Precalculus 3-1 Exponential Function

Five-Minute Check (over Chapter 2)
Then/Now
New Vocabulary
Key Concept: Exponential Function
Example 1: Sketch and Analyze Graphs of Exponential Functions
Key Concept: Properties of Exponential Functions
Example 2: Graph Transformations of Exponential Functions
Example 3: Graph Natural Base Exponential Functions
Key Concept: Compound Interest Formula
Example 4: Use Compound Interest
Key Concept: Continuous Compound Interest Formula
Example 5: Use Continuous Compound Interest
Key Concept: Exponential Growth or Decay Formulas
Example 6: Model Using Exponential Growth or Decay
Example 7: Real-World Example: Use the Graph of an Exponential Model
Over Chapter 2
Solve .
A. –5, 1
B. 5, 9
C. –1, 5
D. –5, –9
Over Chapter 2
Solve .
A. –5, 1
B. 5, 9
C. –1, 5
D. –5, –9
Over Chapter 2
Determine all of the real zeros of

f (x) = 2x 5 – 72x 3 by factoring.
A. –6, 6
B. 0, 36
C. –6, 0, 6
D. 0, –36
Over Chapter 2
Determine all of the real zeros of

f (x) = 2x 5 – 72x 3 by factoring.
A. –6, 6
B. 0, 36
C. –6, 0, 6
D. 0, –36
Over Chapter 2
Divide using synthetic division.

(3x 3 – 5x 2 + x – 7) ÷ (x – 3)
A. 3x 2 + 4x + 13 +
B. 3x 2 – 5x + 1 +
C. 3x 2 – 14x – 41 +
D. –3x 2 – 4x – 13 +
Over Chapter 2
Divide using synthetic division.

(3x 3 – 5x 2 + x – 7) ÷ (x – 3)
A. 3x 2 + 4x + 13 +
B. 3x 2 – 5x + 1 +
C. 3x 2 – 14x – 41 +
D. –3x 2 – 4x – 13 +
Over Chapter 2
Solve x 4 + 2x 3 – 7x 2 – 8x + 12 = 0.
A. –3, – 2, –1
B. –2, –1, 2, 3
C. –3, –2, 1, 2
D. 1, 2, 3
Over Chapter 2
Solve x 4 + 2x 3 – 7x 2 – 8x + 12 = 0.
A. –3, – 2, –1
B. –2, –1, 2, 3
C. –3, –2, 1, 2
D. 1, 2, 3
Over Chapter 2
Find the equations of any vertical, horizontal, or

oblique asymptotes of .
A. x = –3, y = 2x + 3
B. x = –3, y = 3
C. x = –5, x = 2
D. x = 3, y = 3x + 18
Over Chapter 2
Find the equations of any vertical, horizontal, or

oblique asymptotes of .
A. x = –3, y = 2x + 3
B. x = –3, y = 3
C. x = –5, x = 2
D. x = 3, y = 3x + 18
You identified, graphed, and described several parent
functions. (Lesson 1-5)
• Evaluate, analyze, and graph exponential functions.

• Solve problems involving exponential growth and
decay.
• algebraic function
• transcendental function
• exponential function
• natural base
• continuous compound interest
Sketch and Analyze Graphs of Exponential
Functions
A. Sketch and analyze the graph of f (x) = 4x.
Describe its domain, range, intercepts,
asymptotes, end behavior, and where the function
is increasing or decreasing.
Evaluate the function for several x-values in its

