WOMEN SAFETY DEVICE WITH GPS TRACKING AND

ALERT

A dissertation submitted to the

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (DAVV)
For the partial fulfillment of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
(Electronics & Telecommunication)
2018-2019

Guided By: Submitted By:

Mr. Ashish Panchal Ananya Kanade(15T8004)
Kartik Agrawal(15T8025)
Bhopal Singh(15T8012)
Akash Jatav(15T8070)

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication

Institute of Engineering and Technology
Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidhyalaya
(www.ietdavv.edu.in)
 Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT

SESSION 2018-19

Women Safety Device with GPS Tracking and Alert

A Dissertation submitted for

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Guided By: Submitted By:

Mr. Ashish Panchal Ananya Kanade(15T8004)
Kartik Agrawal(15T8025)
Bhopal Singh(15T8012)
Akash Jatav(15T8070)
 Devi Ahilya Vishwavidhyalaya
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT

RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that Miss Ananya Kanade(15T8004), Mr. Kartik Agrawal(15T8025), Mr.
Bhopal Singh(15T8012), Mr. Akash Jatav(15T9070) studying in final year of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering in the academic year 2018-19 of this institute, have
successfully completed the project entitled “ Women Safety Device with GPS Tracking and
Alert” and have submitted a satisfactory report on it ,which is recommended for the reward of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Telecommunication

(………………..)
Project Guide
Mr. Ashish Panchal

i
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya

DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that Miss Ananya Kanade(15T8004), Mr. Kartik Agrawal(15T8025), Mr.
Bhopal Singh(15T8012), Mr. Akash Jatav(15T9070) studying in final year of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering in the academic year 2018-19 of this institute, have
successfully completed the project entitled “ Women Safety Device with GPS Tracking and
Alert” and have submitted a satisfactory report on it ,as a part of requirement for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering from Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore

(………………..) (………………..)
Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Inspiration and guidance are indispensable in all works of life but they are especially critical in
the academic field. Behind every successful student lies the kind guidance and help of esteemed
teachers.

The integration of our project “Women Safety Device with GPS Tracking and Alert”
would not have been in its present form without the co-operation and co-ordination of many
people who not only helped us whenever we got hindered in between but also kept our morale
high.
We owe this moment of satisfaction with deep sense of gratitude toward our guide Mr. Ashish
Panchal, for providing necessary resources and for worthwhile suggestions.
We are thankful to our esteemed director of I.E.T, Dr. Sanjeev Tokekar and all other faculty
members of I.E.T DAVV for their kind support.

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 ABSTRACT

This Project presents a women safety detection system using GPS and Wi-Fi module. The
system can be interconnected with the server to locate device in case of any emergency. This
detection and messaging system are composed of a GPS receiver, Microcontroller and a WIFI
module. GPS Receiver gets the location information from satellites in the form of latitude and
longitude. The Microcontroller processes this information and this processed information is
sent to the user using WIFI module. A WIFI module is interfaced to the MCU. The WIFI
module sends information to predefined server. When a woman is in danger and in need of
self-defence then she can press the switch, which is allotted to her. By pressing the switch, the
entire system will be activated then immediately a SMS will be sent to concern person with
location using WIFI module and GPS.

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 CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3
1.4 INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND PROCESS CONTROL 4
SOFTWARE

CHAPTER 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION 5

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT 5

CHAPTER 3 TECHNOLOGIES USED 7

3.1 WI-FI TECHNOLOGY 7
3.2 GPS TECHNOLOGY 11

CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 18

4.1 ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER 18
4.2 ARDUINO UNO BOARD EXPLANATION 22
4.3 POWER SUPPLY 23
4.4 WI-FI MODULE 25

CHAPTER 5 WORKING 28
5.1 WORKING 28
5.2 FLOWCHART 29

CHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE CODE 30

6.1 FOR GPS LOCATION 30
6.2 FOR WIFI 33

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 42

CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES 43
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE:
Security is the condition of being protected against danger or loss. In the general sense, security
is a concept similar to safety. The nuance between the two is an added emphasis on being
protected from dangers that originate from outside. Individuals or actions that encroach upon
the condition of protection are responsible for the breach of security.

This project is designed with Arduino Uno. This Project presents a women safety detection
system using GPS and Wi-Fi module. The system can be interconnected with the alarm system
and alert the intended person. This detection and messaging system is composed of a GPS
receiver, Microcontroller and a Wi-Fi module. GPS Receiver gets the location information
from satellites in the form of latitude and longitude.

The Microcontroller processes this information and this processed information is sent to the
user using Wi-Fi module. A Wi-Fi module is interfaced to the MCU. The Wi-Fi module sends
a signal to the predefined server. When a woman is in danger and in need of self-defence then
she can press the switch, which is allotted to her. By pressing the switch, the entire system will
be activated then immediately a SMS will be sent to concern person with location using Wi-Fi
module and GPS.

This project uses regulated 5V, 750mA power supply. IC7805, a three terminal voltage
regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac
output of 230/12V step down transformer.

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

The microcontroller-based system is built for controlling a function or range of functions and
is not designed to be programmed by the end user in the same way as a personal. An embedded
system is designed to perform one particular task albeit with different choices and options.

Embedded systems contain processing cores that are either microcontrollers or digital signal
processors. Microcontrollers are generally known as "chip", which may itself be packaged with
other microcontrollers in a hybrid system of Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). In
general, input always comes from a detector or sensors in more specific word and meanwhile
the output goes to the activator which may start or stop the operation of the machine or the
operating system.

An embedded system is a combination of both hardware and software, each embedded system
is unique and the hardware is highly specialized in the application domain. Hardware consists
of processors, microcontroller, IR sensors etc. On the other hand, Software is just like a brain
of the whole embedded system as this consists of the programming languages used which
makes hardware work. As a result, embedded systems programming can be a widely varying
experience.

An embedded system is combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed

incapability or programmable, that is specifically designed for particular kind of application

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device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, vending machines and toys (as
well as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an
embedded system. Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with a
programming interface, and embedded systems programming id specialized occupation.

