First Exams 2025

A4.2 Conservation
of Biodiversity
Theme: Unity and Diversity

Level of Organisation: Ecosystems

 SL and
HL
Combined
Content
SL and HL Content
From
IB Guiding Questions the IB

What factors are causing the sixth mass extinction of

species?
How can conservationists minimize the loss of
biodiversity?
SL and HL Content
From
SL & HL Content: the IB

A4.2 Conservation of Biodiversity

A4.2.1: Biodiversity as the variety of life in all its forms, levels and
combinations
A4.2.2: Comparisons between current number of species on Earth and
past levels of biodiversity
A4.2.3: Causes of anthropogenic species extinction
A4.2.4: Causes of ecosystem loss
SL and HL Content
From
SL & HL Content: the IB

A4.2 Conservation of Biodiversity

A4.2.5: Evidence for a biodiversity crisis
A4.2.6: Causes of the current biodiversity crisis
A4.2.7: Need for several approaches to conservation of biodiversity
A4.2.8: Selection of evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered
species for conservation prioritization in the EDGE of Existence
programme
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SL & HL Key Terms

Biodiversity Habitat Agriculture

Ecosystem Diversity Pollution Richness
Species Diversity Overexploitation Evenness
Genetic Diversity Invasive Species Simpson’s Diversity
Index
Species Climate Change
Citizen Scientists
Extinction Ecosystem
Urbanization
Anthropogenic Deforestation
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SL & HL Key Terms

Ex-Situ Conservation
In-Situ Conservation
Seed Bank
Nature Reserve
Rewilding
Evolutionarily Distinct
Globally Endangered
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From
A4.2.1: Biodiversity as the variety the IB

of life in all its forms, levels and

combinations
Include ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety
of life in all of it forms.
Read the linked article
on Biodiversity.

❓ Outline the three

strands of
biodiversity:
● Ecosystem Diversity
● Species Diversity
● Genetic Diversity
 Biodiversity

There are three strands to biodiversity:

Ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems found in an area or on

Earth.
Species Diversity is the number and relative abundance of species found
within an ecosystem.
Genetic Diversity is the variety of genes and alleles present in a species.
Species with high genetic diversity are more likely to survive changes to
the environment through the process of natural selection.
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From
A4.2.2: Comparisons between the IB

current number of species on Earth

and past levels of biodiversity

Millions of species have been discovered, named and described but

there are many more species to be discovered. Evidence from fossils
suggests that there are currently more species alive on Earth today than
at any time in the past.
Nature of Science: Classification is an example of pattern recognition but
the same observations can be classified in different ways. For example,
“splitters” recognize more species than “lumpers” in a taxonomic group.
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Estimating the Number of Species on

Earth
Around 2 million species
have been discovered
and classified. However,
scientists estimate that
there are around 8.7
million species in total.
Read the linked article
on the number of
species on our planet.
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Mass Extinctions
Fossil evidence
suggests that there are
more species on Earth
now than at any time in
the past.
However, the number
of species has
fluctuated over time.
There have been at
least five mass
extinction events.
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Taxonomy: Lumpers and Splitters
Nature of Science
Classification of organisms into groups such as species is an example of
pattern recognition, but the same observations can be classified in different
ways.
Some taxonomists are ‘splitters’ who recognize more species in a taxonomic
group than scientists who are ‘lumpers’.
Different approaches seems to be a result of changing opinions about species
definitions, and the progress of technologies that allow us to distinguish among
populations. Before lumping was more common but now moving more towards
splitting.
Splitters – phylogenic definition of a species – based on common ancestors –
genomic analysis
Lumpers – biological species concept linked article
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From
A4.2.3: Causes of anthropogenic the IB

species extinction

This should be a study of the causes of the current sixth mass extinction,
rather than of non-anthropogenic causes of previous mass extinctions.
To give a range of causes, carry out three or more brief case studies of
species extinction:
North Island giant moas (Dinornis novaezealandiae) as an example of
the loss of terrestrial megafauna, Caribbean monk seals (Neomonachus
tropicalis) as an example of the loss of a marine species, and one other
species that has gone extinct from an area that is familiar to students.
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Anthropogenic Species Extinction

Anthropogenic
species extinction is
the loss of species
due to human
activities.
Many scientists
believe that humans
are causing a sixth
mass extinction event.
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Anthropogenic Species Extinction

Human activities are
causing species
extinction for the
following reasons:
● Habitat destruction
● Climate change
● Pollution
● Overexploitation
(often over-hunting
of an animal)
● Invasive species
● Disease
 Case studies
1. ❓ Outline why the giant moa became extinct.

