3. Research Design
3. Research Design
3. Research Design
Research Design
3-2
Design
Designs
Fig. 3.1
Research Design
Exploratory Conclusive
Research Design Research Design
Descriptive Causal
Research Research
Cross-Sectional Longitudinal
Design Design
Differences
Table 3.1
Exploratory Conclusive
Objective: To provide insights and To test specific hypotheses and
understanding. examine relationships.
Designs
Table 3.2
Survey of experts
Pilot surveys
Secondary data analyzed in a
qualitative way
Qualitative research
3-9
Who
What
When
Where
Why
Way
3-11
Cross-sectional Designs
Involve the collection of information from any given
sample of population elements only once.
In single cross-sectional designs, there is only
one sample of respondents and information is
obtained from this sample only once.
In multiple cross-sectional designs, there are
two or more samples of respondents, and
information from each sample is obtained only once.
Often, information from different samples is
obtained at different times.
Cohort analysis consists of a series of surveys
conducted at appropriate time intervals, where the
cohort serves as the basic unit of analysis. A cohort
is a group of respondents who experience the same
event within the same time interval.
Consumption of Various Soft Drinks
3-13
Longitudinal Designs
A fixed sample (or samples) of
population elements is measured
repeatedly on the same variables
A longitudinal design differs from a cross-
sectional design in that the sample or
samples remain the same over time, thus
providing a series of pictures, which when
viewed together, portray a vivid illustration
of the situation and the changes that are
taking place over time.
of
3-15
Detecting Change - +
Large amount of data - +
collection - +
Accuracy + -
Representative Sampling + -
Response bias
Note: A “+” indicates a relative advantage over the
other design, whereas a “-” indicates a relative
disadvantage.
3-16
Research Designs
Fig. 3.2
Total Error
Random Non-sampling
Sampling Error Error
Response Non-response
Error Error