Figure 1 Block diagram of embedded system

On the other hand, the microcontroller is a single silicon chip consisting of all input, output
and peripherals on it. A single microcontroller has the following features:

1. Arithmetic and logic unit

2. Memory for storing program
3. EEPROM for non-volatile and special function registers
4. Input/output ports
5. Analog to digital converter
6. Circuits
7. Serial communication ports

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1.3 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM :

We are living in the embedded world. You are surrounded with many embedded products and
your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets, television, radio,
CD player of your living room, washing machines or microwave oven in your kitchen, card
readers, access controllers, palm devices of your work space enable to do many of your tasks
very effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in your car take care of your
car operation between the bumper and most of the times tend to ignore all these controllers.

In recent days you are showered with variety of information about these embedded controllers
in many places. All kind of magazines and journals regularly dish out details about latest
technologies, new devices: fast applications which make you believe that your basic survival
is controlled by these embedded products. Now you can agree to the fact these embedded
products have successfully invaded into our world. You must be wandering about these
embedded controllers or systems.

The computer you use to compose your mails, or create a document or analyse the database is
known as standard desktop computer. These desktop computers are manufactured to serve
many purpose and applications.

1.3.1 MILITARY AND AEROSPACE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

From in-orbit embedded system to jumbo jets to vital battlefield networks, designer’s
performance, scalability, and high-availability facilities consistently turn to the Linux OS,
RTOS and LinuxOS-178RTOs for software certification to DO-178B rich in system resources
and networking serviced, Linux OS provides an off-the-shelf software platform with hard real-
time response backed by powerful distributed computing (COBRA), high reliability’s software
certification, and long term support options.

1.3.2 COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS

Five-nine” availability, compact PCI hot swap support, and hard real-time response Linux OS
delivers on these key requirements and more for today’s carrier-class systems. Scalable kernel
configurations, distributed computing capabilities, intergraded communications stacks, and
fault-management facilities make Linux OS the ideal choice for companies looking for single
operating system for all embedded telecommunication applications from complex central to
single line/trunk cards.

1.3.3 ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMER DEVICES

As the number of powerful embedded processor in consumer devices continues to rise, the blue
cat Linux operating system provides a highly reliable and royalty-free option for system
designers. And as the wireless appliance revolution rolls on, web enabled navigation systems,
radios, personal communication devices, phones and PDAs all benefit from the cost-effective
dependability, proven stability and full product life cycle support opportunities associated with
blue cat embedded Linux. Blue cat has teamed with industry leaders to make it easier to build
Linux mobile phones with java integration.

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1.4 INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND PROCESS CONTROL SOFTWARE

Designers of industrial and process control systems know from experience that Linux works
operating system provide the security and reliability that their industrial applications require.
From ISO 9001 certification to fault-tolerance, secure portioning and high availability, this can
be easily proven. Now a day’s embedded system widely using in the industrial areas are
reduced to perform a particular task. This performs less work and also more efficiency gives
the accurate result.

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 CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT

GPS Module

12V Power Microcontroller

Mobile Display
Supply Arduino Uno

Wi-Fi Module

2.2 FUNCTIONS OF EACH BLOCK

POWER SUPPLY:

The primary function of a power supply is to give the system steady electrical current.

MICROCONTROLLER:

The microcontroller is used to manipulate the serial operation based on the program present
inside and the output is taken from respective used ports.

GPS RECEIVER:

GPS, i.e. Global Positioning System is a space-based radio-navigation system that broadcasts
highly accurate navigation pulses to users on or near the Earth. In the United States’ Navstar

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GPS, 24 main satellites in 6 orbits circle the Earth every 12 hours. In addition, Russia maintains
a constellation called GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System).

WI-FI MODULE:

Wi-Fi is a family of radio technologies that is commonly used for the wireless local area
networking (WLAN) of devices which is based around the IEEE 802.11 family of
standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-
Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Wi-Fi
uses multiple parts of the IEEE 802 protocol family and is designed to seamlessly work with
its wired sister protocol Ethernet.

SWITCH:

A switch is an electrical component that can "make" or "break" an electrical circuit,

interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.

INDICATOR:

An indicator is an electrical component which is capable of describing certain sets of events of

occurrence. This indication can be in any form and it depends upon the intended user which is
interpreting an event.

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 CHAPTER 3

TECHNOLOGIES USED

3.1 Wi-Fi TECHNOLOGY

3.1.1 DEFINITION OF Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows computers and other devices to
communicate over a wireless signal. It describes network components that are based on one of
the 802.11 standards developed by the IEEE and adopted by the Wi-Fi Alliance.

Figure3.1 Wi-Fi module

3.1.2 HISTORY OF Wi-Fi

The Australian radio-astronomer Dr John O'Sullivan with his colleagues Terence Percival,
Graham Daniels, Diet Ostry, and John Deane developed a key patent used in Wi-Fi as a by-
product of a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) research
project, "a failed experiment to detect exploding mini black holes the size of an atomic
particle". Dr O'Sullivan and his colleagues are credited with inventing Wi-Fi. In 1992 and
1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method later used in Wi-Fi to "unsmear" the signal.
In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under
which most products are sold. Wi-Fi uses a large number of patents held by many different
organizations.
The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-
consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was
"a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'.
The name Wi-Fi has no further meaning, and was never officially a shortened form of
"Wireless Fidelity".

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3.1.3 Wi-Fi Versions
Equipment frequently support multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use
a common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on,
the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details.
In general, lower frequencies have better range but have less capacity. Some versions permit
the use of multiple antennas, which permits greater speeds as well as reduced interference.
There are many different versions of Wi-Fi:
802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11-2012,
802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj,
802.11aq, 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), 802.11ay.

