previous generations.
 Small in size
 Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
 Fast processing power with less power consumption
 No air conditioning required.
 Totally general purpose
 Less need of repair.
 Commercial production
 All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers
 Cheapest among all generations
 DISADVANTAGES
 The very advanced technology was required to fabricate to the
ICS (Integrated Circuits).
 High quality and reliable system or technology can only make
the CS Cooler is required(fan)
 The latest technology is required for the manufacturing of
Microprocessors.
 EXAMPLE

 ALTAIR 8800
 APPLE I
 APPLE I Series
 Macintosh
 IBM PC
 FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT
AND BEYOND) AI (ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE)
It is primarily based totally on Artificial
intelligence (AI) software. Artificial intelligence
describes the medium and manner of creating
computer systems like people, the manner
human thinks, the manner people act, etc. and
that is a rising department and has all of the
scopes for studies work too. In the fifth
generation of computers, all high-level
languages are employed. The primary goal of
the fifth generation is to create machines that
can learn and organize themselves
 ADVANTAGES
 The AI technology made these computers to understand human language as well
as recognize graphs and pictures.
 The development of fifth-generation computers is intended to solve highly complex
problems, including working with natural language
 .Hopefully, they will be able to use more than one CPU and less expensive
compared to the recent generation.
 It is very easy to take these computers from one place to another and to repair
them.
 The computers made in the fifth generation can be handle easily. Works faster
 Have unique features and are available in different sizes.
 These computers have multimedia features.
 These computers have user-friendly interfaces.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Although AI offers numerous benefits, there are many people
who feel fear about their job and think AI will replace their jobs
in the
 One of the other disadvantages of fifth-generation computers is
spy on the people, which is somehow true.
 Human brains become dull and doomed because of these high
functionality generations.
 EXAMPLE
 Desktops and laptops
 Notebooks and Chromebooks
 Tablets and smartphones
 Supercomputers such as IBM Deep Blue and IBM SP/2
 Artificial intelligence systems such as Watson and Google
Translate
 Smart watches and other wearable devices
THANKS