2. ❓ Outline why the caribbean monk seal became extinct.

Read the articles in the links on Teams and use the information in your
textbook/Kognity to help you answer these questions.

3. Use the internet to research the Pyrenean Ibex to find out when and suggest
why it became extinct.

4. Research one other organism of your choice that has recently become extinct.
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The Giant Moa

Giant moas (Dinornis novaezealandiae) lived on
the North Island of New Zealand until 500 years
ago.

Giant Moas were large flightless birds (over 3m

tall, and over 250 kg).
Read the linked article on the why the moa
became extinct.

❓ Outline why the giant moa became extinct.

Skeleton of a Giant Moa
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Extinction of The Giant Moa

The giant moa had few
predators before the arrival of
humans to New Zealand.
The Maori people hunted the
giant moa for food, clothing
and jewelry.
The giant moa were
overexploited, as hunting
killed far more birds than
were replaced through
reproduction.
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Extinction of Caribbean Monk

Seals
The Caribbean monk seal
(Neomonachus tropicalis) was
declared extinct in 2008.

Read the linked article on why the

Caribbean monk seal became
extinct.

❓ Outline why the caribbean Drawing of the Caribbean Monk Seal

monk seal became extinct.

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Extinction of Another Species

The IB expects students to Extinct Species include:
carry out a case study on a
species that has gone extinct
from an area that is familiar to
to students.
Baiji Bramble cay melomys

The linked article provides

information on 11 species
that have recently become
extinct.
All of the species are extinct Splendid poison frog Pinta giant tortoise

because of human activities.

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From
A4.2.4: Causes of ecosystem loss the IB

Students should study only causes that are directly or indirectly

anthropogenic. Include two case studies of ecosystem loss. One should
be the loss of mixed dipterocarp forest in Southeast Asia, and the other
should, if possible, be of a lost ecosystem from an area that is familiar to
students.
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Ecosystem Loss

One of the biggest

causes of biodiversity
loss is the
destruction of
habitats and
ecosystems due to
human activities.
Read the
linked article on the
mixed dipterocarp
forests.
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Mixed Dipterocarp Forests of

Southeast Asia
The mixed dipterocarp
forests of Southeast
Asia are tropical
rainforests with many
species of dipterocarp
trees.
They are some of the
most biodiverse
ecosystems on our
planet.
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Ecosystem Loss of Mixed Dipterocarp

Forests
Read the linked article on
the mixed dipterocarp
forests of Borneo.

❓ Explain how humans are

contributing to the loss
of the mixed dipterocarp
forests.

Mixed dipterocarp Forest

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Ecosystem Loss of Mixed Dipterocarp

Human activities are the cause ofForests
loss of
the rainforests of Borneo.
Human activities include:
● Deforestation for wood: The
hardwood timbers of the rainforests
are valuable and are sold for profit.
● Agriculture: Deforestation is often
caused by the development of palm
oil plantations. Palm oil plantations
Destruction of Indonesian rainforests
are a monoculture and do not
support biodiversity.
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Ecosystem Loss of Mixed Dipterocarp

Forests
● Mining: The rainforests are rich in
coal, metals and diamonds. Excavation
for mining can directly destroy the
rainforests. In addition, many of the
chemicals used in mining are harmful
to plants and animals.
● Climate Change: Human activities are
contributing to climate change.
Climate change can result in changing
rainfall patterns: floods and droughts, A coal mine in Borneo

which impact the biodiversity of the

rainforests.
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Ecosystem Loss of Mixed Dipterocarp