Generation IEEE Standard Maximum Link rate

Wi-Fi 6 802.11ax 600–9608 Mbit/s

Wi-Fi 5 802.11ac 433–6933 Mbit/s

Wi-Fi 4 802.11n 72–600 Mbit/s

Historically, equipment has simply listed the versions of Wi-Fi using the name of the IEEE
standard that it supports. The Wi-Fi alliance has standardised generational numbering so that
equipment can indicate that it supports Wi-Fi 4 (if the equipment supports 802.11n), Wi-Fi 5
(802.11ac) and Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax). These generations have a high degree of backward
compatibility with previous versions. The alliance has stated that the generational level 4, 5, or
6 can be indicated in the user interface when connected, along with the signal strength.

3.1.4 Wi-Fi Hardware

Wi-Fi allows wireless deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also, spaces where cables
cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.
However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block
Wi-Fi signals.
Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate
at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance
are backward compatible. Unlike mobile phones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work
anywhere in the world.

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Access point
A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN.
An access point resembles a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in
addition to a single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing
wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.
Wireless adapter
Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to
devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB, Express
Card, Cardbus and PC Card.
Router
Wireless routers integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet switch, and internal router
firmware application that provides IP routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an
integrated WAN-interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices
to connect to a single WAN device such as a cable modem, DSL modem or optical modem. A
wireless router allows all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured
through one central utility. This utility is usually an integrated web server that is accessible to
wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients.
Bridge
Wireless network bridges can act to connect two networks to form a single network at the data-
link layer over Wi-Fi. The main standard is the wireless distribution system (WDS).
Wireless bridging can connect a wired network to a wireless network. Two wireless bridge
devices may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations
where a wired connection may be unavailable. Also, a wireless bridge can be used to enable a
device which supports a wired connection to operate at a wireless networking standard which
is faster than supported by the wireless network connectivity feature supported by the device.

3.1.5 Wi-Fi Radio Spectrum

The 802.11 standard provides several distinct radio frequencies ranges for use in Wi-Fi
communications: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 5.9 GHz, and 60 GHz bands. Each range is
divided into a multitude of channels. Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable
channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. The ISM
band ranges are also often used.
A standard speed Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band. Any two channel
numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap.
802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz ISM band. In this frequency band equipment may
occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones, USB 3.0 hubs,
and Bluetooth devices.
802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the 5 GHz U-NII band, which offers at least 23 non-overlapping
20 MHz channels rather than the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band, where the channels are only
5MHz wide. The 5GHz bands are more strongly absorbed by common building materials, and
usually give shorter range.
802.11n can use double the radio spectrum/bandwidth (40 MHz- 8 channels) compared
to 802.11a or 802.11g (20 MHz). 802.11n can also be set to limit itself to 20 MHz bandwidth

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to prevent interference in dense communities. In the 5 GHz band, 20, 40, 80 and 160 MHz
bandwidth signals are permitted with some restrictions, giving much faster connections.

3.1.6 Uses
Internet access
Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide Internet access to devices that are within the range
of a wireless network that is connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more
interconnected access points (hotspots) can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as
large as many square kilometres.
Wi-Fi provides service in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces at Wi-Fi
hotspots set up either free-of-charge or commercially, often using a captive portal webpage for
access.
Routers that incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi-Fi access
point, often set up in homes and other buildings, provide Internet access and internetworking to
all devices connected to them, wirelessly or via cable.
Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a cellular Internet radio modem and Wi-Fi
access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to
access the Internet over 2G, 3G, or 4G networks using the tethering technique.
City-wide Wi-Fi
In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi
networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004, Mysore (Mysuru) became India's first
Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the
complete city and a few nearby villages.
Campus-wide Wi-Fi
Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi
coverage. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network,
called Wireless Andrew, at its Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding originated.
By February 1997, the CMU Wi-Fi zone was fully operational. Many universities collaborate
in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through the Eduroam international
authentication infrastructure.
Wi-Fi ad hoc versus Wi-Fi direct
Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access
point intermediary. This is called ad hoc Wi-Fi transmission. This wireless ad hoc network
mode has proven popular with multiplayer handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo
DS, PlayStation Portable, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices. Some
devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or "virtual
routers".
Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specification Wi-Fi Direct for file transfers and
media sharing through a new discovery and security methodology.
Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is Tunnelled Direct Link Setup (TDLS),
which enables two devices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate directly, instead of via
the access point.

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3.2 GPS TECHNOLOGY
3.2.1 DESCRIPTION
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radio
navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States
Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time
information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed
line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block
the relatively weak GPS signals.
The GPS does not require the user to transmit any data, and it operates independently of any
telephonic or internet reception. The GPS provides critical positioning capabilities to military,
civil, and commercial users around the world.
The GPS system is provided by the United States government, which can selectively deny
access to the system. As a result, several countries have developed or are in the process of
setting up other global or regional satellite navigation systems. The Russian Global Navigation
Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed. GLONASS can be added to GPS devices,
making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and
accurately, to within two meters. China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is due to achieve
global reach in 2020. There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system, and
India's NAVIC. Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a GPS satellite-based
augmentation system to enhance GPS's accuracy.

3.2.2 HISTORY
3.2.2.1 Early Development
The GPS project was launched in the United States in 1973 to overcome the limitations of
previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including classified
engineering design studies from the 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defence developed the
system, which originally used 24 satellites. It was initially developed for use by the United
States military and became fully operational in 1995. Civilian use was allowed from the
1980s. Roger L. Easton of the Naval Research Laboratory, Ivan A. Getting of The Aerospace
Corporation, and Bradford Parkinson of the Laboratory are credited with inventing it. The
work of Gladys West is credited as instrumental in the development of computational
techniques for detecting satellite positions with the precision needed for GPS.
The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio-navigation systems, such
as LORAN and the Decca Navigator, developed in the early 1940s.
Friedwardt Winterberg proposed a test of general relativity – detecting time slowing in a strong
gravitational field using accurate atomic clocks placed in orbit inside artificial satellites.
Special and general relativity predict that the clocks on the GPS satellites would be seen by the
Earth's observers to run 38 microseconds faster per day than the clocks on the Earth. The GPS
calculated positions would quickly drift into error, accumulating to 10 kilometres per day. This
was corrected for in the design of GPS.
3.2.2.2 Predecessors
When the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) in 1957, two American
physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at Johns Hopkins University's Applied
Physics Laboratory (APL) decided to monitor its radio transmissions. Within hours they

