Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy

The word fuzzy refers to things which are not clear or

are vague.

Any event, process, or function that is changing

continuously cannot always be defined as either true
or false, which means that we need to define such
activities in a Fuzzy manner.

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 Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic was introduced in 1965 by Lofti A. Zadeh in his
research paper “Fuzzy Sets”. He is considered as the father of
Fuzzy Logic.

Fuzzy Logic resembles the human decision-making methodology.

It deals with vague and imprecise information.

This is gross oversimplification of the real-world problems and

based on degrees of truth rather than usual true/false or 1/0 like
Boolean logic.

In other words, we can say that fuzzy logic is not logic that is
fuzzy, but logic that is used to describe fuzziness.

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 Fuzzy Logic
Take a look at the following diagram. It shows that in fuzzy systems, the
values are indicated by a number in the range from 0 to 1. Here 1.0
represents absolute truth and 0.0 represents absolute falseness.

The number which indicates the value in fuzzy systems is called

the truth value.

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 Classical Set Theory
A set is an unordered collection of different
elements. It can be written explicitly by listing its
elements using the set bracket.

Order is nor important

Repetition is not allowed

Example
A set of all positive integers.
A set of all the planets in the solar system.
A set of all the states in India.
A set of all the lowercase letters of the alphabet.

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Mathematical Representation of a Set
Sets can be represented in two ways −
Roster or Tabular Form
Following are the examples of set in Roster or Tabular Form
−
Set of vowels in English alphabet, A = {a,e,i,o,u}
Set of odd numbers less than 10, B = {1,3,5,7,9}

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Mathematical Representation of a Set(Contd..)

Set Builder Form

Set Builder Notation

In this form, the set is defined by specifying a property that elements
of the set have in common. The set is described as A = {x:p(x)}

Example 1 − The set {a,e,i,o,u} is written as

A = {x:x is a vowel in English alphabet}

Example 2 − The set {1,3,5,7,9} is written as

B = {x:1 ≤ x < 10 and (x%2) ≠ 0}
If an element x is a member of any set S, it is denoted by x∈S and if an
element y is not a member of set S, it is denoted by y∉S.

Example − If S = {1,1.2,1.7,2},1 ∈ S but 1.5 ∉ S

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 Cardinality of a Set
Cardinality of a set S, denoted by |S|

|S|, is the number of elements of the set.

The number is also referred as the cardinal

number. If a set has an infinite number of
elements, its cardinality is ∞.

Example − |{1,4,3,5}| = 4,

|{1,2,3,4,5,…}| = ∞

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 Fuzzy Logic - Set Theory
Fuzzy sets can be considered as an extension and
gross oversimplification of classical sets.

It can be best understood in the context of set

membership. Basically it allows partial membership
which means that it contain elements that have
varying degrees of membership in the set.
From this, we can understand the difference
between classical set and fuzzy set.

Classical set contains elements that satisfy

precise properties of membership while fuzzy
set contains elements that satisfy imprecise
properties of membership.
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Membership Function

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Mathematical Concept

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 Representation of fuzzy set
Let us now consider two cases of universe of
information and understand how a fuzzy set
can be represented.

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 Operations on Fuzzy Sets
Having two fuzzy sets A˜ and B˜, the universe of information U 𝑈 and
an element 𝑦 of the universe, the following relations express the union,
intersection and complement operation on fuzzy sets.

Union/Fuzzy ‘OR’
Let us consider the following representation to understand how
the Union/Fuzzy ‘OR’ relation works −

Here ∨ represents the ‘max’ operation.

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 Intersection/Fuzzy ‘AND’
Let us consider the following representation to
understand how the Intersection/Fuzzy
‘AND’ relation works −

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Rule

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Fuzzification

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Rules Evaluation

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Rules Evaluation

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Fuzzification

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Defuzzification

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 Fuzzy Logic
 Flexible machine learning technique
 Mimicking the logic of human thought
 Logic may have two values and represents two
possible solutions
 Fuzzy logic is a multi valued logic and
allows intermediate values to be defined
 Provides an inference mechanism which can
interpret and execute commands
 Fuzzy systems are suitable for uncertain
or approximate reasoning

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Fuzzy Logic Vs Bivalued Logic
 Bivalued logic can have only two possible
values as 0/1, yes/no, right/wrong etc
 Fuzzy logic can be multi valued. It can have
relative values like yes, not, not so much, a
little bit etc.