domain. Then use a smooth curve to connect each of
these ordered pairs.
Functions
Answer:
Functions
Answer: Domain: ; Range: ;
y-intercept: 1; Asymptote: x-axis;
End behavior: ;
Increasing:
Functions
B. Sketch and analyze the graph of f (x) = 5–x.
Describe its domain, range, intercepts,
asymptotes, end behavior, and where the function
is increasing or decreasing.
Evaluate the function for several x-values in its
domain. Then use a smooth curve to connect each of
these ordered pairs.
Functions
Answer:
Functions
Answer: Domain: ; Range: ;
y-intercept: 1; Asymptote: x-axis;
End behavior: ;
Decreasing: ;
A. Sketch the graph of f (x) = 3–x.
A. C.
B. D.
A. Sketch the graph of f (x) = 3–x.
A. C.
B. D.
B. Describe the domain, range, intercepts, asymptotes,
end behavior, and when the function is increasing or
decreasing for f(x) = 3–x.
A. Domain: (–∞, ∞); Range: (0, ∞); y-intercept: 1;
Asymptote: x-axis; End behavior:
; Decreasing: (–∞, ∞);
B. Domain: (–∞, ∞); Range: (0, ∞); y-intercept: 1;
; Increasing: (–∞, ∞);
C. Domain: (–∞, ∞); Range: (0, ∞); y-intercept: 3;
Asymptote: y = 2; End behavior:
D. Domain: (–∞, ∞); Range: (0, ∞); y-intercept: 3;
B. Describe the domain, range, intercepts, asymptotes,
end behavior, and when the function is increasing or
decreasing for f(x) = 3–x.
A. Domain: (–∞, ∞); Range: (0, ∞); y-intercept: 1;
B. Domain: (–∞, ∞); Range: (0, ∞); y-intercept: 1;
C. Domain: (–∞, ∞); Range: (0, ∞); y-intercept: 3;
D. Domain: (–∞, ∞); Range: (0, ∞); y-intercept: 3;
Graph Transformations of Exponential
Functions
A. Use the graph of to describe the

transformation that results in . Then
sketch the graph of the function.
This function is of the form g (x) = f (x + 1). Therefore,
the graph of g (x) is the graph of
translated 1 unit to the left.

Functions
Answer:
Functions
Answer: g (x) is the graph of f (x) translated 1 unit to

the left.
Functions
B. Use the graph of to describe the

This function is of the form h (x) = f(–x). Therefore, the
graph of h (x) is the graph of reflected in
the y-axis.
Functions
Answer:
Functions
Answer: h (x) is the graph of f (x) reflected in the

y-axis.
Functions
C. Use the graph of to describe the

This function is of the form j (x) = –2f(x). Therefore,
the graph of j (x) is the graph of reflected
in the x-axis and expanded vertically by a factor of 2.

Functions
Answer:
Functions
Answer: j (x) is the graph of f (x) reflected in the

x-axis and expanded vertically by a factor
of 2.
Use the graph of f (x) = 3x to describe the
transformation that results in p (x) = 3x – 1. Then
A. p (x) is the graph of C. p (x) is the graph of
f (x) = 3x translated f (x) = 3x translated
1 unit up. 1 unit to the right.
B. p (x) is the graph of D. p (x) is the graph of

1 unit 1 unit to the left.
down.
A. p (x) is the graph of C. p (x) is the graph of
1 unit up. 1 unit to the right.
B. p (x) is the graph of D. p (x) is the graph of

1 unit 1 unit to the left.
down.
Graph Natural Base Exponential Functions
A. Use the graph of f (x) = e x to describe the

transformation that results in g (x) = e3x. Then
This function is of the
form g (x) = f(3x).
Therefore, the graph of
g (x) is the graph of
f (x) = ex compressed
horizontally by a factor
of 3.
Answer:
A. Use the graph of f (x) = e x to describe the

transformation that results in g (x) = e3x. Then
form g (x) = f(3x).
g (x) is the graph of
f (x) = ex compressed
horizontally by a factor
of 3.
Answer: g (x) is the graph of f (x) compressed

horizontally by a factor of 3.
B. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the

transformation that results in h (x) = e–x – 1. Then
form h (x) = f(–x) – 1.
h (x) is the graph of
f (x) = ex reflected in the
y-axis and translated 1
unit down.
Answer:
B. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the

transformation that results in h (x) = e–x – 1. Then
form h (x) = f(–x) – 1.
h (x) is the graph of
f (x) = ex reflected in the
y-axis and translated 1
unit down.
Answer: h (x) is the graph of f (x) reflected in the

