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    ES AVR IOPort Programming C FirstPPTs

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    ES AVR IOPort Programming C FirstPPTs

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    Wonderful

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    ES_AVR_IOPort_programming_C_FirstPPTs

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    ES AVR IOPort Programming C FirstPPTs

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    priyasunu3
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    By the end of this session, you should be able to:


    ◦Use various data types in AVR C programs
    ◦Implement time delay functions in AVR C programs.
    ◦Write IO programs in AVR C

    2
    Why AVR programming in C ?
    • Writing programs in ASM is tedious and
    time consuming where as programming in
    high level language is less time
    consuming and much easier.

    • So high level language compilers are


    developed for use with MPs/MCs.
    The following are some major
    reasons for writing program in
    C instead of AL.
    ◦It is easier and less time consuming to write in
    C than in assembly.

    ◦C is easier to modify and update.

    ◦You can use code available in function libraries.

    ◦C code is portable to other microcontrollers


    with little or low modification.
    Unsigned char
    • 8-bit data type that takes values in the range of 0-
    255(00-FF).
    • Is one of the most widely used data types for the AVR.
    • In many situations like counter value settings
    • There is no need for signed data, you can use the
    unsigned char instead of signed char
    • Compiler uses signed char as the default unless it is
    declared as unsigned.
    • We can also an unsigned character data type for a
    string of ASCII characters.
    Signed char
    • It is an 8-bit data type in which MSB is used to
    indicate the sign.
    • rest 7-bits represent the magnitude.
    • takes values from -128 to +127.
    • In situations where + and – are needed to
    represent a given quantity such as
    temperature, the use of signed char data type
    is necessary.
    Program segment to send vales -4 to +4 to
    PORTB
    #include<avr/io.h>
    int main(void)
    {
    char num[]={-4,-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4};
    unsigned char x;
    DDRB=0xFF;
    for(x=0;x<=8;x++)
    PORTB=num[x];
    while(1); //stay here for ever
    return(0);
    }
    On execution of the above program PORTB displays
    FCH,FDH,FEH,FFH,00H,01H,02H,03H,04H being the Hex values for{-4,-3,-2,-
    1,0,1,2,3,4}respectively
    Unsigned int
    • It takes 16-bit data type and takes the values
    range from 0-65535(0000-FFFFH).
    Pgm segment to toggle all bits of port-B 50,000 times.

    • #include<avr/io.h>
    Int main(void)
    {
    Unsigned int z;
    DDRB=0XFF;
    For(z=0;z<5000;z++)
    {
    PORTB=0x55;
    PORTB=0XAA;
    }
    While(1);
    Return(0);
    }
    Signed int
    • It is a 16-bit data type that uses MSB to
    represent sign(+ or -).
    • The magnitude of the number is represented
    by 15 bits (D0-D14) and takes the values from -
    32768 to +32767.
    • AVR c-compiler support long data type when
    values are greater than 16-bit.
    • For fractional numbers AVR C-compiler support
    float or double data type.
    Pgm segmen to toggle all bits of Port-B
    100,000 times.
    • #include<avr/io.h>
    • Int main(void)
    • Unsigned long z; //since it is more than 65535
    • DDRB=0xFF;\
    • For(z=0;z<10000,z++)
    • {
    • PORTB=0x55;
    • PORTB=0xAA;
    • }
    • While(1);
    • Return(0);
    • }
    Time delay
    • In AVR C, we can create time delays in 3
    different ways.
    • 1.Using simple for loop
    • 2 Using a pre-defined function
    • 3.Using AVR timers.
    • While using time delays using a for loop, take
    care of two factors that affect the accuracy of
    the time delay.
    1.Crystal frequency
    - frequency of the crystal connected to the XTAL1-
    XTAL2 is the most important factor in the delay
    calculation.
    -Duration of clock period for the instruction cycle is
    the function of this crystal frequency.
    2.Compiler used:-
    -different compiler produces different hex code.
    -This will produce different time delays for the same
    program.
    -So using for loop to write delay for C ,we have to
    measure the exact time duration using oscilloscope.
    • Another way of generating time delay is to use
    predefined function such as _delay_ms() and
    _delay_us() defined in delay.h in WinAVR or
    _delay_ms() and delay_us() defined in delay.h
    in CodeVision.
    • The only drawback of using these functions is
    the portability problem because different
    compilers do not use the same name for delay
    function.

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