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Flexural Test
By Vinay (17MT30008) Danush Prashad B (17MT30006) Flexural Strength
●Flexural strength is a material property.
●Defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. ●When an object is bent along its length , the stress varies along its height. ●Concave side experiences compressive stress. ●Convex side experiences tensile stress. Loading in bending Mode Flexural test is of two types
●Three point bend test ●Four point bend test
Three - Point Bend Test M = (P/2)(S/2) = PS/4 I = bh3/12; σ = (M/I).z = (E/R).z z = distance from neutral axis = h/2 M/I = σ/z = E/R σmax = (M/I). (h/2) σmax = 3PS/2bh2 Bending moment varies from zero at support to maximum (PS/4) at the centre. Deflection, Very small portion of sample is at maximum stress. δc = PS3/48EI Four - Point Bend Test M = σmaxI/(h/2) = (P/2)(D) σmax = 3PD/bh2 D = S/4 Where S = Outer Span ⇒σmax = 3PS/4bh2
Amount of deflection of the
Uniform bending between two center measured with respect upper loads to the support points, δc = (PD/48EI)(3S2 – 4D2) Three-Point Bend Test vs Four Point Bend Test
● The stress concentration of a three point test is
small and concentrated under the center of the loading point, whereas the stress concentration of a four point test is over a larger region, avoiding premature failure.
● A three point test is easier to perform than a
four point test. Why Flexural Test?
●Unlike compressive or tensile test, flexure test
does not measure fundamental material properties. ●When a specimen is placed under flexural loading all three fundamental stresses are present: tensile,compressive,shear ●So the flexural properties of a specimen are the result of the combined effect of all the stresses Flexural Strength vs Tensile Strength
● Flexural strength would be the same as tensile
strength if the material is homogeneous. ● Most materials have small or large defects in them which act to concentrate the stresses locally, effectively causing a localized weakness. ● Flexural strength depends on maximum compressive strength on extreme fibers whereas tensile strength depends on the weakest fiber. Procedure followed in the lab
●Name of the machine used- Instron.
●Name of the material- Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA). ●Test done by using three point bend test. ●We fix the rate. ●We measure all three dimensions of the material. ●We check the position of all the three forces. ●We calculate the extension and load at equal intervals. Values calculated from the experiment
●Load ●Extension at max load
●Extension ●Max Load ●Stress ●Stress at max load ●Strain ●Strain at max load ●Load at break ●Flexure Modulus Sample-1
●Rate = 0.5 mm/min ●Extension at max load =
●Span = 50mm 3.31828mm
●W = 11.125mm ●Stress at max load =
53.47267MPa ●H = 5.19mm ●Strain at max load = ●Max load = 213.65N 0.04133 ●Flex Modulus = 1592.18MPa ●Load at break = -0.22734N ●Max load = -213.65121N Sample-2
●Rate = 0.1mm/min ●Extension at max load =
●Span = 50mm 4.54922mm
●W = 11.80mm ●Stress at max load =
67.11264MPa ●H = 5.08mm ●Strain at max load = ●Max load = 272.49N 0.05546 ●Flex Modulus = 1658.43MPa ●Load at break = -0.33906N ●Max load = -272.49122N Trends that we observe
As we increase the rate
●The maximum load the material can sustain before it breaks decreases ●Maximum extension before it breaks decreases ●Flexural Strain decreases ●Flexural Stress decreases ●Flexural Modulus decreases Reference
● https://www.testresources.net/applications/tes t-types/flexural-test/ ● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexural_strengt h ● Lecture Slides Thank You