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realized that, because of the Doppler effect, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along
its orbit. The Director of the APL gave them access to their UNIVAC to do the heavy
calculations required.
Early the next year, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and
Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem i.e. pinpointing the user's location, given that
of the satellite. This led APL to develop the TRANSIT system. In 1959, ARPA
(renamed DARPA in 1972) also played a role in TRANSIT.
TRANSIT was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and
could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour.
In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Timation satellite, which proved the feasibility of placing
accurate clocks in space, a technology required for GPS.
In the 1970s, the ground-based OMEGA navigation system, based on phase comparison of
signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system.
Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with
greater accuracy.
In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (MObile System
for Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D LORAN. A follow-on study, Project 57,
was worked in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born." That same year,
the concept was pursued as Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you now see
in GPS” and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs.
Another important predecessor to GPS came from a different branch of the United States
military. In 1964, the United States Army orbited its first Sequential Collation of Range
(SECOR) satellite used for geodetic surveying. The SECOR system included three ground-
based transmitters at known locations that would send signals to the satellite transponder in
orbit. A fourth ground-based station, at an undetermined position, could then use those signals
to fix its location precisely. The last SECOR satellite was launched in 1969.
3.2.2.3 Advancements
With these parallel developments in the 1960s, it was realized that a superior system could be
developed by synthesizing the best technologies from 621B, Transit, Timation, and SECOR in
a multi-service program. Satellite orbital position errors, induced by variations in the gravity
field and radar refraction among others, had to be resolved. A team led by Harold L Jury of
Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970–1973, used real-time data assimilation and
recursive estimation to do so, reducing systematic and residual errors to a manageable level to
permit accurate navigation.
The effects of the ionosphere on radio transmission through the ionosphere was investigated in
a geophysics laboratory of Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory. They developed the
Klobuchar model for computing ionospheric corrections to GPS location.
Initially, the highest-quality signal was reserved for military use, and the signal available for
civilian use was intentionally degraded, in a policy known as Selective Availability.
Since its deployment, the U.S. has implemented several improvements to the GPS service,
including new signals for civil use and increased accuracy and integrity for all users, all the
while maintaining compatibility with existing GPS equipment. Modernization of the satellite
system has been an ongoing initiative by the U.S. Department of Defense through a series
of satellite acquisitions to meet the growing needs of the military, civilians, and the commercial

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market. GPS is owned and operated by the United States government as a national resource.
The Department of Defense is the steward of GPS.
The U.S. Department of Defense is required by law to "maintain a Standard Positioning Service
(as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal
specification) that will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis," and "develop measures
to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading
civilian uses."

3.2.3 BASIC CONCEPTS

3.2.3.1 Fundamentals
The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of GPS specialized satellites. The
satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one another and with the
ground clocks. Any drift from true time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the
same manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS receivers have clocks
as well, but they are less stable and less precise.
Each GPS satellite continuously transmits a radio signal containing the current time and data
about its position. Since the speed of radio waves is constant and independent of the satellite
speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the receiver receives it
is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the receiver. A GPS receiver monitors
multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its
deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to
compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite
time).
3.2.3.2 More detailed description
Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal (carrier wave with modulation) that
includes:

 A pseudorandom code (sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the receiver. By time-
aligning a receiver-generated version and the receiver-measured version of the code, the
time of arrival (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an epoch, can be
found in the receiver clock time scale.
 A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of the code epoch (in GPS time
scale) and the satellite position at that time.
Conceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs (according to its own clock) of four satellite
signals. From the TOAs and the TOTs, the receiver forms four time of flight (TOF) values,
which are (given the speed of light) approximately equivalent to receiver-satellite ranges. The
receiver then computes its three-dimensional position and clock deviation from the four TOFs.
In practice the receiver position (in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates with origin at the
Earth's center) and the offset of the receiver clock relative to the GPS time are computed
simultaneously, using the navigation equations to process the TOFs.
The receiver's Earth-centered solution location is usually converted to latitude, longitude and
height relative to an ellipsoidal Earth model. The height may then be further converted to height
relative to the mean sea level. These coordinates may be displayed, such as on a moving map
display, or recorded or used by some other system, such as a vehicle guidance system.

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3.2.3.3 User-satellite geometry
Although usually not formed explicitly in the receiver processing, the conceptual time
differences of arrival (TDOAs) define the measurement geometry. Each TDOA corresponds to
a hyperboloid of revolution. The line connecting the two satellites involved (and its extensions)
forms the axis of the hyperboloid. The receiver is located at the point where three hyperboloids
intersect.
It is sometimes said that the user location is at the intersection of three spheres. While simpler
to visualize, this is the case only if the receiver has a clock synchronized with the satellite
clocks (i.e., the receiver measures true ranges to the satellites rather than range differences).
There are marked performance benefits to the user carrying a clock synchronized with the
satellites. Foremost is that only three satellites are needed to compute a position solution. If it
were an essential part of the GPS concept that all users needed to carry a synchronized clock,
a smaller number of satellites could be deployed, but the cost and complexity of the user
equipment would increase.
3.2.3.4 Receiver in continuous operation
Most receivers have a track algorithm, sometimes called a tracker, that combines sets of
satellite measurements collected at different times in effect, taking advantage of the fact that
successive receiver positions are usually close to each other. After a set of measurements are
processed, the tracker predicts the receiver location corresponding to the next set of satellite
measurements. When the new measurements are collected, the receiver uses a weighting
scheme to combine the new measurements with the tracker prediction. In general, a tracker
can:
(a) improve receiver position and time accuracy
(b) reject bad measurements
(c) estimate receiver speed and direction
The disadvantage of a tracker is that changes in speed or direction can be computed only with
a delay, and that derived direction becomes inaccurate when the distance travelled between two
position measurements drops below or near the random error of position measurement. GPS
units can use measurements of the Doppler shift of the signals received to compute velocity
accurately. More advanced navigation systems use additional sensors like a compass or
an inertial navigation system to complement GPS.

