1.1 & 1.

2
Describe the methodology of research methods

Describe how different methods can be used for research

purposes.
 Research
Methodology
Research is to extend
knowledge and
understanding and raise
awareness of individuals
 Definition of research
When you say that you are undertaking a research study to find
answers to a question, you are implying the following process.

Undertaking research within a chosen field.

Using procedures, methods, techniques that have been tested

for validity and reliable.[examples- Government and National
Health service internet web sites, also books, journals.

Your research is designed to be unbiased and objective.

 Characteristics
of research
Research is a process of collecting,
analysing and interpreting information to
answer questions.
To qualify as research, the process must
have certain characteristic: it must, as far
as possible , be controlled, rigorous, valid
and verifiable.
 Process of research

Design-
methods
Research and
question sampling Collect Present Evaluate
Topic? or ? Ethics informati informati Analyse. (Squire
hypothesi [ data on on. 2007)
s protectio
n Act
1998]
 Two types of
research
Primary and
Define
secondary
Primary research (originate
and carried out by you)
Gather information by doing research

Formal and informal

Observation

Questionnaires

Structured interviews

Scientific experiment

Measurements
Secondary research
Use
information
Website Journals
collected by
others.

Media Books E-resources

Interpret –
Review
data graphs
(extract
tables
information)
statistics
 Research Methods
and Methodology
A research method is used to find solution to the
research problem. (technique, strategies and tools
used)
A research methodology the appropriate methods
applied with a view to ascertain solution (prove the
credibility, validity and reliability of the chosen
research method)
Group task (Define and describe
how each of the below methods
can be used for research
purposes).

Descriptive Fundamental
Research Research

Analytical Conceptual
Research Research

Applied Empirical
Research Research

Quantitative Qualitative
research research
 Quantitative

Research methods are

used natural scientists and
has been adopted by social It operates strict rules in
Quantitative research
scientist, education and terms of rigour in
includes survey,
health care which tend to conducting the study,
experiments and statistical
produce a lot of numbers objectivity and control of
data.
and statistics [they do not variables
tend to be in-depth
research methods].
 Qualitative
Research methods which get personal views and
opinions from people [they generate a lot of
information rather than figures].

Developed in social science and seeks to gain insight

into people’s lives. Their attitudes, behaviours and
values systems are the areas of interest for
qualitative researcher who want to seek out the ‘why’
of a particular topic.

Four major qualitative approaches are:-Ethnography,

Phenomenology, Field research and Grounded theory
 Descriptive Research
Incorporates surveys as
well as different varieties Forms emphasises on
of fact-finding factual reporting, The
investigations. Focused researcher cannot
on describing the control the involved
prevailing state of affairs variables and can only
as they are. Descriptive report the details as they
Research is also termed took place or as they are
as Ex post facto taking place.
research. Ex post facto studies also
Researchers mainly make include attempts by
use of a descriptive researchers to discover
research approach for causes even when they
purposes such as when cannot control the
the research is aimed at variables. The descriptive
deciphering research methods are
characteristics, mainly, observations,
frequencies or trends. surveys as well as case
studies.
 Analytical
Often
undertaken by
Is a form of researchers to
From
research where uncover some
conducting
the researcher evidence that
meta-analysis,
must make do supports their
literary
with the data present
research or
and factual research, and
scientific trials
information which makes it
and learning
available at more authentic.
public opinion,
their behest and It is also
there are many
interpret this undertaken for
methods
information to concocting fresh
through which
undertake an ideas relating to
this research is
acute evaluation the topic on
done.
of the data. which the
research is
based.
 Fundamental
primarily concerned with formulating a theory or
understanding a particular natural phenomenon.
Fundamental Research aims to discover information
with an extensive application base, supplementing the
existing concepts in a certain field or industry.
Research on pure mathematics or research regarding
generalisation of the behaviour of humans are also
examples of Fundamental Research. This form of
research is mainly carried out in sectors like
Education, Psychology and Science.
For instance, in Psychology fundamental research
assists the individual or the company in gaining better
insights regarding certain behaviours such as
deciphering how consumption of caffeine can possibly
impact the attention span of a student or how culture
stereotypes can possibly trigger depression.
 Empirical Research
Focuses solely on aspects like observation and experience,
without focusing on the theory or system. It is based on data
and it can churn conclusions that can be confirmed or verified
through observation and experiment. Mainly undertaken to
determine proof that certain variables are affecting the others
Can also be termed in aas
particular way. Research. In this
Experimental
research it is essential that all the facts are received
firsthand, directly from the source so that the
researcher can actively go and carry out the actions
and manipulate the concerned materials to gain the
In this researchinformation he is
a hypothesis requires.
generated and then a
path is undertaken to confirm or invalidate this
hypothesis. The control that the researcher holds over
the involved variables defines this research. The
researcher can manipulate one of these variables to
examine its effect
 Mixed Methods
Can be a combination of multiple types of research
methods. The researcher might combine
observations with focus groups or interviews. The
selected combination depends on what the
researcher is studying and which research methods
are best suited for their tasks.
Best practices for utilising mixed methods include
picking two complementary research methods, such
as starting with a focus group and then using the
focus group data to develop and conduct an
experiment.
You might not want to use mixed methods if this
approach could unnecessarily complicate the
research. For example, if your mixed methods are
surveys and secondary data analysis, these two
methods could unnecessarily complicate the study if
the sets of information are not relevant to one
another.
 Benefit of methodology
Helps other researchers who may want to replicate your research; the
explanations will be of benefit to them.
You can easily answer any questions about your research if they arise
at a later stage.
A research methodology provides a framework and guidelines for
researchers to clearly define research questions, hypotheses, and
objectives.
It helps researchers identify the most appropriate research design,
sampling technique, and data collection and analysis methods.
A sound research methodology helps researchers ensure that their
findings are valid and reliable and free from biases and errors.
It also helps ensure that ethical guidelines are followed while
conducting research.
A good research methodology helps researchers in planning their
research efficiently, by ensuring optimum usage of their time and
resources.
 2.1-Describe how to identify research
aims for a relevant topic of research

