FT1

Revision
This PPT includes all of the
important topics that we have
studied in Grade 6 Science.
 Bonus Topics
(Earth Science)

Contents
- Structure of the Earth
- Tides
(these can be found at the end of
the presentation, they are the final
2 chapters in this slideshow)

Chemistry 1 Chemistry 2 Chemistry 3 Physics 1

Acid and Base Introduction to
Atomic Structure Physical Properties
Solutions Energy
Using Substances
pH Scale and Energy
The Periodic Table Based on their
Indicators Transformations
Properties
Elements, and Force, Weight &
Solids, Liquids, Gases Neutralisation
Compounds Gravity
Metals, Non-metals
Changing States Chemical Reactions Sound & Reflections
and Metalloids
The Water Cycle and The Solar System &
Metal mixtures Testing for Gases
Weather Eclipses
 The
Structure of
the Atom
Atomic
Structure Which
What is the particle has a
smallest of positive (+)
the charge?
3 particles?
Which
Which particle has a
particle has neutral (=)
a negative charge?
(-) charge?
 The
electro
_________
ns
orbit
the
nucleus
_______.
 WB: Ex. 5.1A Q3
Each sub-
atomic particle
has an
electrical
+ = charge.-
Protons have Neutrons have Electrons have
a a no mass.
mass of 1. mass of 1. They have a
They have a They have negative charge.
positive no charge
WB:
charge.
Ex. 5.1A Q3 (Workbook) (neutral).
Why don’t atoms
just fall apart?
 The nucleus has positi
a ________
charge. ve
attract
Electrons areed_________
negatito the
nucleus because theyve have a
This is
________ called
charge.
electrostati
sự thu hút c
What’s the overall
charge of this carbon attraction. Greek:
*n
nee ot
ded
*
atom?
Remember, atoms have the This holds the static
(stand)
same number of electrons
and protons.
atom together.
 The
Periodic
Table
These materials are all made
of ONE TYPE OF ATOM.
Examples of Different
Elements
Gas Solid

Gas Solid

Solid, Liquid or
Gas?
 The Periodic
Table
What WhatAND
MUCH

is it? can it
MORE
…

GROUPING
tell us?
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC SYMBOL
SYSTEM NUMBER/MASS
What happens to the atomic numbers as we move right?

What happens to the atomic numbers as we move down?

They get
BIGGER.
We can read this kind of like a
book!
 “GROUPs” go up and
down.

Group 1 All elements in a group act Group 8

Group 2
similarly.
(They have the same properties).
Draw a circle around Group
 “PERIODs” go
across.
Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

kim loại

The metals are on the left and non-metals on the

right.
Draw a circle around Period
You will always find the atomic
number in the top left corner.
x
This number tells us the how many
electrons.
In a normal atom, the number of
electrons (-) and protons (+) are
always equal, so the overall charge
is
Soneutral
really: (0).
atomic number = electron sam
number e
sam
e
electron number = proton number
sam
proton number = atomic number e
 Next comes the atomic mass…
The mass number can move:
- Sometimes it’s under the symbol.
- Sometimes it’s top right corner.
- Most often it’s bottom left
corner.
Which sub-atomic particles have
mass?
proton electron
neutron
And so, the atomic mass is the number
of PROTONS AND NEUTRONS added
together.
The electron has If the nucleus
negativ
a ________ was made of 1
e
charge and the *electr
neutron (instead
osta
positiv
proton has a attract tic
intensi n
io of a proton)…
fies*
e charge.
________

The overall The electron

charge of a would fly away
normal atom because it is only
zerbe ____.
must 1 -1 =0
) )))))) attracted to a +ve
)))
o =)
charge.
Elements &
Compounds
 This Periodic Table was made by
Mendeleev in 1869.

He left some GAPS for elements that were not

discovered yet.
He predicted that below Aluminium, there would be a
similar metal with a mass of around 68.
In 1875, this element was discovered…
GALLIUM
A compound is formed when 2 or more
elements
bind
(v) together very tightly. They make (n) a
bond. Which
elements
NO YES are in this
(All atoms are the same
element).
(It is made of 3 different
elements).
compound?
-
Calcium
- Oxygen
Is this a compound? Is this a compound?
- Carbon
 What colour
What is are the
bonds in this
the most picture?
GREY
famous
compoun
d in the
world? H2O The number of atoms
comes after the
letter and it’s small
(sub-script).
 RIDDLE ME THIS…
- I have 2 parts; both could kill you.