Forests
● Hunting: Animals are hunted
for meat, skin/fur, trophies,
traditional medical practices,
and to be sold as exotic pets.
The over-hunting of animals
reduces biodiversity of the
rainforests, and can disrupt
the ecological balance within
the ecosystem. Sunda pangolin
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Loss of Another Ecosystem

IB Biology students are expected to be Students could investigate the
familiar with the causes of the loss of a factors contributing to the loss
second type of ecosystem.
of mangrove ecosystems.
The IB recommends that if possible,
students study the loss of a familiar Read the linked article on the
ecosystem relevant to the local area. causes of loss to the
mangroves of Florida.
Read the article on the
March-Thaya-Auen Article ❓ Explain how humans are
contributing to the loss of
And the article on European Florida’s mangrove
habitats on the red list ecosystem.
European red list habitats
 Mangrove Ecosystem Loss
Human activities are the cause of loss of
mangroves in Florida.
Human activities include:
● Coastal Infrastructure and Tourism: Mangrove
forests have been cleared for resorts, roads
and cities, resulting in the loss of mangroves.
● Agriculture: Farms upstream from the
mangroves release fertilizer, pesticides and
animal waste into the mangroves, harming
plants and animals. Florida Mangrove
 Mangrove Ecosystem Loss
● Fishing and Aquaculture: Overfishing of
vulnerable species removes links in food
chains within the ecosystem.
Fish farming releases excessive nutrient
waste into the mangroves, resulting in
algal blooms and eutrophication.
● Climate Change: Sea level rise as a result
of climate change is a threat to mangrove
ecosystems, as many mangrove tree Manatees depend on the mangrove ecosystem

species are unable to tolerate more salt

water from higher tides.
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From
the IB
A4.2.5: Evidence for a biodiversity
crisis
Evidence can be drawn from Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform
on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services reports and other sources.
Results from reliable surveys of biodiversity in a wide range of habitats
around the world are required. Students should understand that surveys
need to be repeated to provide evidence of change in species richness
and evenness. Note that there are opportunities for contributions from
both expert scientists and citizen scientists.
SL and HL Content
From
the IB
A4.2.5: Evidence for a biodiversity
crisis
Nature of Science: To be verifiable, evidence usually has to come from a
published source, which has been peer reviewed and allows
methodology to be checked. Data recorded by citizens rather than
scientists brings not only benefits but also unique methodological
concerns.
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Evidence for the Biodiversity

Crisis
The Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on
Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
is an independent
intergovernmental body
established in 2012, which
provides policy makers
with assessments of data
collected on the
biodiversity of our planet.
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Evidence for the Biodiversity

Crisis
The biodiversity of ecosystems is determined through ecological
surveys of a wide range of habitats. It is important that the data
collected is reliable.

The surveys need to be repeated to determine if there is a change in

the biodiversity of ecosystems over time.
IPBES has concluded that “Human actions threaten more species
with global extinction now than ever before.”
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Biodiversity - Richness and

Evenness
Biodiverse ecosystems
have a richness and
evenness of organisms.

❓ Define richness and

evenness.
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Biodiversity - Richness and

Evenness
Biodiversity should consider the
richness (number of different
species) and evenness (how close
the population numbers are to
each other) of species present in
an ecosystem.

Biodiverse ecosystems should

have a wide variety of different
species, all of which have relatively
large populations. Coral reefs are biodiverse ecosystems
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Biodiversity: Simpson’s Diversity

Index
The Simpson’s diversity index is a measure of the biodiversity of an
ecosystem
A high index value suggests a stable site with many different niches
(high richness and evenness, usually a climax community).
The index value may decrease in response to an ecological disturbance
(such as human intervention or natural disasters).
A low index value suggests a site with few potential niches where only
a few species dominate (low richness and evenness).
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Biodiversity: Simpson’s Diversity

Index
Simpson’s Diversity
Index formula is:

D = Diversity index
N = Total number of organisms
n = Number of organisms in a
particular species.
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Calculating the Simpson’s

Diversity
A survey of two ecosystems Index
was completed to determine the number of
different species present.