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Characteristics of Fuzzy Logic
 Exact reasoning is viewed as a limiting case
of approximate reasoning
 Everything is a matter of degree
 Knowledge is interpreted as a collection of
elastic or equivalently fuzzy constraints on a
collection of variables
 Inference is viewed as a process of
propagating elastic constraints
 Any logical system can be fuzzified

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 Fuzzy Set
 Let X be a non empty set, A fuzzy set A in X is
characterized by its membership function μA:
X -> [0,1], where μA(x) is the degree of
membership of element x in fuzzy set A for
each x ∈ X

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 Membership Function
 Maps elements of a fuzzy set to real numbered
values in the interval 0 to 1.
 The curve representing the mathematical
function is a membership function that
determines the degree of belonging of
member x to the fuzzy set T.

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 Fuzzification
The process of transforming crisp(bivalued)
input values into linguistic values is called
fuzzification
Steps of Fuzzification:
Step 1: Inputvalues are translated
into linguistic concepts, which are
represented by fuzzy set.

Step 2: Membership functions are applied to the

measurements, and the degree of
membership is determined
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 Operations on Fuzzy set
Intersection of Fuzzy Set
The intersection of A and B is defined as (A ∩ B)
(x) = min{A(x), B(x)} = A(x)∩B(x), ∀ x ∈ X, as
demonstrated in figure

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 Operations on Fuzzy set
Union of Fuzzy Set
The union of A and B is defined as (A ∪ B)(x) =
max{A(x), B(x)} = A(x)∪B(x), ∀ x ∈ X, as
demonstrated in figure

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 Operations on Fuzzy set
Complement of Fuzzy Set
The complement of a fuzzy set A is defined as
(~ A)(x) = 1 - A(x) as demonstrated in figure

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 Operations on Fuzzy set
Equality of Fuzzy Sets
Let A and B are fuzzy sets on classical set X. A
and B are said to be equal, denoted as A = B if
A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A. That is A = B, if and only if
A(x) = B(x) ∀ x ∈ X

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 Types of Fuzzy Function
Quasi-Fuzzy Membership Functions:
The membership function follows a quasi
curve. A quasi curve is a real line with a
normal fuzzy convex and a continuous
membership function satisfying the limit
conditions as below:

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 Types of Fuzzy Function
Triangular Fuzzy Membership Functions:
The membership curve follows a triangular
shape then it is triangular membership
function. Fuzzy function A is called
triangular fuzzy function(A=a,α,β) with
peak a, left width α>0 and right width β>0

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 Types of Fuzzy Function
Trapezoidal Fuzzy Membership Functions:
The membership curve follows a trapezoidal
shape. Fuzzy function A is called
triangular fuzzy function(A=a,α,β) with
tolerance interval [a, b], left width α and
right width β

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 Linguistic Variable
A variable whose values are words or sentences
in natural language. Example: Temperature is
linguistic variable if it takes values hot, cool,
warm, comfortable etc.
The framework of linguistic variable is given as
(X, Lx, χ, µx) where
 X denotes the symbolic name of linguistic
variable
 Lx is a set of linguistic values that X can take
 χ is the physical domain that defines crisp
values
 µx is a fuzzy function that maps
linguistic terms of variables to the equivalent
crisp values.
 Fuzzy Propositions
A fuzzy proposition is a statement that drives a
fuzzy truth value.
 Fuzzy Connectives: Fuzzy connectives are used
to join simple fuzzy propositions to make
compound propositions. Examples of fuzzy
connectives are:
 Negation
 Disjunction
 Conjunction
 Imlication

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 Fuzzy Rules
The power and flexibility of simple
If-Then-Else logic rules is enhanced
by adding linguistic parameter.
Fuzzy rules are expressed in the form:
IF variable IS set THEN action

 Examples:
 IF temperature is very cold THEN stop air
conditioner
 IF temperature is normal THEN adjust air
conditioner
 IF temperature
. is hot THEN start air conditioner
Limitations of Fuzzy Systems
 Fuzzy systems lack the capability of machine
learning as-well-as neural network type
pattern recognition
 Verification and validation of a fuzzy
knowledge-based system require extensive
testing with hardware
 Determining exact fuzzy rules and
membership functions is a hard task
 Stability is an important concern for fuzzy
control
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 Applications of Fuzzy Logic
 Automatic control system
 Prediction, diagnostic and advisory systems
 User interface and neural language processing
 Domestic appliances and embedded systems
 Soft computing and hybrid systems
with artificial neural networks
 Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits controller micro
 Fuzzy expert system and fuzzy
inference

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 Thank You