- You can find me in your house...

- If you add me to your phở, I’ll

improve it.
What am
I?
Sodiu + Chlorin = Sodiu
m e m
SALT Chlori
muố
dei
 This shows us that
chemicals (elements and
compounds) can have
very different
properties.

Bonding a chemical with other elements to make a

new compound can change it’s colour, smell, taste,
hardness, melting or boiling temperature,
explosiveness, acidity et al.!
 Look *ignore metals
*

how the We change the word ending to -

name of ideoxygen
iro .

the non- n
calciu sulfur
metal m
coppe chlorin
changes r e
The name of the metal always
LB: Ex. 2.6 Q3-6
 All of these iron silicide
compounds calcium
have only carbide
2 elements. copper
However, sulfide
 Iron Silicate
FeSiO
Very often,
 Calcium
we find 4
Carbonate
extra  Copper Sulfate
oxygen in a CaCO3
The name of the metal always comes
Use the Periodic Table and Rules to
correctly name these compounds!
Rules: Fluorine + Magnesium
Potassium + Iodine
1) Metal comes first.
2) Compounds made from Calcium + Sulfur + Oxygen
two elements end
Bromine + Tin
with –ide.
Oxygen + Aluminium
3) Compounds that
contain two elements Oxygen + Phosphorous +
and oxygen end with Potassium
*BONUS POINTS FOR
–ate. FORMULAE*
Mixtures
Mixtures vs
Compounds

We can add sulfur to iron, We can use heat to start a

but the atoms are not reaction. The atoms start
bonding yet. bonding together.
This is a This is a pure
mixture. compound.
 pure
pure
compou
element
nd

Element

Compound

Mixture

Pure
 mixture of
mixture of
compound
elements
s

Element

Compound

Mixture

Pure
Air is ‘composed’ of elements and
compounds…
composed = “made
up of”
A beach is composed of ____.
sand

An army is composed of
soldiers
________.
The ocean is composed of
wate
_____. r
A class is composedstudent
of
________. s
 The composition of air
Which
element is
most
abundant?
Which
compound is
least
abundant?
 Metals,
Non-Metals,
Metalloids,
& Alloys
 How would you
describe a metal?
 Metals are
sáng bóng
SHINY
Metals are shiny when
they are fresh and pure.
If we polish or cut a
metal, then it can get
shiny.
This is because metals
can reflect (bounce) light
well.
Metals can be
Metals can be
malleable.
khoáng sản
Malleable means ‘easy
to bend/shape’. We can
shape body parts for a
car or bend copper water
pipes without them
breaking.
Metals can be
Metals can be ductile.
uốn dẻo
E.g. Copper is a very
ductile material; it can
easily be stretched out
for making electrical wires
for power lines, telephones,
or internet cables.
Metals can
be SONOROU
If you hit a metal it will
make a sound. This is S
because it has a sonorous
property. vang
Sonorous very simply
means ‘can make a sound’.
People use this for
instruments like a gong or a
saxophone.
 HEAT
Metals are good
__________
conductors of hea
____.
t
Heat can easily pass
through metal atoms
which makes them
great materials for
cooking!
ELECTRICITY
Metals aregood
____
conductors of
electricit
___________.
Most metalsy can allow
electricity to pass
through very easily but Why do wires have plastic
the best ones are outside?
expensive!
 MAGNETIC
SOME metals are
magnetic, this is a
useful property to
know for certain jobs.
từ tính

Iron, Nickel,
Cobalt, and Steel
(iron alloy).
WB7: Ex. 5.1 Q1-3
 Hard / Shiny /
Malleable /
Magnetic /
Ductile /
High Melting
Point / Conductor /
Sonorous
The Periodic
Table
ALL non-
metals.
 Most non-metals are gases or brittle solids.
They are not as strong or durable as metals.
Non-metal solids
can usually break
or shatter easily
because they are
brittle.

The other non-

metals are gases.
(hydrogen, helium,
neon, nitrogen,
oxygen etc).
 NO chất cách điện

They are insulators.

They are dull.
 What
element is
this?
(It’s a liquid
metal).