Species Count (n)

❓ Calculate the
Species Ecosystem A Ecosystem B Simpson’s diversity
A 5 12 index for both
ecosystems.
B 0 5
❓ Identify the more
C 27 17
biodiverse
D 67 3 ecosystem.
E 0 8
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Ecosystem A: Simpson’s Diversity

Use the formula to calculate Index
the diversity of the ecosystem
Species (n) n-1 n (n-1)
A 5 4 20
B 0
C 27 26 702
D 67 66 4422
E 0 D=
Total 99 5144
1.8
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Ecosystem B: Simpson’s Diversity

Use the formula to calculate Index
the diversity of the ecosystem
Species (n) n-1 n (n-1)
A 12 11 132
B 5 4 20
C 17 16 272
D 3 2 6
E 8 7 56 D=
Total 45 486 2.6
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Ecosystem B is More Biodiverse

The Simpson’s diversity index (D) was calculated for both

ecosystems
● D for Ecosystem A = 1.8
● D for Ecosystem B = 2.6
● Ecosystem B is more biodiverse based on the
calculated D values.
● Ecosystem A has more individuals, but Ecosystem B
has a greater number of different species (richness)
and more even population numbers for the species
present.
 Task

● Databased question p165

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Citizen Scientists
Professional scientists
studying biodiversity
require as much data as
possible.
Citizen scientists collect
and share data with
professional scientists.
The linked article
includes projects which
use citizen scientists to
collect data.
Citizen Science Projects in Austria

Biodiversity projects
● An hour for winter birds project (Jan 6th)
● Butterflies of Austria
● Biodiversity at cemetaries

Other projects
● Pollen diary
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Benefits of Citizen Science

Nature of Science:
To be verifiable, evidence usually has to come from a published source, which
has been peer reviewed and allows methodology to be checked.
Benefits of citizen science include:

● Increases the quantity of data collected

● Cost effective, as citizen scientists are
volunteers
● Increased public engagement in
conservation (and science)
Citizen Science Volunteers
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Challenges of Citizen Science

Challenges of citizen science include:

● Data Quality: The data collected by

volunteers may be of varying quality.
Quality control measures need to be
used to ensure the data is reliable
(Phone apps such as iNaturalist help
address this challenge).
● Bias of volunteers: Volunteers may
have personal biases on where they Student using iNaturalist

collect data.
SL and HL Content
From
A4.2.6: Causes of the current the IB
biodiversity crisis

Include human population growth as an overarching cause, together

with these specific causes: hunting and other forms of over-exploitation;
urbanization; deforestation and clearance of land for agriculture with
consequent loss of natural habitat; pollution and spread of pests,
diseases and invasive alien species due to global transport.
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Human Population Growth

The human
population of the
Earth was 1 billion
in 1804.
Click on the link to
discover the
human population
of the world now.
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Causes of the Biodiversity Crisis

The growing
human population
is the reason for
biodiversity loss
around the world.
Read the
linked article on
the human
activities which
contribute to
biodiversity loss.
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Over-Exploitation of Resources

Over-exploitation is the unsustainable use of resources, when resources

are harvested faster than they can be replenished.
Over-exploitation of resources in ecosystems disrupts food webs,
resulting in a decrease in biodiversity.
Examples include:
Hunting such as poaching: Read the linked article on elephant poaching
Overfishing: Read the overview from the linked article.
Logging: Read the overview from the linked article.
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Urbanization

Urbanization is the
movement of
people to cities and
towns.
The process of
urbanization leads
to the loss of
ecosystems and
biodiversity.
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Deforestation

Deforestation happens
due to the demand for
wood, and agricultural
land.
Clearing the Earth’s
forests destroys
ecosystems, reducing
biodiversity and
contributing to climate
change.
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Agriculture