3.2.4 STRUCTURE
3.2.4.1 Space segment
The space segment (SS) is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also
includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit.
The space segment (SS) is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites, or Space Vehicles (SV) in
GPS parlance. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, six orbital planes with four
satellites each. The six orbit planes have approximately 55° inclination (tilt relative to the
Earth's equator) and are separated by 60° right ascension of the ascending node(angle along the
equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection). The orbital period is one-half
a sidereal day, i.e., 11 hours and 58 minutes so that the satellites pass over the same locations
or almost the same locations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are
always within line of sight from everywhere on the Earth's surface. The result of this objective

14 | P a g e
is that the four satellites are not evenly spaced (90°) apart within each orbit. In general terms,
the angular difference between satellites in each orbit is 30°, 105°, 120°, and 105° apart, which
sum to 360°.
Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km, orbital radius of approximately 26,600 km
each SV makes two complete orbits each sidereal day, repeating the same ground track each
day. This was very helpful during development because even with only four satellites, correct
alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a few hours each day. For military
operations, the ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in combat zones.
3.2.4.2 Control segment
The control segment (CS) is composed of:

 A master control station (MCS)

 An alternative master control station
 Four dedicated ground antennas
 Six dedicated monitor stations
The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) ground antennas
(for additional command and control capability) and NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency) monitor stations. The tracking information is sent to Command MCS which is
operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron (2 SOPS). Then 2 SOPS contact each GPS
satellite regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared ground antennas. These
updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few nanoseconds of
each other, and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite's internal orbital model.
The operation control segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It
provides the operational capability that supports GPS users and keeps the GPS operational and
performing within specification.
3.2.4.3 User segment
The user segment (US) is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users
of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and
scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service. In general, GPS receivers are composed of
an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a
highly stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include a display for providing
location and speed information to the user. A receiver is often described by its number of
channels. This signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously.

3.2.5 APPLICATIONS
While originally a military project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has
significant civilian applications as well.
GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking,
and surveillance. GPS's accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile
phone operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off
switching.

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3.2.5.1 Civilian
Many civilian applications use one or more of GPS's three basic components: absolute location,
relative movement, and time transfer.

 Astronomy: both positional and clock synchronization data is used

in astrometry and celestial mechanics.
 Automated vehicle: applying location and routes for cars and trucks to function without a
human driver.
 Cellular telephony: clock synchronization enables time transfer, which is critical for
synchronizing its spreading codes with other base stations to facilitate inter-cell handoff
and support hybrid GPS/cellular position detection for mobile emergency calls and other
applications.
 Clock synchronization: the accuracy of GPS time signals (±10 ns) is second only to the
atomic clocks they are based on, and is used in applications such as GPS disciplined
oscillators.
 Disaster relief/emergency services: many emergency services depend upon GPS for
location and timing capabilities.
 Radio occultation: for weather and atmospheric science applications.
 Fleet tracking: used to identify, locate and maintain contact reports with one or
more fleet vehicles in real-time.
 Geofencing: vehicle tracking systems, person tracking systems, and pet tracking systems
use GPS to locate devices that are attached to or carried by a person, vehicle, or pet. The
application can provide continuous tracking and send notifications if the target leaves a
designated area.
 Navigation: navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements.
 Robotics: self-navigating, autonomous robots using a GPS sensor, which calculate latitude,
longitude, time, speed, and heading.
 Sport: used in football and rugby for the control and analysis of the training load. [96]
 Surveying: surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property
boundaries.

3.2.5.2 Military
Military GPS applications include:

 Navigation: Soldiers use GPS to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar territory,
and to coordinate troop and supply movement.
 Target tracking: Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and
air targets before flagging them as hostile. These weapon systems pass target coordinates
to precision-guided munitions to allow them to engage targets accurately.
 Missile and projectile guidance: GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons
including ICBMs, cruise missiles, precision-guided munitions and artillery shells.
 Search and rescue.
 Reconnaissance: Patrol movement can be managed more closely.

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Figure 3.2 GSM Neo 6m module

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 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER

4.1.1 DESCRIPTION

The Atmel AVR® core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in a single instruction executed in one clock
cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten
times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATmega328/P provides the
following features: 32Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write
capabilities, 1Kbytes EEPROM, 2Kbytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general
purpose working registers, Real Time Counter (RTC), three flexible Timer/Counters with
compare modes and PWM, 1 serial programmable USARTs , 1 byte-oriented 2-wire Serial
Interface (I2C), a 6- channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages) , a
programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and six software
selectable power saving modes.

This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. In Extended Standby
mode, both the main oscillator and the asynchronous timer continue to run. Atmel offers the
QTouch® library for embedding capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels functionality into
AVR microcontrollers. The patented charge-transfer signal acquisition offers robust sensing
and includes fully debounced reporting of touch keys and includes Adjacent Key Suppression®
(AKS™) technology for unambiguous detection of key events. The easy-to-use QTouch Suite
toolchain allows you to explore, develop and debug your own touch applications. The device
is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial
interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program
running on the AVR core.

The ATmega328/P is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools
including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit
Emulators, and Evaluation kits.

4.1.2 FEATURES OF ATMEGA

· 28-pin AVR Microcontroller

· Flash Program Memory: 32 kB
· EEPROM Data Memory: 1 kB
· SRAM Data Memory: 2 kB
· I/O Pins: 23
· Timers: Two 8-bit / One 16-bit
· A/D Converter: 10-bit Six Channel

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· PWM: Six Channels
· RTC: Present with Separate Oscillator
· MSSP: SPI and I2C Master and Slave Support
· USART: Present
· External Oscillator: up to 20MHz

4.1.3 ADVANTAGES/ IMPROVEMENTS IN ATMEG328

1. Still runs on 5 V, so legacy 5 V stuff interfaces cleaner

2. Even though it's 5 V capable, newer parts can run to 1.8 V. This wide range is very
rare.
3. Nice instruction set, very good instruction throughput compared to other processors
(HCS08, PIC12/16/18).
4. High quality GCC port (no proprietary crappy compilers!)
5. "PA" variants have good sleep mode capabilities, in micro-amperes.
6. Well-rounded peripheral set
7. QTouch capability

4.1.4 PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA328

Fig 4.1: Pin Configuration

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4.1.5 PIN EXPLANATION

4.1Pin Descriptions table

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4.1.5.1. VCC

Digital supply voltage.