There are only 2 liquid elements (at room

One is metal and one is
temperature).
non-metal!
 Why
are
alloys
stronge
r than
pure
Coppe
r
+
Zinc
=
Coppe
r
+
Tin
=
Separating
Mixtures
SHOUT
OUT
Mixture Sandy,
or Salty
Not a Water
Mixture
 chia

How can we
separate a solid
from a mixture
with liquid?
 Use their
different
properties!
- size
(tweezers)
- size (sieve)
- magnetism
- solubility
Filtering.
 How can we
separate a liquid
from a mixture with
another liquid?
We can use thuốc nhuộm

condensat
We are heating a mixture
ion to
of water and red food dye.
separate
2 liquids.
The water
boi
will ____
andlturn
into a
If both of the solids are in tiny pieces (powders) then we can
not use sifting to separate them. How could we remove the
iron?
What do we know about the properties of
iron?
 How can we
separate a solid
from a mixture
with another
solid?
Magnetic.

Iron & Sand

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
Melting /
Dissolving.

Salt & Sand

Sifting.

Peas & Rice

 Solids,
Liquids,
& Gases
 What is the difference
between a solid
and a liquid?
talk about the particles and their interaction
 MOVING FASTER

CLOSER TOGETHER

Liqui
Solid Gas
d
CANNOT CAN
change change
Defini
Variabl
te
e shape
shape

CANNO CAN
T flow flow
 Gases.
thể tích

(If we try to compress

a liquid or a solid,
they do not change volume).
 CANNOT CAN
change change
Defini
Variabl
te
e
volum
volume
e

incompressi compressi
ble ble
Properti
es of
Matter
You need to
study all the
details shown
here! Draw a
table in your
books to help
you
remember…
Changing
States
 condensi
freezi ng
ng

evaporati
meltin ng
g
What equipment can
measure a change
of state?
(TEMPERATURE & VOLUME)
 What is
this?
A measuring
cylinder…
… is used for …

measuring
liquids.
What is
this?
A
thermometer…
… is used for …
measuring
temperatur
es.
24⁰ 15⁰ 29⁰
C C C What are
the
temperatur
e readings
on each
thermomet
How can
we
measure
the
volume
 150m 175m

How can
m3 m3

we
measure
the
volume of3
Water 25mm
a bolt?
Displacement
The Water
Cycle
The condensati
Water precipitati
on

Cycle on
transpirati
on

Name the
steps involved evaporati
in the water on
cycle. Let’s
start in the
oceans…
collection

groundwat
er
 The sunlight heats it up and it
evaporates into the atmosphere.
 Why is the
rainforest so
humid?
Plants can also
release water
vapour.

This process is
called
transpiration.

sự thoát hơi nước

Particles of
warm, They start
gaseous water
vapour
collide with
to
other gases
and pass on
some
CONDENSE
They
heat start
energy. - They slow down.
to lose - They start to make weak bonds.
energy… - They start to group into droplets.
Together, we call them types of
precipitation.
The next step is water collection.

Water runs downhill and

collects in streams, lakes
(SURFACE RUN-
Sometimes it can soak into the
ground. We call this
groundwater.
WELL In many dry
or poor parts
S of the world
today, this is
still how
people get
their drinking
water.
Acids &
Bases
 Acids can be
found in a huge
number of
places. They are
very common in
our foods.
They taste
chua
SOUR
 If an ant bites you,
how does it feel?
It stings.
If you cut your finger,
should you add
vinegar?
No! It stings.
CORROSIV
E
Acids are ăn mòn

known for
being
corrosiv
e. This
means they
can burn
you in
contact
So what makes a
To understand this,
chemical acidic? They all
we should take a
have
look at the
formulae for some
HYDROGEN
of the most famous
acids…
What do they
all have in
common?
 But more
importantly…
They all like to
give away
their
hydrogen
atoms.
Acids release
H ions
+

An ion is an
electrically
charged particle.
What do you think
it means when a
chemical likes to
give away OH -

ions?
alkalin
(rather than H+ ions)?
e
acid alkali
Bases and alkalis
usually have a
bitter/soapy
flavour and they
feel kind of
“slippery”. alkali
 SO WHAT IS AN
ALKALI?
Some chemicals like to give away an
OH- ion.
These chemicals are called
bases.
Not all bases are
soluble.
The soluble bases are called
alkalis.
MORE MORE
H+ OH-
ions ions