Agriculture displaces
natural ecosystems,
decreasing
biodiversity.
Farm wastes,
fertilizers and
pesticides enter
natural ecosystems,
disrupting food webs
and biodiversity.
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Pollution
Pollution is the
introduction of harmful
substances into the
environment.
Many human activities
release pollution into
ecosystems, harming the
organisms that live
there, causing a
decrease in biodiversity.
 Invasive Species

Introduced species
become invasive
when they harm
their non-native
ecosystem.
Invasive species
disrupt food webs
resulting in the loss
of biodiversity.
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Invasive Species, Pests and

Diseases
Global transport has increased the risks of invasive species, pests and
diseases entering ecosystems for the first time.
Invasive species, pests and diseases can interfere with food webs in
ecosystems, resulting in a decrease in biodiversity.
Many countries are taking precautions to prevent the entry of any
further invasive species, pests or diseases that can harm the
biodiversity of native ecosystems.
SL and HL Content
From
A4.2.7: Need for several approaches the IB

to conservation of biodiversity

No single approach by itself is sufficient, and different species require

different measures. Include in situ conservation of species in natural
habitats, management of nature reserves, rewilding and reclamation of
degraded ecosystems, ex situ conservation in zoos and botanic gardens
and storage of germ plasm in seed or tissue banks.
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Conservation of Biodiversity
Conservation focuses on
protecting natural
ecosystems from harm,
including preventing the
extinction of species.

❓ List strategies which

can be used to
protect species from
extinction.
Some research may
be required.
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Species Conservation
There is no one solution for species conservation.
Strategies for species conservation include:

● Ex situ conservation of species outside of their natural habitat includes:

○ zoos and botanic gardens
○ Storage of germ plasm in seed or tissue banks
● In situ conservation of species in their natural habitats includes:
○ Management of nature reserves
○ Rewilding and reclamation of degraded ecosystems
SL and HL Content

Ex Situ Conservation
Ex-situ Conservation is the
conservation of species outside
their natural habitats, involving
captive breeding programs.
Ex-situ conservation is carried out
by zoos, botanical gardens and
seed banks.
Ex-situ conservation can be
effective if a species is in danger
of extinction.
Palmengarten - Botanical gardens in Frankfurt, Germany
SL and HL Content

Ex Situ Conservation of the Espanola Giant

Tortoise
The Giant Tortoise population
on the island of Espanola was
reduced to 14 individuals.
The tortoise was in danger of
extinction due to being
hunted for food by humans,
and competition for food by
goats introduced to the
island.
Read the linked article.
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Ex Situ Conservation of the Espanola Giant

Tortoise
The 15 surviving tortoises entered a captive
breeding program.
The goats were removed from the island, so
that they were not competing with the
tortoises.
Tortoises were no longer hunted for food.
Since the 1960s, over 1500 tortoises have
been reintroduced to the island of Espanola.
The captive breeding program has been so
Espanola Giant Tortoise
successful that it is no longer operating.
SL and HL Content

Seed and Tissue Banks

Seed banks store seeds
to preserve genetic
variety. The seeds can
be used to restore
ecosystems in the
future.
Tissue banks store plant
tissues which can be
used to propagate
plants in the future.
Read the linked article.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Ex Situ

Conservation
Advantages include: Disadvantages include:
● Protection from predators. ● Captive populations have limited
● Greater control of conditions genetic diversity.
required for breeding, to ensure ● Organisms are living outside their
that the offspring survive after natural habitats, and may not have
birth. the required survival strategies
● Technologies such as IVF can when reintroduced to their natural
increase the numbers of habitat.
offspring produced. ● Does not prevent the destruction
of the natural habitat.
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In Situ Conservation
In-situ Conservation protects species within their natural habitat, often
within nature reserves or national parks.
In-situ conservation practices include:
● Restoration of ecosystems
● Removal of invasive species
● Reintroduction of (locally) extinct species
● Legal protection against pollution/development
● Controlling access to the ecosystem
● Controlling poaching
SL and HL Content

In-Situ Conservation
In-situ Conservation
protects species within
their natural habitat, by
protecting and
maintaining the
environment.
Note: The conservation of
giant tortoises combined
ex-situ conservation
(captive breeding) and in-
situ conservation
(protecting ecosystems).
SL and HL Content