y-axis and translated 1 unit down.
C. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the

transformation that results in j (x) = 2ex. Then
This function is of the form
j (x) = 2f(x). Therefore, the
graph of j (x) is the graph of
f (x) = e x expanded vertically
by a factor of 2.
Answer:
C. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the

transformation that results in j (x) = 2ex. Then
This function is of the form
j (x) = 2f(x). Therefore, the
graph of j (x) is the graph of
f (x) = e x expanded vertically
by a factor of 2.
Answer: j (x) is the graph of f (x) expanded vertically

by a factor of 2.
A. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the
transformation that results in p (x) = ex + 2.
A. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units

left.
B. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units
right.
C. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units
down.
D. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units
up.
A. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the
transformation that results in p (x) = ex + 2.
A. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units

left.
B. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units
right.
C. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units
down.
D. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units
up.
xxx-new graphs for
D
B. Sketch the graph of the function p (x) = ex + 2.
A. C.
B. D.
xxx-new graphs for
D
B. Sketch the graph of the function p (x) = ex + 2.
A. C.
B. D.
Use Compound Interest
A. FINANCIAL LITERACY Mrs. Salisman invested

$2000 into an educational account for her
daughter when she was an infant. The account has
a 5% interest rate. If Mrs. Salisman does not make
any other deposits or withdrawals, what will the
account balance be after 18 years if the interest is
compounded quarterly?
For quarterly compounding, n = 4.
A = Compound Interest Formula
= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 4,
t = 18
≈ 4891.84 Simplify.
With quarterly compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

daughter’s account balance after 18 years will be
$4891.84.
Answer:
With quarterly compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

$4891.84.
Answer: $4891.84
B. FINANCIAL LITERACY Mrs. Salisman invested

compounded monthly?
For monthly compounding, n = 12, since there are 12
months in a year.
= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 12,

t = 18
With monthly compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

$4910.02.
Answer:
= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 12,

t = 18
With monthly compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

$4910.02.
Answer: $4910.02
C. FINANCIAL LITERACY Mrs. Salisman invested

compounded daily?
For daily compounding, n = 365.

= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 365,

t = 18
With daily compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s daughter’s
account balance after 18 years will be $4918.90.
Answer:
= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 365,

t = 18
With daily compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s daughter’s
Answer: $4918.90
FINANCIAL LITERACY Mr. Born invested $5000
into a savings account at his local bank. The
account has a 3% interest rate. If Mr. Born does
not make any other deposits or withdrawals, what
will the account balance be after 11 years if the
interest is compounded monthly?
A. $6954.75
B. $6951.98
C. $6921.17
D. $6946.28
FINANCIAL LITERACY Mr. Born invested $5000
into a savings account at his local bank. The
account has a 3% interest rate. If Mr. Born does
not make any other deposits or withdrawals, what
will the account balance be after 11 years if the
interest is compounded monthly?
A. $6954.75
B. $6951.98
C. $6921.17
D. $6946.28
Use Continuous Compound Interest
FINANCIAL LITERACY Mrs. Salisman found an

account that will pay the 5% interest compounded
continuously on her $2000 educational
investment. What will be her account balance after
18 years?
A = Pert Compound Interest Formula
= 2000e(0.05)(18) P = 2000, r = 0.05, t = 18
With continuous compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

With continuous compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

Answer: $4919.21
ONLINE BANKING If $1500 is invested in a online
savings account earning 4% per year compounded
continuously, how much will be in the account at
the end of 8 years if there are no other deposits or
withdrawals?
A. $1548.78
B. $3133.94
C. $2065.69
D. $36,798.80
ONLINE BANKING If $1500 is invested in a online
savings account earning 4% per year compounded
continuously, how much will be in the account at
the end of 8 years if there are no other deposits or
withdrawals?
A. $1548.78
B. $3133.94
C. $2065.69
D. $36,798.80
Model Using Exponential
Growth or Decay
A. POPULATION A state’s population is declining
at a rate of 2.6% annually. The state currently has a
population of approximately 11 million people. If the
population continues to decline at this rate, predict
the population of the state in 15 and 30 years.
Use the exponential decay formula to write an
equation that models this situation.
A = N0(1 + r)t Exponential Decay

