PRESENTATION ON

TRANSFORMER

PREPARED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:
KRISHNA RAJ GAUTAM KARTHIKEYAN SIR
SOUMYA RANJAN MALLICK
PANKAJ GOND
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Introduction
Classification of transformer
Parts of transformer
Advantages of transformer
Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION

TRANSFORMER :
• The transformer is a static device which is used to transfer electrical energy
from one ac circuit to another ac circuit.
• Input to a transformer and output from a transformer both are alternating
quantities (AC).
• It is an equipment which converts supply at one AC voltage rating into
supply at another voltage rating, without changing the frequency of the
system.

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Fig(a): Transformer
Basic principle of transformer :
•Two Coils: It has two main parts called coils or windings: the primary coil (input
side) and the secondary coil (output side).

•Alternating Current (AC): Transformers work with alternating current (AC), not
direct current (DC). AC changes direction and magnitude periodically.

•Magnetic Field: When AC flows through the primary coil, it creates a magnetic
field around it.

•Induction: This magnetic field passes through the secondary coil. According to
Faraday’s Law of Induction, the changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the
secondary coil.

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• Voltage Change: The amount of voltage induced in the secondary coil
depends on the number of turns (loops) in each coil.

•If the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil, the voltage
increases (step-up transformer). If it has fewer turns, the voltage decreases
(step-down transformer).
E1=−N1dφm/dt
And
E2=−N2dφm/dt

Therefore,
E2/E1=N2/N1

Fig(a): Transformer core 4

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER

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 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER

There are different parts of transformer :

•Laminated core
•Windings
•Insulating materials
•Transformer oil
•Conservator tank
•Buchholz Relay
•Breather
•Radiator
•Bushing
•Explosion vent

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 LAMINATED CORE

•Purpose: The core helps to channel the magnetic field created by the
transformer’s windings, which is essential for transferring electrical energy
between the primary and secondary coils.

•Material: The core is generally made up of Cold Rolled Grain Oriented

(CRGO) steel material.

•These are often coated with an insulating layer to prevent electrical currents
from flowing between them

•Lamination: The thin sheets are stacked together to form the core. This
stacking reduces energy losses due to eddy currents unwanted currents that
can generate heat and waste energy.

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 WINDINGS
Two sets of winding are made over the transformer core and are insulated from each other.
Winding consists of several turns of copper conductors bundled together and connected in
series. Within the voltage range classification.

•High voltage winding – It is made of copper conductor. The number of turns made shall be
the multiple of the number of turns in the low-voltage winding. The conductor used will be
thinner than that of the low-voltage winding.

•Low voltage winding – It consists of a fewer number of turns than the high voltage winding.
It is made of thick copper conductors. This is because the current in the low-voltage winding
is higher than that of the high-voltage winding

Fig: windings 8
 INSULATION

•Purpose:

•Electrical Safety: Prevents electrical currents from flowing where they

shouldn’t, which helps avoid short circuits and electrical faults.

•Heat Management: Helps manage and dissipate heat generated during

operation to prevent overheating.

•Types of Insulation:

•Paper Insulation: Often used in older transformers or in combination with oil.

It is impregnated with oil to enhance its insulating properties.

•Oil: In oil-filled transformers, the oil itself acts as an insulator and coolant.

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 TRANSFORMER OIL

Primary Functions:
•Insulation: Provides electrical insulation between the transformer’s internal components,
such as the windings and core, to prevent electrical shorts and ensure safe operation.

•Cooling: Acts as a coolant to dissipate the heat generated by the electrical current flowing
through the windings, helping to maintain optimal operating temperatures.

Characteristics:

•Dielectric Strength: Transformer oil needs to have high dielectric strength, which means it
must effectively insulate against electrical currents to prevent breakdown.

•Thermal Stability: The oil must remain stable and effective at high temperatures to
ensure it continues to provide cooling and insulation.

•Low Viscosity: It should flow easily to transport heat away from the core and windings.