Management of Nature Reserves

A nature reserve is a
protected ecosystem
which is managed for
the purposes of
conservation.
Endangered species
are often kept in
nature reserves to
protect them from
poachers.
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Rewilding and Reclamation of

Ecosystems
Rewilding aims to
restore degraded
ecosystems back to
their natural state.
Rewilding allows
ecosystems to
regenerate and
increase biodiversity.
Read the linked
article.
SL and HL Content

Advantages and Disadvantages of In Situ

Conservation
Advantages include: Disadvantages include:
● Organisms are not held in ● Many endangered species need
captivity, so they will develop large areas for population survival.
survival strategies. ● Difficult to prevent poaching of
● Other species in the protected endangered animals.
habitat are also protected. ● Genetic variety may already be
● Biodiversity of the ecosystem is damaged.
preserved.
SL and HL Content
From
A4.2.8: Selection of evolutionarily the IB

distinct and globally endangered

species for conservation
prioritization in the EDGE of
Existence programme
Students should understand the rationale behind focusing conservation
efforts on evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species
(EDGE).
Nature of Science: Issues such as which species should be prioritized for
conservation efforts have complex ethical, environmental, political,
social, cultural and economic implications and therefore need to be
debated.
SL and HL Content

The EDGE Programme

The EDGE
(Evolutionarily Distinct
and Globally
Endangered)
programme highlights
and protects some of
the most unique
endangered species.

❓ Identify how Edge

selects organisms for
conservation.
SL and HL Content

The EDGE Programme

The rationale that EDGE uses to identify
species to conserve are:
● Evolutionary distinctiveness: Species
that are unique in the way that they
look and behave. The species should
have few or no close relatives (member
of a small clade).
● Global endangerment: The
IUCN Red list of endangered species is
used to identify the threat level of
extinction for a species, with critically The western long beaked echidna is the most evolutionary
distinct and threatened mammal
endangered species most likely to
become extinct.
Selecting Species for Conservation

Nature of Science:
Organisations such as EDGE require funding and government support to
conserve species. Therefore there needs to be debate within societies as
regards to which species should be prioritized for conservation.

Identifying species for conservation needs to take account of the ethical,

environmental, political, social, cultural and economic implications of
conserving species.
TOK: Read p173 and 174 in your textbooks
 Ethics – What do you think?

● Do humans have the right to eliminate species that are harmful or

simply not useful to us?
 Activity from Kognity
Build public awareness on the biodiversity crisis through a comic strip.
Enquire: Is there a local plant or animal species that is endangered? What policies are in place for its
protection?

1. Form groups of four. Discuss your ideas.

2. Create a series of cartoons to depict the threats to biodiversity.
3. Self-evaluate your work, bearing in mind the criteria below:-

Criteria
Creativity
Accuracy of the content
Dialogues
Organisation
Overall (‘Does my work convey a powerful message?’)

Groups: 1. Ben, Shai, Enie, Diego 2. Anastasia, Jakub, Konsti, Anthony 3. Emily, Manolo, Stephan
4. Noga, Melissa, Vincent, Matthew
SL and HL Content

Review and Discuss: SL & HL Key

Terms
Biodiversity Habitat Agriculture
Ecosystem Diversity Pollution Richness
Species Diversity Overexploitation Evenness
Genetic Diversity Invasive Species Simpson’s Diversity
Index
Species Climate Change
Citizen Scientists
Extinction Ecosystem
Urbanization
Anthropogenic Deforestation
SL and HL Content

Review and Discuss: SL & HL Key

Terms
Ex Situ Conservation
In Situ Conservation
Seed Bank
Nature Reserve
Rewilding
Evolutionary Distinct
Globally Endangered
SL and HL Content
From
A4.2 Conservation of the IB

Biodiversity
IB Linking Questions

In what ways is diversity a property of life at all levels of biological

organization?
How does variation contribute to the stability of ecological
communities?
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