Formula
= 11,000,000(1 – 0.026)t N0= 11,000,000 and
r = –0.026
Growth or Decay
= 11,000,000(0.974)t Simplify.
Use this equation to find N when t = 15 and t = 30.
t = 15
N = 11,000,000(0.974)t Modeling equation
= 11,000,000(0.974)15 t = 15
≈ 7,409,298
t = 30
N = 11,000,000(0.974)t Modeling equation
= 11,000,000(0.974)30 t = 30
≈ 4,990,699
Growth or Decay
Answer:
Growth or Decay
Answer: If the state’s population continues to decline
at an annual rate of 2.6%, its population in
15 years will be about 7,409,298; and in 30
years, it will be about 4,990,699.
Growth or Decay
B. POPULATION A state’s population is declining
at a rate of 2.6% continuously. The state currently
has a population of approximately 11 million
people. If the population continues to decline at
this rate, predict the population of the state in 15
and 30 years.
Use the exponential decay formula to write an equation
that models this situation.
N =N0ekt Continuous Exponential Decay
Formula
=11,000,000e–0.026t N0 = 11,000,000 and k = –0.026
Growth or Decay
Use this equation to find N when t = 15 and t = 30.
t = 15
N = 11,000,000e–0.026t Modeling Equation
= 11,000,000e–0.026(15)
≈ 7,447,626
t = 30
N = 11,000,000e–0.026t Modeling Equation
= 11,000,000e–0.026(30)
≈ 5,042,466
Growth or Decay
Answer:
Growth or Decay
Answer: If the state’s population continues to decline
at a continuous rate of 2.6%, its population
in 15 years will be about 7,447,626; and in
30 years it will be about 5,042,466.
A. POPULATION The population of a town is
increasing at a rate of 2% annually. If the current
population is 15,260 people, predict the population
in 10 and 20 years.
A. about 18,602 people in 10 years and 22,676
people in 20 years
B. about 18,639 people in 10 years and 22,765
people in 20 years
C. about 12,469 people in 10 years and 10,188
people in 20 years
D. about 12,494 people in 10 years and 10,229
people in 20 years
A. POPULATION The population of a town is
increasing at a rate of 2% annually. If the current
population is 15,260 people, predict the population
in 10 and 20 years.
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
B. POPULATION The population of a town is
increasing at a rate of 2% continuously. If the
current population is 15,260 people, predict the
population in 10 and 20 years.
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
B. POPULATION The population of a town is
increasing at a rate of 2% continuously. If the
current population is 15,260 people, predict the
population in 10 and 20 years.
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
people in 20 years
Use the Graph of an Exponential
Model
A. DEER The table shows the population growth
of deer in a forest from 2000 to 2010. If the number
of deer is increasing at an exponential rate,
identify the rate of increase and write an
exponential equation to model this situation.
Model
If we let N (t) represent the deer population t years
after 2000 and assume exponential growth, then the
initial deer population N0 = 125 and at a time t = 2010
– 2000 or 10, the deer population N(10) = 264. Use
this information to find the rate of growth r.
N(t) = N0(1 + r)t Exponential Growth Formula
264 = 125(1 + r)10 N(10) = 264, N0 = 125, and
t = 10
= (1 + r)10 Divide each side by 125.
= 1 + r Take the positive 10th

root of each side.
Model
=r Subtract 1 from
each side.
0.078 ≈r Simplify
Answer:
Model
=r Subtract 1 from
each side.
0.078 ≈r Simplify
Answer: r ≈ 7.8%; N (t) = 125(1.078)t

