Embedded System Introduction

Dr. I. Arul Rayappan

Associate Professor of Physics,
St. Joseph’s College
(Autonomous),
Tiruchirappalli-620 002.
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 What is an embedded system?

According to the Institution of

Electrical Engineers, "A general
purpose definition of embedded
systems is that they are devices used
to control, monitor or assist the
operation of equipment, machinery,
or plant. 'Embedded' reflects the fact
that they are an integral part of the
system..." An embedded system is a
special-purpose computer system,
which is completely encapsulated by
the device it controls. An embedded
system has specific requirements
and performs pre-defined tasks,
unlike a general-purpose personal
computer.

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 Microcontrollers and Embedded System

Embedded Systems are a combination of

Hardware (microcontrollers) and Software
(developed in assembler, c, c++…) designed to
perform a specific function
An embedded product uses microcontrollers to
do one task and one task only.

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 What is a Microcontroller?

A microcontroller (often abbreviated MCU) is a single computer chip

(integrated circuit) that executes a user program, normally for the
purpose of controlling some device, hence the name
microcontroller.

The program is normally contained either in a second chip, called

an EPROM, or within the same chip as the microcontroller itself.

A microcontroller is normally found in devices such as microwave

ovens, automobiles, keyboards, CD players, cell phones, VCRs,
security systems, time & attendance clocks, etc.

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 Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller

Microcontrollers are used in devices that require some amount of

computing power but donot require as much computing power as that
provided by a complex (and expensive) 486, Pentium, i3 .. system
which generally requires a large amount of supporting circuitry (large
motherboards, hundreds of megabytes of RAM, hard drives, hard
drive controllers, video cards, etc).

A microwave oven just does not need that much computing power.
Microcontroller-based systems are generally smaller, more reliable,
and cheaper. They are ideal for the types of applications described
above where cost and unit size are very important considerations. In
such applications it is almost always desirable to produce circuits that
require the smallest number of integrated circuits, that require the
smallest amount of physical space, require the least amount of
energy, and cost as little as possible.

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 Microcontroll
Ext int
er

interrupt

Address Bus (Uni dirctional)

CPU
Data Bus (Bi directional)

Control Lines

OSC

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 Microcontroll
Ext int
er

interrupt
Timer0
Timer1
ROM RAM

CPU

Bus 4 I/o Serial

control ports port
OSC

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 Simple comparison: Pentium vs. 8051
FEATURE 8051 PENTIUM COMMENT
Clock Speed 12Mhz. typical 1,000 MHz. 8051 internally divides
but 60MHz. ICs (1GHz.) clock by 12 so for 12MHz.
available clock effective clock rate is
just 1MHz.
Address bus 16 bits 32 bits 8051 can address 216, or
64Kbytes of memory.
Pentium can address 232, or
4 GigaBytes of memory.
Data bus 8 bits 64 bits Pentium’s wide bus allows
very fast data transfers.
ALU width 8 bits 32 bits But - Pentium has multiple
32 bit ALUs – along with
floating-point units.
Applications Domestic Personal
appliances, Computers
Peripherals, And other high
automotive etc. performance areas.
Power Small fraction of a Tens of watts Pentium runs hot as power
consumption watt consumption increases
with frequency.
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Cost of chip About RS.52/- About 6000/-
 Microcontroller Manufacturing Companies

There are FOUR major companies manufacturing

8 bit controllers
1. Motorola (6811)
2. Intel (8051 MCS51)
3. Zilog (Z8)
4. PIC (16X____) Microchip

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 Port Organization of MCS51

Port 1
Port 0
P1.0 – P1.7
P0.0 – P0.7

P1 P0

Port 3
Port 2
P3.0 – P3.7
P2.0 – P2.7

P3 P2

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 Port Assignments

Port 0 : Input/Output Port & AD0-AD7 for ext memory

Port 1 : Input/Output Port
Port 2 : Input/Output Port & A8-A15 for ext Memory
Port 3 : Input/Output Port
P3.0 : RxD
P3.1 : TxD
P3.2 : INTO’
P3.3 : INT1’
P3.4 : T0
P3.5 : T1
P3.6 : WR’
P3.7 : RD’
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Simple Experiment in
Embedded system