ACIDI
ALKALIN
C
E
solutio
solution
n
What makes an
acid/alkali
strong?
 tách ly

In the ______
stron acid, only
In the weak acid,
the particles
g have ____ ____ of the
some
completely particles have
dissociated. dissociated.
In the strong alkali, In the weak alkali, only
the particles have some of the particles
completely have dissociated.
dissociated.
 CONCENTRATE
DILUTED
D
1 litre of
H2O
+
1 litre of
1 litre of
HCl
HCl
This acid does not get
weaker.
It can still give the same number of H+
ions.
It as just been
diluted.
A
concentrated We can add
acid does not water to a strong
necessarily acid to dilute it.
mean that it is (It is still very
strong. Somereactive).
weak
acids can be
It just means very
that there are concentrated,
many particles but they are still
of acid in that not very
reactive.
volume.
This can be very confusing. Study concentration
some more before you sit your Assessment in EP.
STRONG vs WEAK
Yes Strong
Completely
dissociated?
No Weak

CONCENTRATED vs DILUTED
Yes Concentrated
Particles close
together?
No Diluted
pH Scale &
Indicators
 Blue litmus Red litmus
What only only
happens if indicates indicates
you put:
i) red litmus acids bases
paper in (lower pH) (higher pH)
water?
ii) blue litmus
paper in
water?
iii) universal
indicator in
water?
Neutralisati
on
…Now we understand strong / weak
and concentrated / diluted

What happens
when we add
acid + alkali
The acid ACID ALKALI
gives off H +

ions…
The alkali
(base) gives
OH- ions…
They will
happily react
together
… making + 
…
That friendly
neighbourhoo
d liquid!

WATER
Acids are chemicals that like to give away H+ ions…

So why is water
neutral?
(not acidic NOR alkaline)
H and
+

OH- ACID ALKALI

bonded
together
forms

H O
2 is very
Water
(neutral).
stable and
won’t
dissociate.
 This type of reaction is called
a…

NEUTRALISATIO
ACID + ALKALI  N
high
low pH pH 7
pH
 Na
H Cl
O H


Hydrochlori
Sodium Sodium
c Water
Hydroxide Chloride
Acid
Chemical
Reactions
 chemical
change

physical
change

Fire burning into Water boiling into

smoke. steam.
Chemical change means Physical change means we
we are changing the are changing the shape or
substance, it is not the state of matter but not the
same formula as before. formula.
Chemical
or Physical
Change?
REMEMBER:
A chemical change
is something that
you cannot easily
UNDO.
 Giving
off

We know gas

the Giving
off
chemicals heat

must be Volum
e

changin chang
e

g when… Colou
r
chang
e
 Temperatu Bubbling
re Change (Gas
Smell Product)

New
Substanc
Volume
Signs of e
Change Chemical
Reaction
Substance
Disappearin
g
Light
Colour
Sound
Change

Here are some more signs that a chemical

reaction is happening…
(it is not always obvious)
Burning + 
When we
heat a
substance
enough it
+ 
starts to
burn. This is This reaction is known as
a reaction ‘oxidation’. It can happen
with oxygen without heat but it’s much s l
in the o w e r.
 Why is rusting a
chemical reaction?
Iron + Oxygen
=
Iron Oxide
The product is
not the same
as the
reactants.
Testing for
Gases

POP TEST
Limewater
Glowing splint
test
Metal and Acid
(Displacement)
Reaction

What are the products

when Mg reacts with
HCl?
Metal and Acid
(Displacement)
Reaction

Metal + Acid  SALT +

Hydrogen
Metal & Acid
___________
magnesium+ sulfuric acid 
Reaction magnesium sulfate +
hydroge
_________ n

zinc + hydrochloric
____________ acid 
zinc chloride +hydroge
_________
metal + acid(H ) n
+

 SALT +
hydrogen
Hydrogen We can test for
POP! Test hydrogen gas by
introducing a flame.

