Chapter 7d

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The Different

Forms of
Societies
THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF
SOCIETIES

The development of societies


throughout history shows the
development of humankind in
response to changing
surroundings and historical
developments. The various forms
of societies that emerged include:
1.Hunting and
Gathering Society

This is recognized as
the earliest and
simplest form of
society. It is generally
characterized by its
small size and is
composed mainly of
families.
1.Hunting and
Gathering society

They are nomadic


because they spend
most of their time
searching for food
and thus, have no
permanent territory.
1.Hunting and
Gathering society

The hierarchy in this


type of society is not
very varied. Its members
are generally treated
equally, and decisions
are usually arrived
through a consensus.
Because of this, the roles
of its members and the
division of labor are not
very clearly defined.
2. Pastoral Society

This type of society is


characterized by the
domestication of
animals for food for a
more stable and
predictable food
supply.
2. Pastoral Society

Pastoral
communities have
large population and
remain longer in one
place. They often
produce surplus food
and resources, which
they trade with other
societies.
2. Pastoral Society

This relative
prosperity enables
the people to engage
in other activities
apart from those
necessary for
survival, such as
handicrafts. This
eventually leads to
the emergence of
specialized tasks in
the community.
3. Horticultural
society

This society primarily


engages in the small-
scale cultivation of
plants, fruits, vegetables,
and the domestication of
animals. These societies
are seminomadic, which
means that they travel
to another place when
they have already
depleted the resources
in one area.
3. Horticultural
society

Roles and
responsibilities are
more clearly defined
with many tasks
assigned according to
gender. Women were
doing mostly domestic
work in the home,
while the men engaged
in hunting and farming.
3. Horticultural
society

There is also surplus of


goods, which
sometimes leads to
inequalities among its
members. Individuals
here are very family
and clan-oriented, and
their behaviors and
actions are clearly
restricted by tradition.
4. Agrarian or
Agricultural Society

This type of society is a


further evolution of the
pastoral and horticultural
societies. Agriculture
involves the large-scale and
long-term cultivation of
crops and domestication of
animals. It is characterized
by improved technology,
the use of tools, and
farming methods to aid in
farming which result in
increased production, giving
rise to a growing
4. Agrarian or
Agricultural Society

The large population leads


to a more structured social
system that helps manage
resources and its members.
The increasingly complex
social organization and
growing importance of
territory often result in
conflicts among
neighboring societies over
resources and land.
5. Feudal Society

This is based on the


ownership of land. Feudal
societies arose out of
developments in Western
Europe during Medieval
times, when rival kingdoms
were engaged in conflict
over resources, particularly
land. In a feudal society,
lords grant their vassals the
right to manage parcels of
land. These vassals, in turn,
are served by peasant
workers who cultivate the
land and tend to animals in
the farms.
5. Feudal Society

Members of societies are


organized based on status.
Those who own the land are
considered the most
powerful, while the peasants
are considered the lowest
group. Social relations are
characterized by
dependence. The lord
depends on his vassals to
provide him with resources,
the vassals depend on the
peasants for their service,
while the peasants depend
on their vassals for
protection.
6. Industrial Society

This is based on the use of


specialized machinery in the
production of goods and
services. The advances in
science and technology in
the late 18th century
resulted in the Industrial
Revolution, which in turn
gave rise to new production
and industrial methods, as
well as innovations in
transportation and
communication.
6. Industrial Society

These technological advances


resulted in improved trade and
communication and better life
conditions for many people.
Work is done in factories and
public education is more
prevalent. However, the
emergence of industrialized
societies is characterized by
greater inequalities in wealth,
power, and influence. The
capitalists (bourgeoisie) are the
most influential, while the
workers (proletariat) were
greatly disadvantaged.
7. Post-Industrial Society

This society is marked by the


establishment of societies
based on knowledge,
information, and the sale of
services. Led by the human
mind and aided by highly
advanced technology, the trend
has shifted from industry to the
generation, storage,
manipulation, and sale of
information. Members of this
society have higher educational
attainment, better training, and
specialized roles.
The virtual society, where people
organize themselves through
communication technology and the
Internet, is a product of a post-
industrial society. The growth and
development of the various forms of
society highlight the growing
complexity of human interactions over
time. The technological advances and
cultural changes that brought about
these changes result in the expansion
of communities that now include
people from varied ethnicities. But
despite these advancements and
changes, the human person still
remains the heart and center of
society. The person is the primary
agent of change, as he or she drives
social changes based on responses to
events and developments affecting
society.

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