Subsystem of The Earth

SUBSYSTEM OF
THE EARTH
PREPARED BY:
SUZETTE D. DE LEON
What is the synopsis of this
TV show “Encantadia”?
Scientists increasingly view Earth as a
dynamic system – a combination of
interrelated, interdependent or interacting
parts forming a collective whole or entity. On
a macro level, the Earth system maintains its
existence and functions as a whole through
the interactions of its parts, called
components. At a lower level or micro level, it
is helpful to think of the Earth system in
terms of four central components known as
the subsystem –
Geosphere (Lithosphere)
•Geo is a Greek root which means ground. Geosphere
includes all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in the
crust to the core of the Earth. It is divided into three
layers namely crust, mantle, and core.
Geosphere (Lithosphere)
This subsystem includes the Earth's solid outer shell,
comprising the crust and the upper mantle. It encompasses
landforms, rocks, minerals, and tectonic processes such as
earthquakes and volcanic activity.
Layers of the Earth
Crust
Mantle
Core
Crust
The crust is the outermost layer of the
geosphere. It is made mostly of silicate
materials. There are two different types of
crust, the oceanic and continental crusts.
The thin oceanic crust that lies beneath the
oceanic floors is about 5 to 10 km thick. On
the other hand, the thicker continental crust
that makes up the continents is about 15 to
70 km thick.
Mantle
The crust is the outermost layer of the
geosphere. It is made mostly of silicate
materials. There are two different types of
crust, the oceanic and continental crusts.
The thin oceanic crust that lies beneath the
oceanic floors is about 5 to 10 km thick. On
the other hand, the thicker continental crust
that makes up the continents is about 15 to
70 km thick.
Mantle
which lies just below the crust, is made
mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium
and iron. It is about 2900 km thick. It has
increasing temperatures at increasing
depths. For instance, the layer with the
lowest temperature is the one right beneath
the crust.
Mantle
This layer, which is soft enough to flow,
causes the plates of the crust to move. On
the other hand, the layer with the highest
temperature is found in contact with the
heat-producing core.
Core
Which has a radius of 3400 km, is the
innermost layer of the Earth. It is made up of
iron and nickel. It is the source of internal
heat because it contains radioactive
materials that release energy as they decay
into more stable substances.
Hydrosphere
•This includes all of Earth's water, in all its forms:
liquid (oceans, rivers, lakes), solid (ice caps, glaciers),
and gaseous (water vapor). The hydrosphere plays a
key role in weather patterns, climate regulation, and
supporting life.
Hydrosphere
•The water on Earth is constantly moving.
It moves through the oceans in currents.
Warm waters in the tropics move toward
the poles while cold water from the polar
regions move toward the tropics.
Let’s have a breathing exercise
Inhale
Exhale
Atmosphere:
•The word atmosphere comes from the Greek
roots atmos which means gas, and sphaira which
means globe or ball.
•The atmosphere makes up of all the gases on
Earth. It extends outward about 10 000 km from
the surface of the Earth. It is composed of 78.1%
nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 350 ppm
carbon dioxide, and other components.
Atmosphere:
•The atmosphere makes up of all the gases on
Earth. It extends outward about 10 000 km
from the surface of the Earth. It is composed of
78.1% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.9% argon,
350 ppm carbon dioxide, and other
components.
Atmosphere:
•This is the layer of gases surrounding Earth. It
provides the air we breathe, regulates temperature,
and protects us from harmful solar radiation. The
atmosphere is divided into several layers, including
the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and
thermosphere.
The troposphere
extends to about
14.5 km above the
Earth's surface. It is
the lowest layer
where the weather
forms.
The stratosphere is
found 14.5 to 50 km
above the Earth's
surface. The ozone
layer that protects
the Earth from the
Sun's harmful UV
radiation is found in
this layer.
The mesosphere
extends from 50 to 85
km above the Earth's
surface. It protects
the Earth from the
impact of space
debris.
The thermosphere
is found 85 to 600 km
above the Earth's
surface. It has
charged particles that
are affected by the
Earth's magnetic
field. The particles
create the Auroras or
Northern and
Southern lights.
The exosphere is the
farthest layer. It
extends to about 10
000 km above the
Earth's surface.
Biosphere
•This subsystem consists of all living organisms
and their interactions with each other and their
environments. It spans various ecosystems,
from the deep oceans to the highest mountains,
and includes all forms of life.
Biosphere
•Organisms interact with the other spheres to
survive. Many organisms need oxygen and
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to carry
out life processes. Water, which comprises the
hydrosphere, is also important to organisms.
Finally, the rocks, soil, and minerals constitute
the geosphere also support life.
Cryosphere
•Often considered a subset of the hydrosphere, the
cryosphere encompasses all frozen water on Earth,
including ice caps, glaciers, sea ice, and permafrost. It
plays a critical role in regulating global climate and
sea levels.
Pedosphere
•This is the outermost layer of the Earth where soil and rock
meet. It includes soil formation processes and interacts with
the biosphere through plant growth and nutrient cycling.
Pedosphere
•is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and
subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of
the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.[1]
The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops
when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere
(air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms),
lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock)
and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The
pedosphere is the foundation of terrestrial life on Earth.
Pedosphere
•The pedosphere acts as the mediator of
chemical and biogeochemical flux into and out of
these respective systems and is made up of
gaseous, mineralic, fluid and biologic
components.
How they are
interconnected to
each other?

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SUBSYSTEM OF

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