Hydrogen is
EXPLOSIV
E
Hydrogen will burn,
making a “POP”
sound.
I think the gas is
CO2…
I decide to do a
“limewater” test.
How can
we
easily
make
CO2 in
BREATH
the lab?
E
Calcium Calcium
Carbon
Hydroxid + Dioxide  Carbonat + Water
e e
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) +
H2O(l)
Notice that the CaCO3 is a new
solid. This is called a
precipitate.
kết tủa
So now we understand
reactions between
- metal + alkali
- metal + acid
- metal + oxygen
And we know how
to test for:
- Carbon dioxide (limewater)
- Hydrogen (pop test)
- pH (indicator)
 I think the gas is
Oxygen (O2)…
I decide to do a
“glowing splint” test.
Introduction
to Energy
Activitie
s that Exercis
Heating Chopping

require
food wood
e

energy
… Turning
on a
Playing
music
Falling!

lightbulb
All
of these events are
using/displaying different types of
energy.
 Types
of
energ
y All exercise requires us to
move our bodies. We call
this kinetic energy.
động năng
 Types
of
energ
y Heating something
requires energy too. We
call this type ‘thermal
energy’.
năng lượng nhiệt
 Types
of
energ
y You can use kinetic energy to
change the shape of the wood.
More on If you’re smart you’ll use
potential potential energy!
energy later…! năng lượng tiềm năng
 Types
of
energ
y This one should be very easy!
No crazy scientific names here…
light energy
năng lượng ánh sáng
 Types
of
energ
y Same again! Easy, it’s exactly
what you think it is…
sound energy
năng lượng âm thanh
 Types
of
energ
y What type of energy
does food give you?

chemical
 Types
of
energ
y The apple is a store of chemical
energy.
kho lưu trữ chuyển

EAT How do we transfer that energy to

our bodies?
 You need to
Types
of
energ go up
y What type of energy is making

high.
the girl fall?

What needs to
happen before you
When the axe is highest, it has
the most gravitational
potential…
Work smart,
not hard!

Let the axe do the work. It is heavy and sharp; this

can transfer more of the potential energy. If you are
swinging hard you will get tired. Gravity can do
most of the work for you.
Potentia
l energy
can
come in
various
forms
too! chemical
potential
elastic
potential
 Thermal
Electrical (heat)
Light

Elastic
Types of Sound
Potential Energy

Gravitational Kinetic
Potential Chemical
Potential

Let’s draw a mind map with all

the types of energy we’ve seen
so far!
 What is a
joule?
A UNIT OF ENERGY
 FUN FACT Bringing
one litre of
cold water up
to boiling point
takes
400,000J
(joules) of
energy…
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
 The Law of
Conservation Of Energy
states that:
“energy can neither be created
nor destroyed - only converted
from one form of energy to another.”
 Energy
Transformations
 What is
energy?
he stuff that makes
things happen.
 Clapping your hands
Name the Kinetic energy
transforming to sound
energy energy.
conversio
n…
 Campfire burning
Name the Chemical potential
transforming to heat
energy energy.
conversio
n…
 Lamp on
Electrical energy
Name the transforming to light
energy energy.

conversio
n…
 Ball rolling
downhill
Gravitational potential
Name the transforming to kinetic

energy energy.

conversio
n…
 Car slowing down
Name the Kinetic energy transforming
to thermal energy.
energy
conversio
n…
 Hydroelectric dam
Name the Kinetic energy transforming
to electrical energy.
energy
conversio
n…
 Photosynthesis
Name the Light energy
transforming to
energy chemical potential.
conversio
n…
 Firing an arrow
Elastic potential
Name the transforming to kinetic
energy energy.

conversio
n…
 Climbing a rockface
Name the Kinetic energy transforming
to gravitational potential.
energy
conversio
n…
 Mechanical Electrical After reaching its
(turbine) (generator) destination, this
electrical energy
can be transformed
into light, thermal,
sound, mechanical,
or even a
potential energy
*TRANSFE
store.
R*

Thermal
(water)

Chemical
(fuel)
Forces, Weight
& Gravity
Force (n): lực

strength or energy as an attribute

of physical action or movement.
"he was thrown backward by the
force of the explosion"
 va chạm

Contact Non-Contact
Forces Forces
There are 2 types of forces. They differ
depending on whether there is “touch”.
Forces can
pus
_____.
h
Forces can
pull
_____.
Change
speed
A force can cause an
object to speed up
or slow down if it
affects movement.
Change
direction
A force could
change the
direction of an
object if applied
correctly.
Change
shape
A force might have
the ability to
change the
shape of an object
or substance.
 trọng lực

Gravit
_______ is a
y
non-contact
force of attraction.
Newton's third
law states that:
”for every
action there
is an equal CONTACT
FORCE

and GRAVITY

opposite
reaction”.
 Why is
she
sinking
? gravity > contact
force
Why is the floatin
man
g?
NO
GRAVITY