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 CONSERVATOR TANK
Purpose:
•Oil Expansion: The conservator tank helps manage the expansion and contraction of the
transformer oil due to temperature changes. As the transformer operates, the oil heats up
and expands; when it cools down, it contracts.
Structure:
•Design: It is typically a cylindrical tank mounted above the main transformer tank. It is
connected to the main tank via a pipe.

•Location: Positioned above the main transformer tank, often on the top or side, depending
on the design of the transformer.

Fig(b): Conservator tank 11

 BREATHER
Purpose:

•Moisture Control: The primary function of the breather is to absorb moisture from the
air that enters the transformer.

•Position: The breather is typically installed on top of the conservator tank, or sometimes
directly on the main tank, depending on the transformer design.

How It Works:

•Air Exchange: As the transformer oil expands and contracts due to temperature
changes, air enters and exits the conservator tank. The breather filters this air to remove
moisture and prevent it from contaminating the oil.

Fig(d):Breather 12
 BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Purpose:

•Fault Detection: The Buchholz relay detects and signals the presence of internal
faults within the transformer, such as gas accumulation or sudden oil movement,
which can indicate problems like overheating or short circuits.

How It Works:

•When a fault occurs inside the transformer, such as an internal arc or

overheating, it can cause the decomposition of transformer oil, generating gas.
The Buchholz relay has a gas accumulation chamber that detects this gas.

Fig(c): Buchholz relay 14

 RADIATOR
Purpose:

• Heat Dissipation: The radiator helps to transfer excess heat from the transformer oil to
the surrounding air, preventing the transformer from overheating. Effective cooling ensures
the transformer operates within safe temperature limits.

• Position: Radiators are usually mounted on the side of the transformer tank. They are
typically visible as external panels or sections connected to the main transformer body.

How It Works:
• Oil Flow: Heated transformer oil flows through the radiator, which has a large surface area
to facilitate heat transfer.
•Heat Transfer: As the oil passes through the radiator, heat is transferred from the oil to the
metal surface of the radiator and then to the air. This process helps cool the oil before it
returns to the main transformer tank.

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Fig(e):Radiator
 Bushing

Purpose:
•Electrical Connection: Bushings provide a means for electrical connections to pass
through the transformer's tank or enclosure while insulating the high-voltage
conductors from the grounded parts of the equipment.

•Insulation: They ensure that electrical conductors are safely insulated from the
surrounding environment to prevent electrical shorts and ensure safe operation.

•Position: Bushings are mounted on the transformer tank, typically near the top or
sides. They connect the transformer’s internal components to the external power lines.
How It Works:

•Insulating Material: The bushing’s insulating material, which can be made of

porcelain, composite materials, or polymer, prevents electrical leakage and ensures
safe operation.

Fig(f):bushing 16
 Explosion vent

Purpose:

•Safety Protection: The explosion vent is designed to release pressure and gases
that build up inside the transformer due to an internal fault or explosion.

•This helps prevent the transformer from sustaining serious damage or causing a
more hazardous situation.

Position: Explosion vents are typically installed on the top of the transformer tank
or on the conservator tank.

•They are placed in strategic locations to ensure that pressure is safely directed
away from critical components.

How It Works:

•Pressure Relief: In the event of an internal fault, such as an electrical fault or

overheating that leads to an explosion or rapid gas generation, the explosion vent
opens automatically to relieve excess pressure.

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 Advantages of transformer

•Voltage Conversion
•Reduces Energy Loss
•Electrical Isolation
•Safety
•Versatility
•Various Applications
•Reliable Operation
•Long Lifespan
•Stable Voltage Supply
•Consistent Power
•Cost-Effective
•Low Operating Costs

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 CONCLUSION

A transformer is a passive electrical device that can change the voltage in an alternating
current (AC) electric circuit.

Transformers are used to increase or decrease the operating voltage levels between
circuits. A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction and mutual
induction.

Four basic functions are performed in a transformer:

• Mutual induction is present between the two linked circuits

• There is a transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another
• Electric power gets transferred without showing any change in the frequency
• Electromagnetic induction transfers electrical power

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