Lecture3 Vowels

Review.
Consonants
• 1 Specific terms for each place of articulation
• 2 Summary of places of articulation
• 3 Manners of articulation
• 4 Special consonantal gestures
• 5 Summary of the factors in articulating a consonant
1
1. places of articulation
2
The IPA consonant chart
3
2 Summary of places of
articulation
• bilabial + labiodental = labial( 唇音 )
• dental + alveolar + postalveolar (retroflex)=
dental/alveolar( 舌 / 齒音 )
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The IPA consonant chart
5
3 manners of articulation
• Stop ( 塞音 complete closure)
• Oral stop( 口塞音 )
e.g. pie /paɪ/, buy /baɪ/; tie /taɪ/, dye /daɪ/;Kye /kaɪ/, guy /gaɪ/;
• Nasal stop( 鼻塞音 )
e.g. my /maɪ/, nigh /naɪ/, sang /sæŋ/;
• Fricative ( 擦音 approximate close, partially
obstructed, turbulent airflow)
e.g. fie /faɪ/, vie /vaɪ/; thigh /θaɪ/, thy /ðaɪ/; sigh /saɪ/, zoo /zu:/;
shy/ʃaɪ/
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3 Manners of articulation
• Affricate ( 塞擦音 stop → fricative)
e.g. church/tʃ/, judge/dʒ/ vs. shirt/ʃ/
e.g. 資 /tsɿ55/ vs. 私 /sɿ55/;
知 / tʂʅ55 / vs. 詩詩 /ʂʅ55/; ;
基 /tɕi55/ vs. 希 /ɕi55/
• Approximant ( 近音 near closure, NO turbulence)
e.g. yacht/jɒt/, we/wi:/
• Lateral ( 邊音、邊近音 approximant): (obstruction along the
center of the oral tract, incomplete closure between one or
both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth)
e.g. lie /laɪ/, laugh /lɑːf/;
7
3 Manners of articulation
• Trill and tap ( 顫音、閃音 thrills of articulators
involuntarily, or to make a single tap against the
passive articulators)
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4 Special consonantal
gestures
• Aspirated vs unaspirated ( 送氣和不送氣 )
e.g. /p/ vs. /pʰ/,
Eng. sport [spɔːt] vs. port [pʰɔːt]
M. 趴 /pʰa55/vs. 吧 /pa55/ ，
他 /tʰa55/ vs. 搭 /ta55/ ，
枯 /kʰu55/ vs. 姑 /ku55/
• Voiced vs. voiceless ( 濁和清 )
e.g. E. Ben [ben] vs. pen [pʰen]
• Rounded vs. unrounded/spread ( 圓唇、不圓唇 )
e.g. C. 家 /ka/ vs. 瓜 /kʷa/; 卡 /kʰa/ vs. 夸 /kʷʰa/
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5. Summary
1. State of vocal cords
1) voiced/ voiceless;
2) aspirated/ unaspirated
2. Raised or lowered soft palate (oral/nasal)
3. Place of articulation
1) Bilabial
2) Labiodental
3) Dental
4) Alveolar
5) Postalveolar
6) Retroflex
7) Palatal
8) Velar
9) glottal
4. Manner of articulation
1) Stop
2) Fricative
3) Affricate
4) Approximant
5) Lateral
6) Trill or tap
5. Rounding of lips (rounded/unrounded(spread))
http://smu-facweb.smu.ca/~s0949176/sammy/ 10
3. Vowels- monophthongs and
diphthongs
When a vowel 元音 is produced, the air is not blocked but can
come out from the mouth freely, e.g. /a/
There are two types of vowels: monophthong 單元音 and

diphthong 雙元音
Monophthong: is often called a "pure" vowel sound. When

lengthened, there is not any change in the vowel quality, e.g.
/a/
Diphthong: is a combination of two monophthongs in which

there is a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to
another, e.g. /aɪ/
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12
3.1. Positions of the tongue for different
vowels
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3.1. Xray of Tongue Position of a Set of
Vowels
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3.1. the formation of the vowel charters of
IPA
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3.2. Monophthongs
The production of a vowel sound (monophthong) can be
described in terms of :
1. Vertical tongue position, i.e. the position of the tongue relative to

the roof of the mouth, e.g. /i/ vs. /a/
E. heed/i:/ vs. hid/ɪ/ vs. head/e/ vs. had/æ/;
father/ɑ:/ vs. good/ʊ/ vs. food/u:/
2. Horizontal tongue position, i.e. the position of the tongue relative

to the front of the mouth, e.g. /i/ vs. /u/
E. heed/i:/ vs. food/u:/; had/æ/ vs. father/ɑ:/
3. Lip position/rounding, e.g. rounded /y/ vs. unrounded /i/

E. he/hi:/ vs. who/hu:/
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17
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3.3 vowel- three
dimensions
1. Vertical tongue position, i.e. the position of the tongue relative to
the roof of the mouth, e.g. /i/ vs. /a/
E. heed/i:/ vs. hid/ɪ/ vs. head/e/ vs. had/æ/;
father/ɑ:/ vs. good/ʊ/ vs. food/u:/
2. Horizontal tongue position, i.e. the position of the tongue relative

to the front of the mouth, e.g. /i/ vs. /u/
E. heed/i:/ vs. food/u:/; had/æ/ vs. father/ɑ:/
3. Lip position, e.g. rounded /y/ vs. unrounded /i/

E. he/hi:/ vs. who/hu:/
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4. Vowel chart
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Speech sounds
Speech sounds
Consonants Vowels
Vertical Tongue Position Horizontal Tongue Position
Lip Position -Close / high
-Front
-Rounded -Close-mid / mid-high
-Open-mid / mid-low -Center
-Unrounded -Back
-Open / low
Unrounded, high, front

Unrounded, mid-high, front
Unrounded, low, front
Unrounded, mid-low, back
Rounded, mid-low, front
Rounded, high, back
Rounded, mid-high, back
Rounded, mid-low, back
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4.1.Vowels used in standard
English
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4.1 monophthongs used in
standard English
Front, unrounded
[i:] sea
[ɪ] hid
[ɛ] head
[æ] had
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standard English
Back, rounded and unrounded
[ɑ:] heart
[ɒ] hot
[ʌ] but
[ɔ:] caught
[ʊ] good
[u:] food
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standard English
Central, unrounded
[ɜ:] bird
[ə] again
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4.2. diphthongs in standard
English
[eɪ] hay, they
[aɪ] hi, thigh
[ɔɪ] boy
[əʊ] low, though
[aʊ] shout
[eə] bear
[ɪə] fear
[ʊə] sure
Only short vowels like [ɪ], [e], [a], [ɔ], [ʊ] and [ə] can appear as the first
element of diphthongs
the second element of diphthongs should be short vowels like [ɪ], [ʊ] and [ə] only
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Review.

There are two types of vowels: monophthong 單元音 and

Monophthong: is often called a "pure" vowel sound. When

Diphthong: is a combination of two monophthongs in which

1. Vertical tongue position, i.e. the position of the tongue relative to

2. Horizontal tongue position, i.e. the position of the tongue relative

3. Lip position/rounding, e.g. rounded /y/ vs. unrounded /i/

2. Horizontal tongue position, i.e. the position of the tongue relative

3. Lip position, e.g. rounded /y/ vs. unrounded /i/

Unrounded, high, front

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