He is
weightles
s.
NO CONTACT
FORCE
The wind is
blowing
left, why is
the rock
not
moving?
 ma sát

Friction (n):
the action of one surface
or object rubbing against
another.
"the friction of braking"
 What happens if
the wind force
becomes
stronger than
The rock will the friction
start to force?
roll/slide.
 What’s the
difference between
mass and weight?
 m = mass
W = weight
g = gravity

x m=W/
g
W=mx
So how do we use
g
this formula
triangle?
g=W/
m
mass = Gravity on
1kg Earth
= 9.8N/kg Does the
W=mxg
Moon have
Gravity is different on
W=1xg
every planet/moon (but more/less
let’s focus on Earth for
W=1x now). gravity?
9.8

We use units like grams and kilograms for mass.

We use the unit Newtons (N) for weight.
mass = 1kg Here on Earth,
an object with
1kg of mass
will weigh 98
So what would
be the weight
of a 10kg
weight =
9.8
Newto
9.8N. N
object on
Earth?

What are the units for

ns

weight?
On Earth In Space The Moon

mass = mass = mass =

1kg 1kg 1kg

W=1x W=1x0 W=1x

9.8 Here on Earth, an object with
1kg of mass will weigh 1.62
W= W = 0N
9.8N. W=
Sound
 What is
sound?
Sound (n): âm than

vibrations that travel through the air or

another medium and can be heard when they
reach a person's or animal's ear.

"light travels faster than sound"

 nén
Notice that a
particle moves
forward
through space
until it hits
another particle,
then moves
backwards Can you see the
towards where it compressions?
started.
 Loudness
LOU QUIE
D T
 Thefeathers hit the  Sound can be so
ground so softly that loud that the
we cannot hear the vibrations break
sound they make. glass!
 rung

Why do
the THE SKIN
drums
VIBRATES
make a
sound?
What is the
speed of
sound?
343m/s
Tap your pen on
the desk, then
put your ear to
the desk while
your partner is
tapping.
What does
this tell
you about
travel of
sound?
 Sound can
travel
extremely
long
distances
under water!
ECHO
What happens if you
shout into a canyon?
tiếng vọng

Bats (and other

animals) use an
echo to navigate
their environment.
This sense is
called echo-
location. It is
extremely useful
for flying around
and avoiding
obstacles.
Especially if you’re
blind!
An ultrasound
scan is a type of
“echo-location”.
Sound waves are sent
into the mother’s
abdomen, they hit
surfaces and reflect
back. We can use these
reflections to build an
image.
 Some echoes are unwanted. We
design music booths and theatres to avoid
them.
 The
Solar System
What started the
solar
system?
solar system (n): hệ mặt trời

the collection of eight planets and

their moons in orbit around the sun, together with
smaller bodies in the form of asteroids, meteoroids,
and comets. The planets of the solar system are (in
order of distance from the sun) Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
A B

F
C

H
Observations
We observe
other young
stars being
born. This is
evidence that
the same thing
probably
happened with
our star (The
How does a cloud
of dust and gas
become a star?
Which is faster?
Noair
resistance
(drag) in space!
 chân không

Space is a
vacuum
There are no
particles of matter
in space. Most of
it is absent of
solids, liquids, and
gases.
Structure of
The Earth
 What is the
thinnest layer?
 The crust
is the
thinnest
layer of
Earth and
it is found The crust is
made up of the
on the
<40k
outside.
elements shown
in this
pie chart.
 The
mantle is
the
thickest
layer. It
takes up
84% of The mantle is made of
molten rock and it’s what
Earth’s
3000k
volume.
feeds magma/lava to
volcanoes!
dung nham
The outer
core
consists of
several
different
liquid
metals The outer core is a sea of
(mostly iron and spinning liquid metal. This is
2200k
nickel with some
precious
what creates Earth’s
magnetic field.
 The
This is around the same
inner temperature as the surface of the

core is a Sun!
cốt lõi
ball made
The inner core is 5000C
of solid
and consists of the same stuff
metals that makes up the outer core,
(mostly iron
and nickel, just however, the higher
1220k
like the outer
core).
pressure stops it from áp lực
melting!
lục địa trôi dạt

Continental Drift
(This takes 100s of millions of
years!)
 The
continents
are
shaped
like jigsaw
pieces that
could fit
together in
a puzzle…
Panga
ea
200
million
years
ago
 50 years after Wegener (1960s), tectonic plates were
discovered…
On closer
investigatio
n, the
The types of
fossils rocks matched
too!

matched in
areas of
land that
covered Dinosaur bones from the same species were found
multiple in different continents (separated by oceans
today).
Where do
we find
volcanoes,
and why?
E.g., Japan has
many volcanoes,
but Australia has
Look at the
none. Magma usually pushes
boundary of up between tectonic
the Pacific plates.
 ranh giới

The boundary of the

Pacific Plate gets called
“The Ring of Fire”.
 A volcano is
formed by magma
that erupts through
the crust (as lava)..

