Sodium Bicarbonate

Sodium
Bicarbonate: A
Versatile Compound
Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is a common chemical
compound with a wide range of uses. It is a white, odorless, and
crystalline solid that is readily soluble in water.Sodium bicarbonate is a
salt that breaks down to form sodium and bicarbonate in water. This
makes a solution alkaline, meaning it's able to neutralize acid.
Sodium bicarbonate's ability to neutralize acid helps treat conditions
related to high acidity in bodily fluids, such as indigestion, which is
caused by too much acid in the stomach.
Method 1: Solvay Process (Commercial
Production)
Reaction of sodium Separation of sodium Calcination at 150°C

chloride with ammonia bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate is heated to
and carbon dioxide
Sodium bicarbonate is 150°C to produce sodium
NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O →
separated through filtration and carbonate.
NaHCO3 + NH4CI
washing.
Method 2: Laboratory Preparation
Materials Procedure Filtering and Drying

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) Weigh 10g of sodium carbonate. Filter and wash the precipitate. Dry
Slowly add 20ml of hydrochloric the sodium bicarbonate.
• Hydrochloric acid (HCI)
acid. Stir until the reaction is
Distilled water complete.
Na2CO3 + 2HCI 2NaHCO3 + H2O + CO2
Physical Properties
1 Appearance 2 Taste
Sodium bicarbonate is a It has a slightly salty and
white, fine powder. alkaline taste.
3 Density 4 Melting Point

Its density is about 2.16 Sodium bicarbonate
g/cm³. decomposes before
reaching its melting
point.
SOLUBILITY
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) is moderately soluble in water. Its solubility increases with temperature. Here's a
breakdown of its solubility:
• At 20°C (68°F), its solubility is about 9.6 grams per 100 mL of water.
• At 60°C (140°F), its solubility increases to about 16.4 grams per 100 mL of water.
Sodium bicarbonate is not soluble in alcohol and decomposes when heated above 50°C, forming sodium carbonate,
water, and carbon dioxide.
Chemical Composition
Chemical Formula NaHCO3
Molar Mass 84.01 g/mol
Ionic Compound Sodium cation (Na+) and

bicarbonate anion (HCO3-)
Acid-Base Reactions
Reaction with Acids
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids to release
carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and a salt.
Baking
This reaction is responsible for the leavening action in
baking.
Antacids
Sodium bicarbonate is used as an antacid to
neutralize excess stomach acid.
Thermal Decomposition
Heat Chemical Equation
When heated, sodium bicarbonate decomposes into 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water.
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) involves determining its purity and concentration.
Methods:
1. Titration: Reaction with hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to determine NaHCO3 content.
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
1. Gravimetry: Measuring the mass of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) formed after heating NaHCO3.
2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
1. Spectrophotometry: Measuring absorbance at 235 nm to determine NaHCO3 concentration.
Official Assay Methods:
1. USP (United States Pharmacopeia) Method: Titration with HCl.
2. BP (British Pharmacopoeia) Method: Titration with H2SO4.
3. IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia) Method: Gravimetry.
Parameters:
1. Purity: % NaHCO3 content.
2. Impurities: Chloride, sulfate, iron, heavy metals.
3. Moisture content.
Instrumentation:
1. Titration apparatus.
2. Spectrophotometer.
3. Balance.
4. Furnace or oven.
Procedure:
Titration Method (USP)
1. Weigh 1-2 g NaHCO3 sample.
2. Dissolve in 50 mL water.
3. Add 2-3 drops methyl red indicator.
4. Titrate with 1N HCl until color changes.
5. Calculate % NaHCO3.
Gravimetric Method (IP)

Industrial Applications
Food Industry Fire Extinguishers

Sodium bicarbonate is used as It is used in dry chemical fire
a leavening agent, an acidity extinguishers as a fire
regulator, and a food additive. suppressant.
Pharmaceuticals Chemical Industry

Sodium bicarbonate is used in It is a raw material for the
pharmaceuticals as an antacid production of other chemicals,
and a component of such as sodium carbonate.
effervescent tablets.
Household Uses
1 Baking
Sodium bicarbonate is a common leavening agent in
baking.
2 Cleaning
It is a natural cleaning agent, effective for removing
stains and odors.
3 Deodorizing
Sodium bicarbonate can be used to deodorize
refrigerators, carpets, and laundry.
Pharmaceutical
Applications
1 Antacid 2 Buffering Agent
Sodium bicarbonate is an It helps maintain the pH
effective antacid for balance of solutions in
relieving heartburn and pharmaceuticals.
indigestion.
3 Electrolyte Replacement
Sodium bicarbonate is used to replenish electrolytes in
cases of dehydration.
Environmental and
Safety Considerations
Biodegradability Safety Precautions
Sodium bicarbonate is Avoid inhaling sodium
biodegradable and does not bicarbonate dust, as it can
persist in the environment. irritate the respiratory
system.
Storage
Store sodium bicarbonate in a cool, dry place, away from direct
sunlight.

Sodium Bicarbonate

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Sodium

Reaction of sodium Separation of sodium Calcination at 150°C

Materials Procedure Filtering and Drying

3 Density 4 Melting Point

Molar Mass 84.01 g/mol

Ionic Compound Sodium cation (Na+) and

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2

2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

1. Spectrophotometry: Measuring absorbance at 235 nm to determine NaHCO3 concentration.

Official Assay Methods:

1. USP (United States Pharmacopeia) Method: Titration with HCl.

2. BP (British Pharmacopoeia) Method: Titration with H2SO4.

3. IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia) Method: Gravimetry.

1. Purity: % NaHCO3 content.

2. Impurities: Chloride, sulfate, iron, heavy metals.

Titration Method (USP)

1. Weigh 1-2 g NaHCO3 sample.

3. Add 2-3 drops methyl red indicator.

4. Titrate with 1N HCl until color changes.

Gravimetric Method (IP)

Food Industry Fire Extinguishers

Pharmaceuticals Chemical Industry

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