4.1.5.2. GND

Ground.

4.1.5.3. Port B (PB [7:0]) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-
up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock
selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB [7:6] is used as
TOSC [2:1] input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

4.1.5.4. Port C (PC [5:0])

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The PC [5:0] output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running.

4.1.5.5. PC6/RESET

If the fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical characteristics of
PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as
a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate
a Reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
The various special features of Port C are elaborated in the Alternate Functions of Port C
section.

4.1.5.6. Port D (PD [7:0])

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

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4.1.5.7. AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC [3:0], and PE [3:2]. It should
be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC [6:4] use digital
supply voltage, VCC.

4.5.8. AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

4.2 ARDUINO UNO BOARD EXPLANATION

We will learn about the different components on the Arduino board. We will study the Arduino
UNO board because it is the most popular board in the Arduino board family. In addition, it is
the best board to get started with electronics and coding. Some boards look a bit different from
the one given below, but most Arduinos have majority of these components in common.

FIG:4.2. Arduino UNO board

4.2.1 Power USB

Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from user computer. All we need to do
is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).

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4.2.2 Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to
the Barrel Jack (2).

4.2.3 Voltage Regulator

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

4.2.4 Crystal Oscillator

The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. Time is calculated in Arduino
by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H.
It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz

4.2.5 Arduino Reset

We can reset user Arduino board, i.e., start user program from the beginning. We can reset the
UNO board in two ways.
First, by using the reset button (17) on the board.
Second, we can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

4.2.6 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8) (Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground user circuit.
 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.

4.2.7 Analog pins

The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into
a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

4.3 POWER SUPPLY

In this project we have power supplies with +5V & -5V option. Normally +5V is enough for
total circuit. Another (-5V) supply is used in case of OP amp circuit. Transformer primary side
has 230V/50Hz AC voltage whereas at the secondary winding the voltage is step downed to
12V/50Hz and this voltage is rectified using two full wave rectifiers. The rectified output is
given to a filter circuit to filter the unwanted ac in the signal. After that the output is applied to

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a voltage regulator LM7805(to provide +5v) regulation. Whereas LM7905 is for providing –
5V regulation.

Fig 4.4: Block Diagram of Power Supply

4.3.1 TRANSFORMER

Transformers are used to convert electricity from one voltage to another with minimal loss of
power. They only work with AC (alternating current) because they require a changing magnetic
field to be created in their core. Transformers can increase voltage (step-up) as well as reduce
voltage (step-down).

Alternating current flowing in the primary (input) coil creates a continually changing magnetic
field in the iron core. This field also passes through the secondary (output) coil and the
changing strength of the magnetic field induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If
the secondary coil is connected to a load the induced voltage will make an induced current
flow. The correct term for the induced voltage is 'induced electromotive force' which is usually
abbreviated to induced e.m.f.

4.3.2 RECTIFIERS

The purpose of a rectifier is to convert an AC waveform into a DC waveform (OR) Rectifier

converts AC current or voltages into DC current or voltage. There are two different rectification
circuits, known as 'half-wave' and 'full-wave' rectifiers. Both use components called diodes to
convert AC into DC.

4.3.3 FILTERS

A filter circuit is a device which removes the ac component of rectifier output but allows
the dc component to the load. The most commonly used filter circuits are capacitor filter,
choke input filter and capacitor input filter or pi-filter. We used capacitor filter here.

The capacitor filter circuit is extremely popular because of its low cost, small size, little weight
and good characteristics. For small load currents this type of filter is preferred. It is commonly
used in transistor radio battery eliminators.

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 Fig 4.3.1: Block Diagram of Capacitive Filter

4.3.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. The
voltage regulator IC 7805 is actually a member of the 78xx series of voltage regulator ICs. It
is a fixed linear voltage regulator. The xx present in 78xx represents the value of the fixed
output voltage that the particular IC provides. For 7805 IC, it is +5V DC regulated power
supply. This regulator IC also adds a provision for a heat sink. The input voltage to this voltage
regulator can be up to 35V, and this IC can give a constant 5V for any value of input less than
or equal to 35V which is the threshold limit.

4.4 WI-FI MODULE

4.4.1 DESCRIPTION

Espressif’s ESP8266EX delivers highly integrated Wi-Fi SoC (System on Chip) solution to
meet user’s continuous demands for efficient power usage, compact design and reliable
performance in the Internet of Things industry.
ESP8266EX integrates antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise amplifier,
filters and power management modules. The compact design minimizes the PCB size and
requires minimal external circuitries. Besides the Wi-Fi functionalities, ESP8266EX also
integrates an enhanced version of Tensilica’s L106 Diamond series 32-bit processor and on-
chip SRAM. It can be interfaced with external sensors and other devices through the GPIOs.
Software Development Kit (SDK) provides sample codes for various applications.