When a volcano is ready As the lava cools, it

to erupt it is ‘active’. solidifies back into
When it is inactive it is solid rock. This can
‘dormant’. When it is
dead we say it’s
form an entire island
‘extinct’. (e.g. Hawaii).
 Plates moving
apart can cause
volcanoes.
Plates sliding past
each other can
cause
earthquake
s.
What’s the difference
volcano
between a
and a mountain?
 Volcano
- Plates move apart.
- Magma pushes up
- Cooled lava becomes
rock.

Mountain
- Plates move
together.
- The plates start to
Continental
fold.
Continental Crust Crust - Rock is pushed up
higher.
 How
Sometimes one plate
mountains are can get pushed and
made… folded up.
This makes
fold mountains.
If this happens very quickly (forcefully) it
can cause a tsunami in the ocean.
Earthquakes happen when 2 plates
slide. Bigger earthquakes have a
Tides
 Tide (n): thủy triều

the alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually

twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to
the attraction of the moon and sun.
"the changing patterns of the tides"
A B
Look at the pictures,
which is high tide and which is low
tide?
What’s a tidal
range?
The distance between
high tide and low tide!
What causes
the tides?
Take a
look at the
image…
We can clearly see
that the tide is
highest nearest the
Moon. This is because (Tidal
the Moon’s gravity force)
causes the pulling
effect.
How long
to rotate
a full
circle?
 6
How long hours
between
high tide
and
low tide?
What happens when the Moon, Sun,
and Earth all line up?

FULL NEW
MOON MOON
 Play
01:39 –
06:00
Tides
 3. Inside a plant cell
Functions
support and protect the 1
cell

storage space 2

Use light to make

food for the plant 3
(photosynthesis)

Why do chloroplasts look green?

They contain a green substance called
 1. Inside an animal cell
1. Sketch the cell.
Functions
2. Label all the cell organelles (1-4)
Thin and flexible.
1
Controls what goes
in and out of the
cell
2 Liquid where all the
reactions take place. It is
3 jelly like
Controls the
activities of the cell

mitochondrion
4 produce energy
mitochondria
for the cell
2. Compare animal cell and plant cell

cytoplasm
nucleus
Cell
membrane
Cell wall
mitochondrio
n
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Energy flow

A food chain shows what is eaten by what.

Arrows in food chains show the direction of
energy transfer.
Tip: In the exam, be aware that if they ask about the
arrows in a food chain (energy transfer) not the
concept of what a food chain represents (what is
eaten by what)
A food web is made up of many food chains linked
together.

chiffchaff
owl
blue tit
spider stoat

ladybird
moth
larva
vole

aphi
d plants
Decomposers
• Microorganisms that cause decay.

Bacteria
Fungi
Decay

Decay is not good for food.

But decay is good for nature because it
releases useful substances (like nutrients)
from dead organisms and waste. Other
organisms can use these useful substances.
Decomposers
• Energy rich substances leave the food chain as waste or
when an organism dies.

• Decomposers feed on these substances.

• Decomposers release mineral salts into the soil where

they can be absorbed by the roots of plants.
Decomposers in food web
Decomposers feed on almost every organisms after it
dies.
 Identify Control Same
CID AND SAM Independent Alter (change)
Variables Dependent Measure
A variable is any factor that can be controlled, measured or
changed in a science investigation.

Determine the independent, dependent and control

variables.
Control Dependent
Independent
The variable that
The variable that The variable that
you keep the
you change you measure
same
 3 TASKIn the following experiments what would be
good control variables? List at least two

Investigation Control variable

Does changing the light intensity affect plant 1. Temperature 2. Volume of

growth? water
Does the amount of minerals influence the size of 1. Type of flower 2. Volume of
flowers? water