Research aims are

Research aims They provide a
usually written in a
are broad general direction
general and
statements that for and indicate
abstract manner
describe the the intended
describing the end
overall purpose of achievements of
goal of the
the research. the research.
research.
 Research aims

It should all describe

why your research is
Research aims are needed (i.e. the
It acts as a focal point
mostly located within context), what it sets
for any research and Can range in length
its own subsection out to accomplish (the
provides the readers from a single sentence
under the introduction actual aim) and,
with clarity as to what to a short paragraph.
section of a research briefly, how it intends
the study is all about.
document. to accomplish it
(overview of your
objectives).
 Example of a
research aim
The role of diametrical cup deformation as a factor to
unsatisfactory implant performance has not been
widely reported. The aim of this thesis was to gain an
understanding of the diametrical deformation
behaviour of acetabular cups and shells following
impaction into the reamed acetabulum. The influence
of a range of factors on deformation was investigated
to ascertain if cup and shell deformation may be high
enough to potentially contribute to early failure and
high wear rates in metal-on-metal implants.
 Research
objective
Specify how your study will answer it.

They divide the research aim into several smaller parts, each of
which represents a key section of your research project. As a
result, almost all research objectives take the form of a numbered
list, with each item usually receiving its own chapter
 Research objective
examples
Develop finite element models using explicit dynamics to mimic mallet blows during
cup/shell insertion, initially using simplified experimentally validated foam models to
represent the acetabulum.
Investigate the number, velocity and position of impacts needed to insert a cup.

Determine the relationship between the size of interference between the cup and
cavity and deformation for different cup types.
Investigate the influence of non-uniform cup support and varying the orientation of
the component in the cavity on deformation.
Examine the influence of errors during reaming of the acetabulum which introduce
ovality to the cavity.
Determine the relationship between changes in the geometry of the component and
deformation for different cup designs.
Develop three dimensional pelvis models with non-uniform bone material properties
from a range of patients with varying bone quality.
Use the key parameters that influence deformation, as identified in the foam models
to determine the range of deformations that may occur clinically using the anatomic
models and if these deformations are clinically significant.
 In a nutshell research
aims
The research aim focus
on what the research
Research aims are
project is intended to
relatively broad;
achieve; research
research objectives are
objectives focus on how
specific.
the aim will be
achieved.

A research aim can be

Research aims focus on
written in a single
a project’s long-term
sentence or short
outcomes; research
paragraph; research
objectives focus on its
objectives should be
immediate, short-term
written as a numbered
outcomes.
list.
 Writing a research aim

Your aim should be made up of three parts that

answer the below questions:

Why is this research required?

What is this research about?

How are you going to do it?

 2.2
Describe how to plan a
research design model
• The research design is an important component of a
research proposal because it plans the project’s
execution. You can share it with the supervisor, who
would evaluate the feasibility and capacity of the
results and conclusion.
• Read our guidelines to write a research proposal if you
have already formulated your research design. The
research proposal is written in the future tense
because you are writing your proposal before
conducting research.
• The research methodology or research design, on the
other hand, is generally written in the past tense.
 3.1, 3.2 & 4.1

Describe how to produce a research report:

• uses a standard format
• Presents information
• Describes finding in relation to the research aims
Describe how to use an accepted method of
referencing for source material.

Describe the process of evaluating the outcome of a

research
 What is a
research report
A research report is an in-depth document that contains the results of a research
project. It includes information about the research topic, the research question, the
methodology used to collect data from respondents, the results of the research, and
the conclusion of the researcher.
The report also includes information about the funding source or partnerships for the
project, if applicable. The purpose of a research report is to communicate the findings
of research studies to a wider audience. The report should be clear, concise, and well-
organised so that readers can easily understand the information presented.
 Format

1.executive summary.
2.introduction (which includes the aims of
the work)
3.method.
4.key findings.
5.conclusions.
6.recommendations
• Title of Report
• Table of Contents (not always required) Abstract/Synopsis
• Introduction
• Literature Review (sometimes included in the Introduction)
• Methodology
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Recommendations (sometimes included in the Conclusion)
• References or Bibliography Appendice