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 Fig: Block diagram of ESP8266

4.4.2 FEATURES

 802.11 b/g/n
 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
 Integrated 10-bit ADC
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
 Supports antenna diversity
 Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2
 SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IRDA, PWM, GPIO
 STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
 Deep sleep power < 5uA
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 +20dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C

4.4.3 SPECIFICATIONS

Categories Items Parameters

Wi-Fi Certification Wi-Fi Alliance

Protocols 802.11 b/g/n (HT20)
Frequency Range 2.4G ~ 2.5G (2400M ~
2483.5M)

26 | P a g e
 TX Power 802.11 b: +20 dBm
802.11 g: +17 dBm
802.11 n: +14 dBm
Rx Sensitivity 802.11 b: –91 dbm (11 Mbps)
802.11 g: –75 dbm (54 Mbps)
802.11 n: –72 dbm (MCS7)
Antenna PCB Trace, External, IPEX
Connector, Ceramic chip
CPU Tensilica L106 32-bit processor
Hardware Peripheral Interface UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR
Remote Control
GPIO/ADC/PWM/LED Light
& Button
Operating Voltage 2.5V ~ 3.6V
Operating Current Average value: 80 mA
Operating Temperature Range –40°C ~ 125°C
Package Size QFN32-pin (5 mm x 5 mm)
External Interface --

Software Wi-Fi Mode Station/SoftAP/SoftAP+Station

27 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 5
WORKING

5.1 WORKING
1. Firstly, 230 V AC power supply from the main source is fed to the power
supply unit.
2. The power supply unit consists of Transformer, Rectifier, Voltage
Regulators and capacitors.
3. The output from the power supply unit consists of 5V and 3.3V DC outputs.
4. 5 V DC from the power supply is fed to Arduino.
5. 5V DC from the power supply is fed to Wi-Fi and GPS module.
6. GPS, switch (Panic switch), Indicator1 and Wi-Fi are attached to the
Arduino.
7. Indicator2 is attached to the Wi-Fi.
8. Indicator1 denotes the ON condition of switch (panic switch), while
Indicator2 denotes the transmission of message to server.
9. GPS provides the data in raw form to the Arduino from which location
information i.e. Longitude and Latitude is extracted.
10. Arduino then sends this information to Wi-Fi which then sends it to server
for the storage of data in database.
11. When switch is pressed, Arduino interrupts the Wi-Fi using an interrupt
signal, Wi-Fi then receives the location information along with interrupt
and it calls the send message API.
12. This API will send the concerned individual a panic message on his mobile
phone.
13. Concerned person then can open another API on which he can track the
current location of the woman on the google map page

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5.2 FLOWCHART
start

Initiate GPS

Arduino Uno

Read and extract GPS

value

Send data to server

Read button

Panic
button
pressed

No

If yes, Send message

stop

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 CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE CODE
6.1 For GPS Location
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <TinyGPS.h>
/* This sample code demonstrates the normal use of a TinyGPS object.
It requires the use of SoftwareSerial, and assumes that you have a
4800-baud serial GPS device hooked up on pins 4(rx) and 3(tx).
*/
TinyGPS gps;
int sw=12;
float flat=58.258963;
float flon=45.369852;
int status1=0;
long tr=millis()/1000;
unsigned long age;
SoftwareSerial ss(4, 3);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
ss.begin(9600);
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
pinMode(sw,INPUT_PULLUP);
// Serial.print("Simple TinyGPS library v. "); Serial.println(TinyGPS::library_version());
// Serial.println("by Mikal Hart");
//Serial.println();
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(sw)==0)

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{
status1=1;
digitalWrite(13,1);
}
else
{ status1=0;
digitalWrite(13,0);
}
//if((millis()/1000)>tr+1)
//{
//Serial.println("sena");
Serial.print(flat,6);
Serial.print(',');
Serial.print(flon,6);
Serial.print(',');
Serial.print(status1);
Serial.print(',');
Serial.println(" ");
//}
bool newData = false;
unsigned long chars;
unsigned short sentences, failed;
// For one second we parse GPS data and report some key values
for (unsigned long start = millis(); millis() - start < 1000;)
{
while (ss.available())
{
char c = ss.read();
// Serial.write(c); // uncomment this line if you want to see the GPS data flowing
if (gps.encode(c)) // Did a new valid sentence come in?
newData = true;

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 }
}
if (newData)
{
gps.f_get_position(&flat, &flon, &age);
// Serial.print("LAT=");
// Serial.print(flat == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE ? 0.0 : flat, 6);
// Serial.print(" LON=");
// Serial.print(flon == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE ? 0.0 : flon, 6);
// Serial.print(" SAT=");
// Serial.print(gps.satellites() == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_SATELLITES ? 0 :
gps.satellites());
// Serial.print(" PREC=");
// Serial.print(gps.hdop() == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_HDOP ? 0 : gps.hdop());
}

gps.stats(&chars, &sentences, &failed);

// Serial.print(" CHARS=");
// Serial.print(chars);
// Serial.print(" SENTENCES=");
// Serial.print(sentences);
// Serial.print(" CSUM ERR=");
// Serial.println(failed);
if (chars == 0)
Serial.println("** No characters received from GPS: check wiring **");
}

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6.2 For Wi-Fi
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include "Adafruit_MQTT.h"
#include "Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h"

/************************* WiFi Access Point *********************************/

#define WLAN_SSID "mywifi"

#define WLAN_PASS "mywifi123"

const char* host = "www.leotechnology.co.in";

byte SERVER_LED=2;

/************************* Adafruit.io Setup *********************************/

#define AIO_SERVER "35.237.146.99"

#define AIO_SERVERPORT 1883 // use 8883 for SSL
#define AIO_USERNAME ""
#define AIO_KEY ""

/************ Global State (you don't need to change this!) ******************/

// Create an ESP8266 WiFiClient class to connect to the MQTT server.

WiFiClient client;
// or... use WiFiFlientSecure for SSL
//WiFiClientSecure client;

// Setup the MQTT client class by passing in the WiFi client and MQTT server and login
details.
Adafruit_MQTT_Client mqtt(&client, AIO_SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT,
AIO_USERNAME, AIO_KEY);

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/****************************** Feeds
***************************************/

// Setup a feed called 'photocell' for publishing.

// Notice MQTT paths for AIO follow the form: <username>/feeds/<feedname>
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish photocell1 = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"kartik/location");
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish photocell2 = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"kartik/accident");
//Adafruit_MQTT_Publish photocell3 = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt,
AIO_USERNAME "pooja/temp");
//
//// Setup a feed called 'onoff' for subscribing to changes.
//Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe d1 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"pooja/d1");
//Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe d2 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"pooja/d2");
//Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe d3 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"pooja/d3");
//Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe d4 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"pooja/d4");
//Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe led = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"pooja/led");

/*************************** Sketch Code

************************************/
int pir1;
int ir1;
int temp1;
int led=2;
String Msg = "";
float flat = 22.612040, flon = 75.780062;
// Bug workaround for Arduino 1.6.6, it seems to need a function declaration

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// for some reason (only affects ESP8266, likely an arduino-builder bug).
void MQTT_connect();
void SendToServer();

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);

Serial.println(F("Adafruit MQTT demo"));

// Connect to WiFi access point.