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A Circuit using 89c51
40
+5V

Pin 40 +vcc
9 20 Gnd
89c51 31
9 Reset
18 OSC1
19 OSC2
31 Ext Acces
18

19 GND
20

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 Burglar alarm system hardware
+ 5 volts
8051 Chip

10 kOhms

P3.0 P1.0 a a
P3.1 P1.1 b
f b
P3.2 P1.2 c g

PORT 1 (P1)
PORT 3 (P3)
P3.3 P1.3 d
c
P3.4 P1.4 e e

.5 P1.5 f
d
.6 P1.6 g

.7 P1.7
+ volts

Internal Memory

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

SFRs
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone

B0h
1
2
3
4

90h

I-RAM

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Input circuit Output circuit
+ 5 volts a

f b
g

input x e c

d
normally closed
Switches are

e.g. 200 Ohm

a

If any switch is opened Internal circuit within 7-segment

Input x goes high to indicate an display device. (Common cathode
alarm condition i.e. +5v input causes LED to light)

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 ALARM_1 Program flow chart
Initialise I/O
ports P1 and P3

Read port P3

YES
Are all
P3 inputs at 0

NO

Sound alarm
Bell

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 ALARM_1 Program source code

ORG 0000h ; define memory start address 000

; Initialise the I/O ports
MOV P3, #0ffh ; write all ones to P3 to use as an input port
MOV P1, #00 ; all zeros to put P1 in a known output state
POLL:
MOV A, P3 ; read P3 to accumulator
CJNE A, #00h, ALARM ; if not all zeros then jump to ALARM
LJMP POLL ; else loop back to POLL
ALARM:
SETB P1.7 ; enable the BELL by setting P1.7 high
END_LOOP:
LJMP END_LOOP ; program just loops around here
END ; end of program

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Hardware circuit with timing diagram for sound
+ volts
Clock
12 MHz.
Loudspeaker

P1.0

Port 1
8051 SETB P1.0 SETB P1.0 SETB P1.0

P1.7 CLR P1.0 CLR P1.0 CLR P1.0

delay delay delay delay delay

1 ms. 1 ms. 1 ms. 1 ms. 1 ms.

RESET T = 2 msecs.

f = 1/T = 1 / 0.002
= 500 Hz.

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 Interactive Vehicle Tracking System

It is a system which can track the vehicles for its movement

through out the trip with GPS And GPRS.
The data collected at different data points are stored at the vehicle
itself and in the computers of respective data points then to the
server.

The Data are

vehicle number, started time, stop time, Fuel at, Date, Fuel
type, Qty, Amount, Balance, Driver ID …..

The Data Points are

the places where the interactive RF transmitter and
receivers are fixed say BPCL fuel stations.

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At the data points

GPS & GPRS based RF transmitter and receivers (RF System) are
connected to a computers

GPS system is capable of interacting over area of 1 square metre

The GPS will transmit the data in

a periodic interval continuously
from the data point

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 Server
Block diagram of data locker

Receiver Memory

D i s p l a y
GPS & GPRS
Micro
Controller
Transmitter

sensors
Start/stop alarm

Load

Fuel
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 Block diagram of data point

Server

Receiver

GPS & GPRS SMS

Micro
Controller Printer
Transmitter

Pump

Pump link
circuit 22
Advantages

• Compatible with any SMART cards

• Data is stored at data point (fuel station computer) and at the vehicle
•Vehicle owners can verify trip data from their office
• Data can be online with server
• Data can be on auto SMS from vehicle(GSM/CDMA/GPRS)
• Owners of the vehicles and dealers are not at the dark, but given with lot of
information about their vehicles for analysis
• 100% automated system

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