Model
B. DEER The table shows the population growth of
deer in a forest from 2000 to 2010. Use your model
to predict how many years it will take for the
number of deer to reach 500.
Model
To find when the deer population will reach 500, find the
intersection of the graph of N (t) = 125(1.078)t and the
line N (t) = 500. A graphing calculator shows that the
value of t for which 125(1.078)t = 500 is about 18.5.
Model
Since t is the number of years after 2000, this model
suggests that after the year 2000 + 18 or 2018, the
deer population will be 500 if this rate of growth
continues.
Answer:
Model
Since t is the number of years after 2000, this model
suggests that after the year 2000 + 18 or 2018, the
deer population will be 500 if this rate of growth
continues.
Answer: approximately 18 years

A. RABBIT POPULATION Use the data in the table
and assume that the population is growing
exponentially. Identify the rate of growth and write
an exponential equation to model this growth.
A. 8%; N(t) = 6.6(0.92)t
B. 8%; N(t) = 4.5(0.92)t
C. 8%; N(t) = 6.6(1.08)t
D. 8%; N(t) = 4.5(1.08)t

A. RABBIT POPULATION Use the data in the table
exponentially. Identify the rate of growth and write
an exponential equation to model this growth.
A. 8%; N(t) = 6.6(0.92)t
B. 8%; N(t) = 4.5(0.92)t
C. 8%; N(t) = 6.6(1.08)t
D. 8%; N(t) = 4.5(1.08)t

B. RABBIT POPULATION Use the data in the table
exponentially. Use your model to predict in which
year the rabbit population will surpass 850.
A. 2011
B. 2012
C. 2013
D. 2014
B. RABBIT POPULATION Use the data in the table
exponentially. Use your model to predict in which
year the rabbit population will surpass 850.
A. 2011
B. 2012
C. 2013
D. 2014

Precalculus 3-1 Exponential Function

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Five-Minute Check (over Chapter 2)

Determine all of the real zeros of

Determine all of the real zeros of

Divide using synthetic division.

Divide using synthetic division.

Find the equations of any vertical, horizontal, or

Find the equations of any vertical, horizontal, or

• Evaluate, analyze, and graph exponential functions.

Evaluate the function for several x-values in its

A. Use the graph of to describe the

This function is of the form g (x) = f (x + 1). Therefore,

the graph of g (x) is the graph of

translated 1 unit to the left.

Answer: g (x) is the graph of f (x) translated 1 unit to

B. Use the graph of to describe the

This function is of the form h (x) = f(–x). Therefore, the

graph of h (x) is the graph of reflected in

Answer: h (x) is the graph of f (x) reflected in the

C. Use the graph of to describe the

This function is of the form j (x) = –2f(x). Therefore,

the graph of j (x) is the graph of reflected

in the x-axis and expanded vertically by a factor of 2.

Answer: j (x) is the graph of f (x) reflected in the

B. p (x) is the graph of D. p (x) is the graph of

B. p (x) is the graph of D. p (x) is the graph of

A. Use the graph of f (x) = e x to describe the

A. Use the graph of f (x) = e x to describe the

Answer: g (x) is the graph of f (x) compressed

B. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the

B. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the

Answer: h (x) is the graph of f (x) reflected in the

C. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the

C. Use the graph of f (x) = ex to describe the

Answer: j (x) is the graph of f (x) expanded vertically

A. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units

A. p (x) is the graph of f (x) = ex translated 2 units

A. FINANCIAL LITERACY Mrs. Salisman invested

A = Compound Interest Formula

With quarterly compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

With quarterly compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

B. FINANCIAL LITERACY Mrs. Salisman invested

A = Compound Interest Formula

= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 12,

With monthly compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

A = Compound Interest Formula

= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 12,

With monthly compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

C. FINANCIAL LITERACY Mrs. Salisman invested

For daily compounding, n = 365.

A = Compound Interest Formula

= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 365,

A = Compound Interest Formula

= P = 2000, r = 0.05, n = 365,

FINANCIAL LITERACY Mrs. Salisman found an

A = Pert Compound Interest Formula

= 2000e(0.05)(18) P = 2000, r = 0.05, t = 18

With continuous compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

With continuous compounding, Mrs. Salisman’s

A = N0(1 + r)t Exponential Decay

= 1 + r Take the positive 10th