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    The First Cleavage of Frog's Egg Was Observed by Swammerdam in 1738. The Process of Cleavage in Frog's Egg Was Studied by Prevost and Dumas in 1824

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    Ritik Kumar
    The development of a frog begins with cleavage, where the fertilized egg undergoes a series of cell divisions that result in the formation of a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then forms a structure called a blastula which is a hollow ball of cells. During blastulation, the blastula develops a cavity called the blastocoel. Gastrulation then occurs, involving three main cell movements - invagination, involution, and epiboly. This transforms the blastula into a gastrula containing three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The gastrula will then undergo further development into a neurula.

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    The First Cleavage of Frog's Egg Was Observed by Swammerdam in 1738. The Process of Cleavage in Frog's Egg Was Studied by Prevost and Dumas in 1824

    Uploaded by

    Ritik Kumar
    49 views5 pages
    The development of a frog begins with cleavage, where the fertilized egg undergoes a series of cell divisions that result in the formation of a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then forms a structure called a blastula which is a hollow ball of cells. During blastulation, the blastula develops a cavity called the blastocoel. Gastrulation then occurs, involving three main cell movements - invagination, involution, and epiboly. This transforms the blastula into a gastrula containing three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The gastrula will then undergo further development into a neurula.

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    1585123376_LS-II-DEV_BIO-2

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    The development of a frog begins with cleavage, where the fertilized egg undergoes a series of cell divisions that result in the formation of a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then forms a structure called a blastula which is a hollow ball of cells. During blastulation, the blastula develops a cavity called the blastocoel. Gastrulation then occurs, involving three main cell movements - invagination, involution, and epiboly. This transforms the blastula into a gastrula containing three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The gastrula will then undergo further development into a neurula.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    49 views5 pages

    The First Cleavage of Frog's Egg Was Observed by Swammerdam in 1738. The Process of Cleavage in Frog's Egg Was Studied by Prevost and Dumas in 1824

    Uploaded by

    Ritik Kumar
    The development of a frog begins with cleavage, where the fertilized egg undergoes a series of cell divisions that result in the formation of a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then forms a structure called a blastula which is a hollow ball of cells. During blastulation, the blastula develops a cavity called the blastocoel. Gastrulation then occurs, involving three main cell movements - invagination, involution, and epiboly. This transforms the blastula into a gastrula containing three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The gastrula will then undergo further development into a neurula.

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    Development of Frog

    Cleavage
    The first cleavage of frog’s egg was observed by Swammerdam in 1738.
    The process of cleavage in frog’s egg was studied by Prevost and Dumas in 1824.

    In frog’s egg the cleavage is holoblastic and unequal.

    The cleavsge occurs as follows

    The first cleavage plane is meridional . Initially furrow appears at the animal pole and reaches
    vegetal pole

    The second cleavage furrow is again meridional. It bisects the first cleavage furrow at right
    angles. It is a holoblastic cleavage affecting both the blastomeres of the first cleavage. It results in
    the formation of four blastomeres.

    Next cleavage is latitudinal/horizontal above the equator nearer to the animal pole. Such a
    furrow is due to the influence of yolk concentration in the vegetal pole. The latitudinal furrow
    uniformly affects all the blastomeres. It results in the formation of eight blastomeres. Four of them
    remaining in the vegetal pole are large. They are named as macromeres. Another four
    blastomeres remain in the vegetal pole. They are named as micromeres. The micromeres are
    smaller in size than the macromeres.

    Fourth set of cleavage planes are meridional. They are unequal. They divide yolkless micromeres
    more rapidly than yolk-rich macromeres. result in the production of 16 blastomeres.

    The fifth cleavage is latitudinal /horizontal and double, dividing the micromeres as well as
    macromeres so that four tiers of blastomeres are formed.

    Blastomeres above the equator are small and remain as micromeres, the blastomeres of the vegetal
    pole remain progressively larger. The larger blastomeres are called the macromeres.

    Initially the continued division of blastomeres forms a ball like structure which is solid. It is called
    the morula stage, as this has superficial resemblance to a mulberry fruit. The morula stage gives
    rise to a stage called the blastula which is a hollow ball like structure.
    ( https://www.google.com)

    Blastulation
    At the end of cleavage the solid ball of cells give rise to blastula which consists of number
    blastomeres. The characteristic features of the blastula stage are the presence of a well defined
    cavity called the blastocoel. This is the beginning of the primary body cavity. The process of the
    formation of blastula is called blastulation. The blastula of frog is called amphiblastula as the
    cavity is confined to only the animal pole. The vegetal pole however is composed of a solid mass
    of non pigmented yolky cells.

    In the thirty two cell stage, the blastula consists of a single layer of cells and is called the early
    blastula. The pigmented cells (micromeres) are found in the anterior half while the yolky
    megameres are present in the posterior half. As has been already pointed out, the blastocoel lies
    entirely in the anterior half. The blastula of frog is hollow and has a very well developed
    blastocoel. It is said to be a coeloblastula.

    The floor of the blastocoel is flat while its top portion is arched. The roof is made up of three to
    four layers of pigmented micromeres while the floor is formed by yolky megameres. Between
    the micromeres and the megameres and along the equator is found a group of cells which are
    intermediate in size (between megameres and micromeres). These cells constitute the germ ring.
    The germ ring is formed in the region of the grey crescent.
    ( https://www.google.com)

    Gastrulation
    Gastrulation is the process of formation of hollow gastrula from blastula. It involves dynamic
    movement and rearrangement of blastomeres. Such movements of blastomeres along specific
    paths during gastrulation are called as morphogenetic movements. Three types of
    morphogenetic movements can be found- invagination, involution and epiboly.

    Invagination: Invagination is an active infolding of blastomeres.


     few blastomeres near grey crescent are pushed inward to form a slit or groove.
     The opening of this groove is called as blastopore and the cavity is called as
    gastrocoel or archenteron.
     The blastopore gradually assumes a crescentic shape. Finally it becomes circular. The
    region dorsal to the blastoporal opening is called the ‘dorsal lip’.
     The lower edge may be called the ‘ventral lip’.
     Due to enlargement of archenteron, blastocoel is gradually reduced.

    Involution: Involution is the process of rolling in movement of blastomeres.


     micromeres multiply and migrate to the dorsal lip of blastopore and roll inside or turn
    into the archenteron and arrange themselves on the roof of the archenteron.
     Involution is completed by convergence and divergence.
     micromeres multiply rapidly and move towards the blastoporal end, process called
    convergence. Thus converged cells in the blastopore start to involute slowly and
    diverge towards the roof of the archenteron. This process is called as divergence.
     Thus involuted cells develop into chordamesoderm.
     The archenteron gradually widens which pushes the blastocoel narrow.
     The crescentic blastopore becomes complete circle.

    Epiboly: Epiboly means growth of one layer of cells over another.


     micromeres of animal pole divide rapidly and move over the macromeres of vegetal
    pole. This layer forms ectoderm.

    As a result, three primary germ layers are formed. The cells which cover the gastrula
    externally form ectoderm. Those involuted cells into the roof of archenteron give rise to
    mesoderm and cells of sides and floor of the archenteron will develop into endoderm.
    ( https://www.google.com)

    Some other internal changes are also taking place along with those morphogenetic
    movements. As the archenteron is enlarging, the yolky megameres are pushed out towards the

    blastopore. This structure is called as yolk plug. The process of gastrulation is completed in
    36 hours of fertilization.

    The process of gastrulation converts the blastula into a spherical, bilaterally symmetrical,
    triploblastic gastrula. Gradually the gastrula undergoes the process of tubulation or
    neurulation to become a neurula.

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