Serial.println(); Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(WLAN_SSID);

WiFi.begin(WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println();

Serial.println("WiFi connected");
Serial.println("IP address: "); Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

// Setup MQTT subscription for onoff feed.

// mqtt.subscribe(&d1);
// mqtt.subscribe(&d2);
// mqtt.subscribe(&d3);
// mqtt.subscribe(&d4);
// mqtt.subscribe(&led);

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pinMode(led,OUTPUT);
}

uint32_t x=0;

void loop() {

// Ensure the connection to the MQTT server is alive (this will make the first
// connection and automatically reconnect when disconnected). See the MQTT_connect
// function definition further below.
MQTT_connect();

// this is our 'wait for incoming subscription packets' busy subloop

// try to spend your time here
delay(1);
// pir1=Serial.parseInt();
// ir1=Serial.parseInt();
// temp1=Serial.parseInt();
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
delay(10);

flat=Serial.parseFloat(),6;
flon=Serial.parseFloat(),6;
int state=Serial.parseInt();
Serial.println(state);

Msg = "{\"sda\": \"";

Msg += String(flat,6);
Msg += "\", \"log\": \"";
Msg += String(flon,6);

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 Msg += "\"}";
char charBuf[Msg.length()+1];
Msg.toCharArray(charBuf, Msg.length()+1) ;
Serial.print(F("\nSending photocell val "));
Serial.print(charBuf);
if (! photocell1.publish(charBuf)) {
Serial.println(F("Failed"));
} else {
Serial.println(F("OK!"));
}
if(state==1)
{
Serial.print(F("\nSending photocel2 val "));
Serial.print(state);
Serial.print("...");
if (! photocell2.publish("accident")) {
Serial.println(F("Failed"));
} else {
Serial.println(F("OK!"));
}
SendToServer();
}
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
digitalWrite(led,1);
delay(50);
digitalWrite(led,0);
delay(50);
}

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while(Serial.available()>0)
{
Serial.read();
}
}
delay(500);
}

// Function to connect and reconnect as necessary to the MQTT server.

// Should be called in the loop function and it will take care if connecting.
void MQTT_connect() {
int8_t ret;

// Stop if already connected.

if (mqtt.connected()) {
return;
}

Serial.print("Connecting to MQTT... ");

uint8_t retries = 3;
while ((ret = mqtt.connect()) != 0) { // connect will return 0 for connected
Serial.println(mqtt.connectErrorString(ret));
Serial.println("Retrying MQTT connection in 5 seconds...");
mqtt.disconnect();
delay(5000); // wait 5 seconds
retries--;
if (retries == 0) {
// basically die and wait for WDT to reset me
while (1);
}

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 }
Serial.println("MQTT Connected!");
}
void SendToServer()
{

WiFiClient client;
const int httpPort = 80;
if (!client.connect(host, httpPort)) {
// Serial.println("connection failed");
return;
}
digitalWrite(SERVER_LED, 1);
// We now create a URI for the request
// String url = "/parking/index.php?";
// url += "d1=";
// url += d1;

//

// Serial.print("Requesting URL: ");

String url = "/iot/api2.php?type=hardwear&D=3&SNO=21&";

url += "D5=";
url += 16;
url += "&D6=";
url += 5;
url += "&D7=";
url += 5; //msgSendCheck
url += "&D8=";
url += 5;

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 url += "&smfur=";
url += 1;

//// if(voltage > 80)

//// {
//// if(msgSendCheck == 1)
//// {
// msgSendCheck = 0;
// url += 1;
// }
// else
// {
// url += 0;
// }
// }
// else if(voltage < 50)
// {
// msgSendCheck = 1;
// url += 0;
// }
//

Serial.println(url);
// This will send the request to the server
client.print(String("GET ") + url + " HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
"Host: " + host + "\r\n" +
"Connection: close\r\n\r\n");
unsigned long timeout = millis();
while (client.available() == 0) {
if (millis() - timeout > 5000) {
// Serial.println(">>> Client Timeout !");

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 client.stop();
return;
}
}

// Read all the lines of the reply from server and print them to Serial
while(client.available())
{
// String str = client.readStringUntil('\n');
// Serial.println(str);
// delay(1);

if(client.find("@D1="))
{
Serial.print("THE");
Serial.print(client.parseInt());
client.find("D2=");
Serial.print(client.parseInt());
client.find("D3=");
Serial.print(client.parseInt());
client.find("D4=");
Serial.print(client.parseInt());

}
}
digitalWrite(SERVER_LED, 0);
// Serial.println();
// Serial.println("closing connection===============");
}

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 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Our effort behind this project is to design and fabricate a gadget which provides
Emergency response system for anyone in need of help. It is low cost system which can store
the data of your location and provide immediate alert in case of crime against women. This
provides women security. Being safe and secure is the foremost priority.

The advantages of this project are it provides a sophisticated security system, gives
information about location all the time, gives message alerts in emergency situation, mobile
number can be changed any time. We hope that it can be used to prevent crimes.

Not only it can be used for woman safety but it can also be used by kids and older citizens
who are not so used to sophisticated technology. It can also be used a s a legal evidence of
crime with exact location information for prosecution.

The foreseeable future for this device is:

This device can be made so small that it can be used as a wrist band.
Voice messages can be sent during need.
Voice recorder and camera can also be added to the system.

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 CHAPTER 8

REFRENCES

 https://www.u-blox.com
 https://www.espruino.com
 https://www.arduino.cc
 Guide to NEO-6M GPS Module Arduino at Random nerd tutorials
https://randomnerdtutorials.com

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